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Zhang G, Yao Q, Long C, Yi P, Song J, Wu L, Wan W, Rao X, Lin Y, Wei G, Ying J, Hua F. Infiltration by monocytes of the central nervous system and its role in multiple sclerosis: reflections on therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:779-793. [PMID: 38886942 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear macrophage infiltration in the central nervous system is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation. Recent studies on the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis have highlighted the multiple roles of mononuclear macrophages in the neuroinflammatory process. Monocytes play a significant role in neuroinflammation, and managing neuroinflammation by manipulating peripheral monocytes stands out as an effective strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, leading to improved patient outcomes. This review outlines the steps involved in the entry of myeloid monocytes into the central nervous system that are targets for effective intervention: the activation of bone marrow hematopoiesis, migration of monocytes in the blood, and penetration of the blood-brain barrier by monocytes. Finally, we summarize the different monocyte subpopulations and their effects on the central nervous system based on phenotypic differences. As activated microglia resemble monocyte-derived macrophages, it is important to accurately identify the role of monocyte-derived macrophages in disease. Depending on the roles played by monocyte-derived macrophages at different stages of the disease, several of these processes can be interrupted to limit neuroinflammation and improve patient prognosis. Here, we discuss possible strategies to target monocytes in neurological diseases, focusing on three key aspects of monocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, to provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chubing Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jiali Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Luojia Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiuqin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Gen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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2
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Tebben K, Yirampo S, Coulibaly D, Koné AK, Laurens MB, Stucke EM, Dembélé A, Tolo Y, Traoré K, Niangaly A, Berry AA, Kouriba B, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Lyke KE, Takala-Harrison S, Thera MA, Travassos MA, Serre D. Gene expression analyses reveal differences in children's response to malaria according to their age. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2021. [PMID: 38448421 PMCID: PMC10918175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In Bandiagara, Mali, children experience on average two clinical malaria episodes per year. However, even in the same transmission area, the number of uncomplicated symptomatic infections, and their parasitemia, can vary dramatically among children. We simultaneously characterize host and parasite gene expression profiles from 136 Malian children with symptomatic falciparum malaria and examine differences in the relative proportion of immune cells and parasite stages, as well as in gene expression, associated with infection and or patient characteristics. Parasitemia explains much of the variation in host and parasite gene expression, and infections with higher parasitemia display proportionally more neutrophils and fewer T cells, suggesting parasitemia-dependent neutrophil recruitment and/or T cell extravasation to secondary lymphoid organs. The child's age also strongly correlates with variations in gene expression: Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with age suggest that older children carry more male gametocytes, while variations in host gene expression indicate a stronger innate response in younger children and stronger adaptive response in older children. These analyses highlight the variability in host responses and parasite regulation during P. falciparum symptomatic infections and emphasize the importance of considering the children's age when studying and treating malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Tebben
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salif Yirampo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye K Koné
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Matthew B Laurens
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily M Stucke
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmadou Dembélé
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Youssouf Tolo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Karim Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bourema Kouriba
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Christopher V Plowe
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Takala-Harrison
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mark A Travassos
- Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Luo M, Dong C, Liang X, Na R, Zhou B, Hou J, Jiang DK. A genetic variant of CXCR4 predicts pegylated interferon-alpha treatment response in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0139623. [PMID: 38259071 PMCID: PMC10865838 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01396-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays a vital role in immunoregulation during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to screen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CXCR4 for predicting pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) therapy response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This retrospective cohort study enrolled a total of 945 CHB patients in two cohorts (Cohort 1, n = 238; Cohort 2, n = 707), and all the patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and treated with PegIFNα for 48 weeks and followed up for 24 weeks. Twenty-two tag SNPs were selected in CXCR4 and its flanking region. A polygenic score (PGS) was utilized to evaluate the cumulative effect of multiple SNPs. The relationships between CXCR4 SNPs and PGS and PegIFNα treatment response were explored in the two cohorts. Among the 22 candidate SNPs of CXCR4, rs28367495 (T > C) was significantly linked to PegIFNα treatment response in both cohorts. In patients with more number of rs28367495 C allele, a higher rate of combined response (CR, defined as HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA level < 3.3 log10 IU/mL; P = 1.51 × 10-4), a lower mean hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level (P = 4.76 × 10-4), and a higher mean HBsAg decline (P = 3.88 × 10-4) at Week 72 were achieved. Moreover, a PGS integrating CXCR4_rs28367495 and five previously reported SNPs was strongly correlated with CR (P = 1.26 × 10-13), HBsAg level (P = 4.90 × 10-4), and HBsAg decline (P = 0.005) in all the patients of the two cohorts. CXCR4_rs28367495 is a promising indicator for predicting the responsiveness to PegIFNα treatment for HBeAg-positive CHB patients. The new PGS may further improve the prediction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (Hepatic Diseases) of Guangxi, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Chao Dong
- School of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinghe Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Na
- Division of Urology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (Hepatic Diseases) of Guangxi, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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4
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Tebben K, Yirampo S, Coulibaly D, Koné A, Laurens M, Stucke E, Dembélé A, Tolo Y, Traoré K, Niangaly A, Berry A, Kouriba B, Plowe C, Doumbo O, Lyke K, Takala-Harrison S, Thera M, Travassos M, Serre D. Gene expression analyses reveal differences in children's response to malaria according to their age. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3487114. [PMID: 37961587 PMCID: PMC10635353 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3487114/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In Bandiagara, Mali, children experience on average two clinical malaria episodes per season. However, even in the same transmission area, the number of uncomplicated symptomatic infections, and their parasitemia, vary dramatically among children. To examine the factors contributing to these variations, we simultaneously characterized the host and parasite gene expression profiles from 136 children with symptomatic falciparum malaria and analyzed the expression of 9,205 human and 2,484 Plasmodium genes. We used gene expression deconvolution to estimate the relative proportion of immune cells and parasite stages in each sample and to adjust the differential gene expression analyses. Parasitemia explained much of the variation in both host and parasite gene expression and revealed that infections with higher parasitemia had more neutrophils and fewer T cells, suggesting parasitemia-dependent neutrophil recruitment and/or T cell extravasation to secondary lymphoid organs. The child's age was also strongly correlated with gene expression variations. Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with age suggested that older children carried more male gametocytes, while host genes associated with age indicated a stronger innate response (through TLR and NLR signaling) in younger children and stronger adaptive immunity (through TCR and BCR signaling) in older children. These analyses highlight the variability in host responses and parasite regulation during P. falciparum symptomatic infections and emphasize the importance of considering the children's age when studying and treating malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salif Yirampo
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | - Drissa Coulibaly
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | - Abdoulaye Koné
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | | | | | - Ahmadou Dembélé
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | - Youssouf Tolo
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | - Karim Traoré
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | - Ahmadou Niangaly
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | | | - Bourema Kouriba
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | | | - Ogobara Doumbo
- Universite des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako
| | | | | | - Mahamadou Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Centre-International Center for Excellence in Research (MRTC-ICER)
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5
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Rump A, Ratas K, Lepasepp TK, Suurväli J, Smolander OP, Gross-Paju K, Toomsoo T, Kanellopoulos J, Rüütel Boudinot S. Sex-dependent expression levels of VAV1 and P2X7 in PBMC of multiple sclerosis patients. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13283. [PMID: 38441379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the leading cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults. It decreases the patient's lifespan by about 10 years and affects women more than men. No medication entirely restricts or reverses neurological degradation. However, early diagnosis and treatment increase the possibility of a better outcome. To identify new MS biomarkers, we tested the expression of six potential markers (P2X4, P2X7, CXCR4, RGS1, RGS16 and VAV1) using qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients treated with interferon β (IFNβ), with glatiramer acetate (GA) or untreated. We showed that P2X7 and VAV1 are significantly induced in MS patients. In contrast, the expression of P2X4, CXCR4, RGS1 and RGS16 was not significantly modified by MS in PBMC. P2X7 and VAV1 are essentially induced in female patients, suggesting these markers are connected to sex-specific mechanisms. Strikingly, VAV1 expression is higher in healthy women than healthy men and IFNβ treatment of MS reduced VAV1 expression in female MS patients while it up-regulated VAV1 in male MS patients. Our data point to the differential, sex-dependent value of MS markers and treatment effects. Although rgs16 expression in PBMC was not a valid MS marker in patients, the strong upregulation of P2X4 and P2X7 induced in the spinal cord of WT mice by EAE was abrogated in rgs16KO mice suggesting that rgs16 is required for P2X4 and P2X7 induction by neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Synlab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Katarina Lepasepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Suurväli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Gross-Paju
- Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Toomsoo
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
- Confido Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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6
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de Carvalho AETS, Cordeiro MA, Rodrigues LS, Ortolani D, Spadari RC. Stress-induced differential gene expression in cardiac tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9129. [PMID: 33911098 PMCID: PMC8080723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response is adaptive and aims to guarantee survival. However, the persistence of a stressor can culminate in pathology. Catecholamines released as part of the stress response over activate beta adrenoceptors (β-AR) in the heart. Whether and how stress affects the expression of components of the intracellular environment in the heart is still, however, unknown. This paper used microarray to analyze the gene expression in the left ventricle wall of rats submitted to foot shock stress, treated or not treated with the selective β2-AR antagonist ICI118,551 (ICI), compared to those of non-stressed rats also treated or not with ICI, respectively. The main findings were that stress induces changes in gene expression in the heart and that β2-AR plays a role in this process. The vast majority of genes disregulated by stress were exclusive for only one of the comparisons, indicating that, in the same stressful situation, the profile of gene expression in the heart is substantially different when the β2-AR is active or when it is blocked. Stress induced alterations in the expression of such a large number of genes seems to be part of stress-induced adaptive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa T S de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil.
| | - Marco A Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil
| | - Luana S Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ortolani
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil
| | - Regina C Spadari
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil.
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7
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Stojković L, Jovanović I, Zivković M, Zec M, Djurić T, Zivotić I, Kuveljić J, Kolaković A, Kolić I, Djordjević A, Glibetić M, Alavantić D, Stanković A. The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa Juice Consumption on the mRNA Expression Profile in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Subjects at Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1484. [PMID: 32443695 PMCID: PMC7285191 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods and food products that contain polyphenols are proposed to modulate risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this three-arm, crossover, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was to examine the impact of Aronia melanocarpa juice (AMJ), high-polyphenol (AMJ treatment, 1.17 g/100 mL polyphenols) and low-polyphenol (dAMJ treatment, 0.29 g/100 mL polyphenols) dose, on the transcriptome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 19 subjects at cardiovascular risk. Transcriptome data were obtained by microarray. Bioinformatic functional annotation analysis was performed on both the whole transcriptome datasets and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Expression of selected DEGs was validated by RT-qPCR. Administration of AMJ and dAMJ treatments during the two consecutive four-week treatment periods had additive effects on PBMC transcriptome profiles, with the most pronounced and specific effect noticed for AMJ in the last treatment period (TP3) of the trial. Between the high-dose and low-dose treatments in TP3, there was a multitude of overlapping DEGs and DEG-enriched biological processes and pathways, which primarily included immunomodulation and regulation of cell proliferation/death. Increased expression of TNF, IL1B, IL8, RGS1, OSM, and DUSP2 in TP3 was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The results suggest the immunomodulatory effects of prolonged habitual consumption of polyphenol-rich aronia juice in individuals at cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Stojković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Ivan Jovanović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Maja Zivković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Manja Zec
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Tamara Djurić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Ivan Zivotić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Jovana Kuveljić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Ana Kolaković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Ivana Kolić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Ana Djordjević
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Marija Glibetić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Dragan Alavantić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.S.); (I.J.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (I.Z.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (A.D.); (D.A.)
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8
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Gil-Varea E, Fedetz M, Eixarch H, Spataro N, Villar LM, Urcelay E, Saiz A, Fernández Ó, Leyva L, Ramió-Torrentà L, Vandenbroeck K, Otaegui D, Castillo-Triviño T, Izquierdo G, Malhotra S, Bosch E, Navarro A, Alcina A, Montalban X, Matesanz F, Comabella M. A New Risk Variant for Multiple Sclerosis at 11q23.3 Locus Is Associated with Expansion of CXCR5+ Circulating Regulatory T Cells. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030625. [PMID: 32110891 PMCID: PMC7141122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis have contributed to the identification of more than 200 loci associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a proportion of MS heritability remains unknown. We aimed to uncover new genetic variants associated with MS and determine their functional effects. For this, we resequenced the exons and regulatory sequences of 14 MS risk genes in a cohort of MS patients and healthy individuals (n = 1070) and attempted to validate a selection of signals through genotyping in an independent cohort (n = 5138). We identified three new MS-associated variants at C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), Ts translation elongation factor, mitochondrial (TSFM) and cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1). Rs10892307 resulted in a new signal at the CXCR5 region that explains one of the associations with MS within the locus. This polymorphism and three others in high linkage disequilibrium mapped within regulatory regions. Of them, rs11602393 showed allele-dependent enhancer activity in the forward orientation as determined by luciferase reporter assays. Immunophenotyping using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients associated the minor allele of rs10892307 with increased percentage of regulatory T cells expressing CXCR5. This work reports a new signal for the CXCR5 MS risk locus and points to rs11602393 as the causal variant. The expansion of CXCR5+ circulating regulatory T cells induced by this variant could cause its MS association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Gil-Varea
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (H.E.); (S.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Maria Fedetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (H.E.); (S.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Nino Spataro
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208 Sabadell, Spain;
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Lab. of Genetics of Complex Diseases, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Albert Saiz
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clinic and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (Ó.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Laura Leyva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (Ó.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17190 Girona, Spain;
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | | | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (H.E.); (S.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Elena Bosch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (E.B.); (A.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 43200 Reus, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (E.B.); (A.N.)
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (H.E.); (S.M.); (X.M.)
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-958-181-668 (F.M.); +34-932-746-834 (M.C.); Fax: +34-932-746-084 (M.C.)
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (H.E.); (S.M.); (X.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-958-181-668 (F.M.); +34-932-746-834 (M.C.); Fax: +34-932-746-084 (M.C.)
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9
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Hu X, Tang J, Zeng G, Hu X, Bao P, Wu J, Liang Y, Deng W, Tang Y. RGS1 silencing inhibits the inflammatory response and angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis rats through the inactivation of Toll‐like receptor signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20432-20442. [PMID: 31012109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Tang
- Department of Orthopedics The People's Hospital of Gaozhou Gaozhou P.R. China
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health Beijing P.R. China
| | - Peng Bao
- Medical Department of Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jionglin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Weixi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
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10
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Hadjigeorgiou GM, Kountra PM, Koutsis G, Tsimourtou V, Siokas V, Dardioti M, Rikos D, Marogianni C, Aloizou AM, Karadima G, Ralli S, Grigoriadis N, Bogdanos D, Panas M, Dardiotis E. Replication study of GWAS risk loci in Greek multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Sci 2018; 40:253-260. [PMID: 30361804 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate in an ethnically homogeneous Greek multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort, genetic risk factors for the disease, identified through a number of previous multi-ethnic genome-wide association studies (GWAS). METHODS A total of 1228 MS cases and 1014 controls were recruited in the study, from 3 MS centers in Greece. We genotyped 35 susceptibility SNPs that emerged from previous GWAS or meta-analyses of GWAS. Allele and genotype single locus regression analysis, adjusted for gender and site, was performed. Permutation testing was applied to all analyses. RESULTS Six polymorphisms reached statistical significance (permutation p value < 0.05). In particular, rs2760524 of LOC105371664, near RGS1 (permutation p value 0.001), rs3129889 of HLA-DRA, near HLA-DRB1 (permutation p value < 1.00e-04), rs1738074 of TAGAP (permutation p value 0.007), rs703842 of METTL1/CYP27B1 (permutation p value 0.008), rs9596270 of DLEU1 (permutation p value < 1.00e-04), and rs17445836 of LincRNA, near IRF8 (permutation p value 0.001) were identified as susceptibility risk factors in our group. CONCLUSION The current study replicated a number of GWAS susceptibility SNPs, which implies that some similarities between the examined Greek population and the MS genetic architecture of the GWAS populations do exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Persia-Maria Kountra
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios Koutsis
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vana Tsimourtou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Dardioti
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rikos
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Marogianni
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Karadima
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani Ralli
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Bogdanos
- Cellular Immunotherapy & Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Biomedical Section, Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Institute for Research and Technology-Thessaly (IRETETH), Larissa, Greece
| | - Marios Panas
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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11
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Druey KM. Emerging Roles of Regulators of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in the Immune System. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:315-351. [PMID: 28950950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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12
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Kehrl JH. The impact of RGS and other G-protein regulatory proteins on Gαi-mediated signaling in immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:40-52. [PMID: 27071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte chemoattractant receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Signaling downstream of these receptors directs the localization, positioning and homeostatic trafficking of leukocytes; as well as their recruitment to, and their retention at, inflammatory sites. Ligand induced changes in the molecular conformation of chemoattractant receptors results in the engagement of heterotrimeric G-proteins, which promotes α subunits to undergo GTP/GDP exchange. This results in the functional release of βγ subunits from the heterotrimers, thereby activating downstream effector molecules, which initiate leukocyte polarization, gradient sensing, and directional migration. Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates Gαi subunits and prevents chemoattractant receptors from triggering Gαi nucleotide exchange. The use of pertussis toxin revealed the essential importance of Gαi subunit nucleotide exchange for chemoattractant receptor signaling. More recent studies have identified a range of regulatory mechanisms that target these receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby helping to control the magnitude, kinetics, and duration of signaling. A failure in these regulatory pathways can lead to impaired receptor signaling and immunopathology. The analysis of mice with targeted deletions of Gαi isoforms as well as some of these G-protein regulatory proteins is providing insights into their roles in chemoattractant receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States.
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13
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Lee JK, Bou Dagher J. Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS)1 and RGS10 Proteins as Potential Drug Targets for Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:545-9. [PMID: 26902301 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins were originally identified as negative regulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling via their GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) activity. All RGS proteins contain evolutionarily conserved RGS domain; however, they differ in their size and regulatory domains. RGS1 and RGS10 are smaller than other RGS proteins, and their functions involve various inflammatory responses including autoimmune responses in both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroinflammation is the chronic inflammatory response in the CNS. Acute inflammatory response in the CNS is believed to be beneficial by involving the neuroprotective actions of immune cells in the brain, particularly microglia, to limit tissue damage and to aid in neuronal repair. However, chronically elevated levels of cytokines serve to maintain activation of abundant numbers of immune cells potentiating prolonged inflammatory responses and creating an environment of oxidative stress, which further hastens oxidative damage of neurons. In this review, we describe the implications and features of RGS proteins (specifically RGS1 and RGS10) in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss the experimental and epidemiological evidence on the benefits of anti-inflammatory interventions by targeting RGS1 and/or RGS10 protein function or expression in order to delay or attenuate the progression of neurodegeneration, particularly in multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Dr., Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Josephine Bou Dagher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Dr., Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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14
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Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1-locus on human primary dendritic cell immune functions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17078. [PMID: 26602835 PMCID: PMC4658526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern strategies to develop vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aim to improve the current Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or to attenuate the virulence of Mtb vaccine candidates. In the present study, the impact of wild type or mutated region of difference 1 (RD1) variants on the immunogenicity of Mtb and BCG recombinants was investigated in human primary dendritic cells (DC). A comparative analysis of transcriptome, signalling pathway activation, maturation, apoptosis, cytokine production and capacity to promote Th1 responses demonstrated that DC sense quantitative and qualitative differences in the expression of RD1-encoded factors—ESAT6 and CFP10—within BCG or Mtb backgrounds. Expansion of IFN-γ producing T cells was promoted by BCG::RD1-challenged DC, as compared to their BCG-infected counterparts. Although Mtb recombinants acted as a strong Th-1 promoting stimulus, even with RD1 deletion, the attenuated Mtb strain carrying a C-terminus truncated ESAT-6 elicited a robust Th1 promoting phenotype in DC. Collectively, these studies indicate a necessary but not sufficient role for the RD1 locus in promoting DC immune-regulatory functions. Additional mycobacterial factors are likely required to endow DC with a high Th1 polarizing capacity, a desirable attribute for a successful control of Mtb infection.
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15
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Xie Z, Chan EC, Druey KM. R4 Regulator of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in Inflammation and Immunity. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:294-304. [PMID: 26597290 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important functions in both innate and adaptive immunity, with the capacity to bridge interactions between the two arms of the host responses to pathogens through direct recognition of secreted microbial products or the by-products of host cells damaged by pathogen exposure. In the mid-1990s, a large group of intracellular proteins was discovered, the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family, whose main, but not exclusive, function appears to be to constrain the intensity and duration of GPCR signaling. The R4/B subfamily--the focus of this review--includes RGS1-5, 8, 13, 16, 18, and 21, which are the smallest RGS proteins in size, with the exception of RGS3. Prominent roles in the trafficking of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages have been described for RGS1, RGS13, and RGS16, while RGS18 appears to control platelet and osteoclast functions. Additional G protein independent functions of RGS13 have been uncovered in gene expression in B lymphocytes and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions. In this review, we discuss potential physiological roles of this RGS protein subfamily, primarily in leukocytes having central roles in immune and inflammatory responses. We also discuss approaches to target RGS proteins therapeutically, which represents a virtually untapped strategy to combat exaggerated immune responses leading to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xie
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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16
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Wostradowski T, Gudi V, Pul R, Gingele S, Lindquist JA, Stangel M, Lindquist S. Effect of interferon-β1b on CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis in T cells from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26212126 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease triggered by infiltration of activated T cells into the central nervous system. Interferon (IFN)-β is an established, safe and effective treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). The cytokine can inhibit leucocyte infiltration into the central nervous system; however, little is known about the precise molecular mechanisms. Previously, in vitro application of IFN-β1b was shown to reduce CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated monocyte migration. Here, we analysed the effects of IFN-β1b on CXCR4-dependent T cell function. In vitro exposure to IFN-β1b (1000 U/ml) for 20 h reduced CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis of primary human T cells from healthy individuals and patients with RRMS. Investigating the IFN-β1b/CXCR4 signalling pathways, we found no difference in phosphorylation of ZAP70, ERK1/2 and AKT despite an early induction of the negative regulator of G-protein signalling, RGS1 by IFN-β1b. However, CXCR4 surface expression was reduced. Quantitative real time-PCR revealed a similar reduction in CXCR4-mRNA, and the requirement of several hours' exposure to IFN-β1b supports a transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, T cells from MS patients showed a lower CXCR4 expression than T cells from healthy controls, which was not reduced further in patients under IFN-β1b therapy. Furthermore, we observed no change in CXCL12-dependent chemotaxis in RRMS patients. Our results demonstrate clearly that IFN-β1b can impair the functional response to CXCR4 by down-regulating its expression, but also points to the complex in vivo effects of IFN-β1b therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wostradowski
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Pul
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Gingele
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J A Lindquist
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Lindquist
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, and Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, MEDIAN Kliniken, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Fiskus W, Sharma S, Saha S, Shah B, Devaraj SGT, Sun B, Horrigan S, Leveque C, Zu Y, Iyer S, Bhalla KN. Pre-clinical efficacy of combined therapy with novel β-catenin antagonist BC2059 and histone deacetylase inhibitor against AML cells. Leukemia 2014; 29:1267-78. [PMID: 25482131 PMCID: PMC4456205 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The canonical WNT-β-catenin pathway is essential for self-renewal, growth and survival of AML stem/blast progenitor cells (BPCs). Deregulated WNT signaling inhibits degradation of β-catenin, causing increased nuclear translocation and co-factor activity of β-catenin with the transcriptional regulator TCF4/LEF1 in AML BPCs. Here, we determined the pre-clinical anti-AML activity of the anthraquinone oxime-analog BC2059 (BC), known to attenuate β-catenin levels. BC treatment disrupted the binding of β-catenin with the scaffold protein TBL1 (transducin β-like 1) and proteasomal degradation and decline in the nuclear levels of β-catenin. This was associated with reduced transcriptional activity of TCF4 and expression of its target genes, cyclin D1, c-MYC and survivin. BC treatment dose-dependently induced apoptosis of cultured and primary AML BPCs. Treatment with BC also significantly improved the median survival of immune-depleted mice engrafted with either cultured or primary AML BPCs exhibiting nuclear expression of β-catenin. Co-treatment with the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat and BC synergistically induced apoptosis of cultured and primary AML BPCs, including those expressing FLT3-ITD, as well as further significantly improved the survival of immune-depleted mice engrafted with primary AML BPCs. These findings underscore the promising pre-clinical activity and warrant further testing of BC against human AML, especially those expressing FLT3-ITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fiskus
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Sharma
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Saha
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Shah
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S G T Devaraj
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Sun
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Horrigan
- Beta Cat Pharmaceutical, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - C Leveque
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Zu
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Iyer
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K N Bhalla
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Malemud CJ, Blumenthal DE. Protein kinase small molecule inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis: Medicinal chemistry/clinical perspectives. World J Orthop 2014; 5:496-503. [PMID: 25232525 PMCID: PMC4133455 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i4.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry strategies have contributed to the development, experimental study of and clinical trials assessment of the first type of protein kinase small molecule inhibitor to target the Janus kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway. The orally administered small molecule inhibitor, tofacitinib, is the first drug to target the JAK/STAT pathway for entry into the armamentarium of the medical therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. The introduction of tofacitinib into general rheumatologic practice coupled with increasing understanding that additional cellular signal transduction pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways as well as spleen tyrosine kinase also contribute to immune-mediated inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis makes it likely that further development of orally administered protein kinase small molecule inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis will occur in the near future.
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19
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Keinan D, Yang S, Cohen RE, Yuan X, Liu T, Li YP. Role of regulator of G protein signaling proteins in bone. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014; 19:634-48. [PMID: 24389209 DOI: 10.2741/4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are a family with more than 30 proteins that all contain an RGS domain. In the past decade, increasing evidence has indicated that RGS proteins play crucial roles in the regulation of G protein coupling receptors (GPCR), G proteins, and calcium signaling during cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in a variety of tissues. In bone, those proteins modulate bone development and remodeling by influencing various signaling pathways such as GPCR-G protein signaling, Wnt, calcium oscillations and PTH. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of RGS gene expression, as well as the functions and mechanisms of RGS proteins, especially in regulating GPCR-G protein signaling, Wnt signaling, calcium oscillations signaling and PTH signaling during bone development and remodeling. This review also highlights the regulation of different RGS proteins in osteoblasts, chondrocytes and osteoclasts. The knowledge from the recent advances of RGS study summarized in the review would provide the insights into new therapies for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Keinan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Robert E Cohen
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, B36 Foster Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, B36 Foster Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
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20
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Mowry EM, Carey RF, Blasco MR, Pelletier J, Duquette P, Villoslada P, Malikova I, Roger E, Kinkel RP, McDonald J, Bacchetti P, Waubant E. Multiple sclerosis susceptibility genes: associations with relapse severity and recovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75416. [PMID: 24130709 PMCID: PMC3793991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS) have stereotyped attack severity and recovery. We sought to determine if polymorphisms in MS susceptibility genes are associated with these attack features or with the risk of a second attack. METHODS 503 white subjects evaluated within a year of MS onset were included in the study. The severity of and recovery from the first two attacks were determined based on published definitions. Seventeen MS susceptibility genes were genotyped at the UCSF MS Genetics laboratory. Each polymorphism was evaluated in multivariate ordinal models, adjusted for the other polymorphisms, for its association with attack severity and recovery. We also assessed if these polymorphisms were associated with increased risk of a second attack. RESULTS The MPHOSPH9 polymorphism was associated with greater attack severity (odds ratios [OR] = 1.47, 95% CI [1.11, 1.94], p = 0.008), while the RGS1 and TNFRSF1A polymorphisms tended to be associated with reduced attack severity. The CD6 polymorphism tended to be associated with increased odds of worse attack recovery (OR = 1.25, 95% CI [0.93, 1.68], p = 0.13). In those who were HLA-DRB1-negative, the EVI5 polymorphism was associated with attacks of less severity; in HLA-DRB1 positive patients, EVI5 was associated with attacks of greater severity and worse recovery. The IL7R, TNFRSF1A, and GPC5 polymorphisms tended to be associated with having a second event within a year. CONCLUSIONS Some MS susceptibility polymorphisms may be associated with attack severity, recovery, or frequency. Further characterization of these genes may lead to a better understanding of MS pathogenesis and to a more individualized treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Mowry
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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21
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Lindén M, Khademi M, Lima Bomfim I, Piehl F, Jagodic M, Kockum I, Olsson T. Multiple sclerosis risk genotypes correlate with an elevated cerebrospinal fluid level of the suggested prognostic marker CXCL13. Mult Scler 2012; 19:863-70. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458512463482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis are still largely unknown. The heterogeneity of disease manifestations make the prediction of prognosis and choice of appropriate treatment protocols challenging. Recently, increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the B-cell chemokine CXCL13 was proposed as a possible marker for a more severe disease course and conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS). Objective: To investigate whether there are genetic susceptibility variants in MS that correlate with the levels of CXCL13 present in the CSF of MS patients. Methods: We genotyped the human leukocyte antigens HLA-DRB1 and HLA-A, plus a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with susceptibility to MS and then correlated the genotypes with the levels of CXCL13, as measured with ELISA in the CSF of a total of 663 patients with MS, CIS, other neurological diseases (OND) or OND with an inflammatory component (iOND). Results: Presence of the HLA-DRB1*15 and the MS risk genotypes for SNPs in the RGS1, IRF5 and OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene regions correlated significantly with increased levels of CXCL13. Conclusion: Our results pointed towards a genetic predisposition for increased CXCL13 levels, which in MS patients correlates with the severity of the disease course. These findings encourage further investigation and replication, in an independent patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Lima Bomfim
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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R4 regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) identify an ancient MHC-linked synteny group. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:145-56. [PMID: 23129146 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are key regulators of G protein signaling. RGS proteins of the R4 RGS group are composed of a mere RGS domain and are mainly involved in immune response modulation. In both human and mouse, most genes encoding the R4 RGS proteins are located in the same region of chromosome 1. We show here that the RGS1/RGS16 neighborhood constitutes a synteny group well conserved across tetrapods and closely linked to the MHC paralogon of chromosome 1. Genes located in the RGS1/RGS16 region have paralogs close to the MHC on chromosome 6 or close to the other MHC paralogons. In amphioxus, a cephalochordate, these genes possess orthologs that are located in the same scaffolds as a number of markers defining the proto-MHC in this species (Abi-Rached et al., Nat Genet 31:100-115, 2002). We therefore propose that the RGS1/RGS16 region provides useful markers to investigate the origins and the evolution of the MHC. In addition, we show that some genes of the region appear to have immune functions not only in human, but also in Xenopus.
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23
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Kach J, Sethakorn N, Dulin NO. A finer tuning of G-protein signaling through regulated control of RGS proteins. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H19-35. [PMID: 22542620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00764.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins are GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) for various Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. Through this mechanism, RGS proteins regulate the magnitude and duration of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and are often referred to as fine tuners of G-protein signaling. Increasing evidence suggests that RGS proteins themselves are regulated through multiple mechanisms, which may provide an even finer tuning of G-protein signaling and crosstalk between G-protein-coupled receptors and other signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current data on the control of RGS function through regulated expression, intracellular localization, and covalent modification of RGS proteins, as related to cell function and the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kach
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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24
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Pharmacogenomics and multiple sclerosis: moving toward individualized medicine. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012; 11:484-91. [PMID: 21701907 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-011-0211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the availability of disease-modifying treatments including interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab, a considerable proportion of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience continued progression of disease, clinical relapses, disease activity on MRI, and adverse effects. Application of gene expression, proteomic or genomic approaches is universally accepted as a suitable strategy toward the identification of biomarkers with predictive value for beneficial/poor clinical response to therapy and treatment risks. This review focuses on recent progress in research on the pharmacogenomics of disease-modifying therapies for MS. Although MS drug response biomarkers are not yet routinely implemented in the clinic, the diversity of reported, promising molecular markers is rapidly increasing. Even though most of these markers await further validation, given time, this research is likely to empower neurologists with an enhanced armamentarium to facilitate rational decisions on therapy and patient management.
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