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Ocanha Xavier JP, Xavier JCC, da Silva MG, Marques MEA. Vitamin D Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor Alpha in Melanocytic Benign Lesions and Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:619-625. [PMID: 37506276 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vitamin D receptor (VDR) exerts its biological effects when it heterodimerizes to a nuclear receptor of the retinoid family called retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), stimulating or inhibiting DNA transcription. VDR stimulation by vitamin D analogs led to in vitro antiproliferative effects, and experimental RXRα knockout led to loss of proliferation control in melanoma cells. The aim of this study was to determine VDR and RXRα positivity in melanocytic lesions, compared with normal skin species. By immunohistochemistry assays, nuclear VDR, cytoplasmic VDR, and RXRα and RXRα in keratinocytes surrounding melanocytes were evaluated in 77 controls, 92 intradermal nevi, 54 dysplastic nevi, and 83 melanomas in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Nuclear VDR, cytoplasmic VDR, and RXRα were less expressed in exposed areas ( P < 0.001, P = 0.0006, and P < 0.001, respectively) than covered areas. All melanocytic lesions had loss of VDR and RXRα comparing with the control group. In the melanoma group, nuclear VDR tended to inversely correlate with the Breslow index (r = -0.11, P = 0.29) but directly correlated with histological regression ( P = 0.0293). RXRα inversely correlated with mitosis (r = -0.245; P = 0.0263). We can suggest that sun exposure affected VDR and RXRα immunopositivity. Nuclear VDR tendency of inverse correlation with the Breslow index showed that worse melanomas have a greater loss of VDR. RXRα inversely correlated with mitosis, indicating that RXRα can have a role in proliferation control. VDR and RXRα may participate in the development of melanocytic lesions and be a future target of new studies and directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Polizel Ocanha Xavier
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Private Clinic (JPOX Clinic), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Cândido Caldeira Xavier
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Araçatuba Institute of Pathology, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil; and
- Salesiano "Auxilium" Catholic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Unisalesiano Araçatuba, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Influence of S100A2 in Human Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071756. [PMID: 35885660 PMCID: PMC9316160 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins characterized by two calcium-binding sites with a helix-loop-helix (“EF-hand-type”) domain. The S100 family of proteins is distributed across various organs and can interact with diverse molecules. Among the proteins of the S100 family, S100 calcium-binding protein A2 (S100A2) has been identified in mammary epithelial cells, glands, lungs, kidneys, and prostate gland, exhibiting various physiological and pathological actions in human disorders, such as inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors. In this review, we introduce basic knowledge regarding S100A2 regulatory mechanisms. Although S100A2 is a tumor suppressor, we describe the various influences of S100A2 on cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Chen ACH, Huang W, Fong SW, Chan C, Lee KC, Yeung WSB, Lee YL. Hyperglycemia Altered DNA Methylation Status and Impaired Pancreatic Differentiation from Embryonic Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910729. [PMID: 34639069 PMCID: PMC8509790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing across the globe. Fetal exposure to maternal diabetes was correlated with higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and T2D later in life. Previous studies showed aberrant DNA methylation patterns in pancreas of T2D patients. However, the underlying mechanisms remained largely unknown. We utilized human embryonic stem cells (hESC) as the in vitro model for studying the effects of hyperglycemia on DNA methylome and early pancreatic differentiation. Culture in hyperglycemic conditions disturbed the pancreatic lineage potential of hESC, leading to the downregulation of expression of pancreatic markers PDX1, NKX6-1 and NKX6-2 after in vitro differentiation. Genome-wide DNA methylome profiling revealed over 2000 differentially methylated CpG sites in hESC cultured in hyperglycemic condition when compared with those in control glucose condition. Gene ontology analysis also revealed that the hypermethylated genes were enriched in cell fate commitment. Among them, NKX6-2 was validated and its hypermethylation status was maintained upon differentiation into pancreatic progenitor cells. We also established mouse ESC lines at both physiological glucose level (PG-mESC) and conventional hyperglycemia glucose level (HG-mESC). Concordantly, DNA methylome analysis revealed the enrichment of hypermethylated genes related to cell differentiation in HG-mESC, including Nkx6-1. Our results suggested that hyperglycemia dysregulated the epigenome at early fetal development, possibly leading to impaired pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chun Hang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Sze Wan Fong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Chris Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
| | - Kai Chuen Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
| | - William Shu Biu Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.B.Y.); (Y.L.L.)
| | - Yin Lau Lee
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong; (W.H.); (S.W.F.); (C.C.); (K.C.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.B.Y.); (Y.L.L.)
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Hua X, Zhang H, Jia J, Chen S, Sun Y, Zhu X. Roles of S100 family members in drug resistance in tumors: Status and prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110156. [PMID: 32335300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and targeted therapy can significantly improve survival rates in cancer, but multiple drug resistance (MDR) limits the efficacy of these approaches. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying MDR is crucial for improving drug efficacy and clinical outcomes of patients with cancer. S100 proteins belong to a family of calcium-binding proteins and have various functions in tumor development. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the dysregulation of various S100 proteins contributes to the development of drug resistance in tumors, providing a basis for the development of predictive and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Therefore, a combination of biological inhibitors or sensitizers of dysregulated S100 proteins could enhance therapeutic responses. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms by which S100 family members influence resistance of tumors to cancer treatment, with a focus on the development of effective strategies for overcoming MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, 224000, China.
| | - Jinfang Jia
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Lasch A, Alarcan J, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Lichtenstein D. Combinations of LXR and RXR agonists induce triglyceride accumulation in human HepaRG cells in a synergistic manner. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1303-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bai Y, Li LD, Li J, Lu X. Prognostic values of S100 family members in ovarian cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1256. [PMID: 30558666 PMCID: PMC6296138 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Exhibiting high consistence in sequence and structure, S100 family members are interchangeable in function and they show a wide spectrum of biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation and differentiation and the like. While the prognostic value of each individual S100 in ovarian cancer is still elusive. In current study, we investigated the prognostic value of S100 family members in the ovarian cancer. Methods We used the Kaplan Meier plotter (KM plotter) database, in which updated gene expression data and survival information are from 1657 ovarian cancer patients, to assess the relevance of individual S100 family mRNA expression to overall survival in various ovarian cancer subtypes and different clinicopathological features. Results It was found that high expression of S100A2 (HR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04–1.34, P = 0.012), S100A7A (HR = 1.3, 95%CI: 1.04–1.63, P = 0.02),S100A10 (HR = 1.2, 95%CI: 1.05–1.38, P = 0.0087),and S100A16 (HR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1–1.51, P = 0.052) were significantly correlated with worse OS in all ovarian cancer patients, while the expression of S100A1 (HR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.77–0.99, P = 0.039), S100A3 (HR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.71–0.96, P = 0.0011), S100A5 (HR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.73–0.97, P = 0.017), S100A6 (HR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.72–0.98, P = 0.024), S100A13 (HR = 0.85, 95%CI:0.75–0.97, P = 0.014) and S100G (HR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.74–0.99, P = 0.041) were associated with better prognosis. Furthermore, we assessed the prognostic value of S100 expression in different subtypes and the clinicopathological features, including pathological grades, clinical stages and TP53 mutation status, of ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion Comprehensive understanding of the S100 family members may have guiding significance for the diagnosis and outcome of ovarian cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5170-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Liang-Dong Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jun Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Present Address: Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, No.419, Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Borland MG, Yao PL, Kehres EM, Lee C, Pritzlaff AM, Ola E, Wagner AL, Shannon BE, Albrecht PP, Zhu B, Kang BH, Robertson GP, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Editor's Highlight: PPARβ/δ and PPARγ Inhibit Melanoma Tumorigenicity by Modulating Inflammation and Apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:436-448. [PMID: 28962521 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin tumorigenesis results from DNA damage, increased inflammation, and evasion of apoptosis. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can modulate these mechanisms in non-melanoma skin cancer. However, limited data exists regarding the role of PPARs in melanoma. This study examined the effect of proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) and PPARγ on cell proliferation, anchorage-dependent clonogenicity, and ectopic xenografts in the UACC903 human melanoma cell line. Stable overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ enhanced ligand-induced expression of a PPARβ/δ/PPARγ target gene in UACC903 cell lines as compared with controls. The induction of target gene expression by ligand activation of PPARγ was not altered by overexpression of PPARβ/δ, or vice versa. Stable overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ reduced the percentage of cells in the G1 and S phase of the cell cycle, and increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in UACC903 cell lines as compared with controls. Ligand activation of PPARβ/δ did not further alter the distribution of cells within each phase of the cell cycle. By contrast, ligand activation of PPARγ enhanced these changes in stable UACC903 cells overexpressing PPARγ compared with controls. Stable overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ and/or ligand activation of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ inhibited cell proliferation, and anchorage-dependent clonogenicity of UACC903 cell lines as compared with controls. Further, overexpression of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ and/or ligand activation of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ inhibited ectopic xenograft tumorigenicity derived from UACC903 melanoma cells as compared with controls, and this was likely due in part to induction of apoptosis. Results from these studies demonstrate the antitumorigenic effects of both PPARβ/δ and PPARγ and suggest that targeting these receptors may be useful for primary or secondary melanoma chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Borland
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ellen M Kehres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Christina Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Amanda M Pritzlaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Elizabeth Ola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Ashley L Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Brooke E Shannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815
| | - Prajakta P Albrecht
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Non-clinical Research Institute, Chemon, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17162, Korea
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, Pathology, Dermatology, Surgery, The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, and The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Hyter S, Indra AK. Nuclear hormone receptor functions in keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis, epidermal carcinogenesis and melanomagenesis. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:529-41. [PMID: 23395795 PMCID: PMC3670764 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is maintained, in part, through regulation of gene expression orchestrated by type II nuclear hormone receptors in a cell and context specific manner. This group of transcriptional regulators is implicated in various cellular processes including epidermal proliferation, differentiation, permeability barrier formation, follicular cycling and inflammatory responses. Endogenous ligands for the receptors regulate actions during skin development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Type II nuclear receptor signaling is also important for cellular crosstalk between multiple cell types in the skin. Overall, these nuclear receptors are critical players in keratinocyte and melanocyte biology and present targets for cutaneous disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Jin L, Shen Q, Ding S, Jiang W, Jiang L, Zhu X. Immunohistochemical expression of Annexin A2 and S100A proteins in patients with bulky stage IB-IIA cervical cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 126:140-6. [PMID: 22487537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal expression of Annexin A2 and S100A proteins has been reported to induce sensitivity/resistance to chemotherapy in a variety of cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of Annexin A2 and S100A protein expression to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic significance of these protein expressions in bulky stage IB-IIA cervical cancer patients. METHODS Paired tumor samples (pre- and post-chemotherapy) were obtained from 68 patients who were treated with cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical hysterectomy at our hospital from 2006 to 2011. The expression of Annexin A2 and S100A proteins was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were identified as chemotherapy-response and 32 were non-response. (a). Protein expression in tumor cells: (1). Exposure of tumor cells to chemotherapy results in a change of Annexin A2 and S100A expression (P<0.05). (2). Annexin A2, S100A8 and S100A9 protein expression correlates with tumor response to chemotherapy (P<0.05). (b). Protein expression in stromal cells: (1). Expression of Annexin A2, S100A8 and S100A9 was increased, but S100A2 and S100A4 was decreased after exposure to chemotherapy (P<0.05). (2). Only S100A4 expression was associated with response to chemotherapy (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size (P=0.022), differentiation (P=0.000), Annexin A2 expression in stromal cells (P=0.009), and S100A8 expression in tumor cells (P=0.008) were independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival of cervical cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Expression of some of the measured proteins in tumor and stromal cells correlates with chemotherapy exposure, response to therapy, and progression-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- LanYing Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Dawson MI, Xia Z. The retinoid X receptors and their ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:21-56. [PMID: 22020178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status of studies on the structural and molecular biology of the retinoid X receptor subtypes α, β, and γ (RXRs, NR2B1-3), their nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, post-transcriptional processing, and recently reported ligands. Points of interest are the different changes in the ligand-binding pocket induced by variously shaped agonists, the communication of the ligand-bound pocket with the coactivator binding surface and the heterodimerization interface, and recently identified ligands that are natural products, those that function as environmental toxins or drugs that had been originally designed to interact with other targets, as well as those that were deliberately designed as RXR-selective transcriptional agonists, synergists, or antagonists. Of these synthetic ligands, the general trend in design appears to be away from fully aromatic rigid structures to those containing partial elements of the flexible tetraene side chain of 9-cis-retinoic acid. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burn Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 93207, USA.
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Wolf S, Haase-Kohn C, Pietzsch J. S100A2 in cancerogenesis: a friend or a foe? Amino Acids 2010; 41:849-61. [PMID: 20521072 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the exceptional intracellular distribution and the heterogeneous expression pattern during transformation and metastasis in various tumors, the EF-hand calcium-binding protein S100A2 attracts increasing attention. Unlike the majority of S100 proteins, S100A2 expression is downregulated in many cancers and the loss in nuclear expression has been associated with poor prognosis. On the other hand, S100A2 is upregulated in some cancers. This mini review highlights the general characteristics of S100A2 and discusses recent findings on its putative functional implication as a suppressor or promoter in cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Wolf
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf, POB 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
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