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Abdelhamid AM, Saber S, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Ellethy AT, Amer MM, Abdel-Hamed MR, Mohamed EA, Ahmed SS, Elsisi HA, Khodeir MM, Alkhamiss AS, A. AA, Abu Elgasim MAE, Almansour ZH, Elesawy BH, Elmorsy EA. STA-9090 in combination with a statin exerts enhanced protective effects in rats fed a high-fat diet and exposed to diethylnitrosamine and thioacetamide. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1454829. [PMID: 39309001 PMCID: PMC11413491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1454829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Liver fibrosis is a significant global health burden that lacks effective therapies. It can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aberrant hedgehog pathway activation is a key driver of fibrogenesis and cancer, making hedgehog inhibitors potential antifibrotic and anticancer agents. Methods We evaluated simvastatin and STA-9090, alone and combined, in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and exposed to diethylnitrosamine and thioacetamide (DENA/TAA). Simvastatin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, depleting cellular cholesterol required for Sonic hedgehog (Shh) modification and signaling. STA-9090 directly inhibits HSP90 chaperone interactions essential for Shh function. We hypothesized combining these drugs may provide liver protective effects through complementary targeting of the hedgehog pathway. Endpoints assessed included liver function tests, oxidative stress markers, histopathology, extracellular matrix proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and hedgehog signaling components. Results HFD and DENA/TAA caused aberrant hedgehog activation, contributing to fibrotic alterations with elevated liver enzymes, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and collagen deposition. Monotherapies with simvastatin or STA-9090 improved these parameters, while the combination treatment provided further enhancements, including improved survival, near-normal liver histology, and compelling hedgehog pathway suppression. Discussion Our findings demonstrate the enhanced protective potential of combined HMG CoA reductase and HSP90 inhibition in rats fed a HFD and exposed to DENA and TAA. This preclinical study could help translate hedgehog-targeted therapies to clinical evaluation for treating this major unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Abousree T. Ellethy
- Department of Oral and Medical Basic Sciences, Biochemistry Division, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M. Amer
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Abdel-Hamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas A. Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Syed Suhail Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam A. Elsisi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Khodeir
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah S. Alkhamiss
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - AlSalloom A. A.
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zainab H. Almansour
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem H. Elesawy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Vukšić A, Rašić D, Žunec S, Božina T, Konjevoda P, Lovrić J, Bilušić M, Bradamante V. The effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate on malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione concentrations in the plasma, liver, and brain of normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:34-41. [PMID: 37014683 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of study was to investigate the effects of different doses of simvastatin and fenofibrate on malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the plasma, liver, and brain tissue of male normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats. Normolipidaemic (Wistar) rats were receiving 10 or 50 mg/kg a day of simvastatin or 30 or 50 mg/kg a day of fenofibrate. Hyperlipidaemic (Zucker) rats were receiving 50 mg/kg/day of simvastatin or 30 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate. Control normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats were receiving saline. Simvastatin, fenofibrate, and saline were administered by gavage for three weeks. In normolipidaemic rats simvastatin and fenofibrate showed similar and dose-independent effects on plasma and brain MDA and GSH concentrations. Generally, plasma and brain MDA decreased, while brain GSH concentration increased. In hyperlipidaemic rats simvastatin did not affect plasma and brain MDA and GSH concentrations but significantly decreased liver GSH. Fenofibrate decreased plasma and liver MDA but increased brain MDA. In both rat strains fenofibrate significantly decreased liver GSH concentrations, most likely because fenofibrate metabolites bind to GSH. Our findings suggest that simvastatin acts as an antioxidant only in normolipidaemic rats, whereas fenofibrate acts as an antioxidant in both rat strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Vukšić
- 1Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- 2Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Unit of Toxicology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- 2Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Unit of Toxicology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Božina
- 3University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jasna Lovrić
- 3University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinko Bilušić
- 5Polyclinic Bonifarm, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlasta Bradamante
- 6University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Zagreb, Croatia
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Wu H, Niu C, Aisa HA. Research Progress of Small Molecules as Anti-vitiligo Agents. Curr Med Chem 2023; 31:CMC-EPUB-129498. [PMID: 36786141 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230214103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disease characterized by skin discoloration, and no safe and effective drugs have been developed until now. New drug research and development are imminent. This article reviews the research on small-molecule drugs for vitiligo from 1990 to 2021 at home and abroad. They are classified according to their structures and mechanisms of action, including natural products and derivatives, anti-oxidative stress drugs, immunosuppressants, prostaglandins, etc. The research on their anti-vitiligo activity, structural modification, new dosage forms, clinical trials, and the development trend in new anti-vitiligo drugs are reviewed, which provides important references for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Ürümqi China
| | - Chao Niu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Ürümqi China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Ürümqi China
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Antioxidants in Arrhythmia Treatment—Still a Controversy? A Review of Selected Clinical and Laboratory Research. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061109. [PMID: 35740006 PMCID: PMC9220256 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are substances that can prevent damage to cells caused by free radicals. Production of reactive oxygen species and the presence of oxidative stress play an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. Currently used antiarrhythmic drugs have many side effects. The research on animals and humans using antioxidants (such as vitamins C and E, resveratrol and synthetic substances) yields many interesting but inconclusive results. Natural antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, can reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after successful electrical cardioversion and protect against AF after cardiac surgery, but do not affect the incidence of atrial arrhythmias in critically ill patients with trauma. Vitamins C and E may also effectively treat ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and long QT-related arrhythmias. Another natural antioxidant—resveratrol—may effectively treat AF and ventricular arrhythmias caused by ischaemia–reperfusion injury. It reduces the mortality associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and can be used to prevent myocardial remodelling. Statins also show antioxidant activity. Their action is related to the reduction of oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, statins can reduce the post-operative risk of AF and may be useful in lowering its recurrence rate after successful cardioversion. Promising results also apply to polyphenols, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and MitoTEMPO. Although few clinical trials have been conducted, the use of antioxidants in treating arrhythmias is an interesting prospect.
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Rashed ER, Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM. Roles of Simvastatin and Sildenafil in Modulation of Cranial Irradiation-Induced Bystander Multiple Organs Injury in Rats. Inflammation 2021; 44:2554-2579. [PMID: 34420155 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In radiobiology and radiation oncology fields, the observation of a phenomenon called radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) has introduced the prospect of remotely located tissues' affection. This phenomenon has been broadly developed to involve the concept of RIBE, which are relevant to the radiation-induced response of a distant tissue other than the irradiated one. The current study aimed at investigating each of the RIBE of cranial irradiation on oxidative and inflammatory status in different organs such as liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen. Being a vital target of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response to an inflammatory stimulus, the splenic α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7nAchR) was evaluated and the hepatic contents of thioredoxin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and paraoxinase-1 (Trx/PPAR-α/PON) were also assessed as indicators for the liver oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Being reported to act as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, simvastatin (SV) and/or sildenafil (SD) were investigated for their effects against RIBE on these organs. These objectives were achieved via the biochemical assessments and the histopathological tissues examinations. Five experimental groups, one sham irradiated and four irradiated groups, were exposed to cranial irradiation at dose level of 25 Gy using an experimental irradiator with a Cobalt (Co60) source, RIBE, RIBE + SV (20 mg.(kg.bw)-1 day-1), RIBE + SD (75 mg.(kg.bw)-1 day-1), and RIBE + SV + SD. Cranial irradiation induced structural, biochemical, and functional dys-regulations in non-targeted organs. RIBE-induced organs' injuries have been significantly corrected by the administration of SV and/or SD. Our results suggest the possibility of a potentiated interaction between SV and SD in the modulation of the RIBE associated with head and neck radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Refaat Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noura Magdy Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Moshiri M, Mehmannavaz F, Hashemi M, Yazdian-Robati R, Shabazi N, Etemad L. Evaluation of the efficiency of simvastatin loaded PLGA nanoparticles against acute paraquat-intoxicated rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106053. [PMID: 34728365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, we reported a novel nanotherapeutic platform for paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury in animal models using simvastatin (SV) loaded into Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). In this way, Male Wistar rats orally received PQ (120 mg / kg) plus saline, SV (20 mg / kg) or PLGA-SV NPs containing 5, 10 and 20 mg SV/ kg. The levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and glutathione content were evaluated. In addition, the pathological changes in the lung were monitored. Our results indicated that PQ (120 mg/kg) significantly reduced the body weight of rats compared to the control group. The most decrease in the level of inflammatory cytokines, bleeding, alveolar destruction as well as lymphocytic infiltration in the lung was observed at group treated with PLGA-SV NPs (10 mg). Free SV (20 mg) as well as PLGA-SV NPs (5 mg) modulated the inflammatory factors and glutathione content, however, they could not prevent tissue damage of PQ. Interestingly, PLGA-SV NPs (20 mg) could not improve the PQ- induced pulmonary damage. In conclusion, PLGA-SV NPs (10 mg) attenuated PQ-induced lung injury. The underlying mechanism may be relevant to increasing glutathione levels and inhibition of the production of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mehmannavaz
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Molecular and Cell biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Niosha Shabazi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Thabet NM, Rashed ER, Abdel-Rafei MK, Moustafa EM. Modulation of the Nitric Oxide/BH4 Pathway Protects Against Irradiation-Induced Neuronal Damage. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1641-1658. [PMID: 33755856 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP, IDO/Kyn pathway) is an important metabolic pathway related to many diseases. Although cranial radiotherapy is the mainstay in metastatic tumors management, its efficacy is limited owing to the associated neuropsychiatric disorders. Sildenafil (SD) and simvastatin (SV) were reported to have antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects and to serve as NO donor/BH4 regulator, respectively. Fluoxetine (Fx) is an FDA-approved anti-depressant agent and one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRI), used in neurological disorder treatment. The study objective was to investigate the role of cranial irradiation (C-IR) on KP signaling impairment and the possible intervention by SD and/or SV (as nitric oxide (NO) donor/Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) regulatory) on KP following C-IR-induced disruption compared with Fx (as standard drug).Herein, rats were exposed to C-IR at a single dose level of 25 Gy, then treated with sildenafil (SD) and/or simvastatin (SV), and fluoxetine (Fx) at doses of 75, 20, 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. The body weight gain and forced swimming test (FST) were used for evaluation along with the biochemical quantifications of KP intermediates and histopathological examination of cortex and hippocampus. The results indicated a significant activation of KP following C-IR as manifested by decreased Trp content and increased activities of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) with a rise in kynurenine (KYN) and quinolinic acid (QA) hippocampal contents. In addition, a state of C-IR-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, NO-pathway dysregulation and neuronal apoptosis were observed as compared to the control group. However, significant modulations were recorded after the combined administration of SD and SV than those offered by each of them alone and by Fx. The biochemical assessment results were supported by the histopathological tissue examination. It could be concluded that the co-administration of SV and SD offers a neuroprotective effect against irradiation-induced brain injury due to its NO donor/BH4 regulatory activities, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that modulate IDO/KYN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Magdy Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy Refaat Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Mahmoud Moustafa
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Corrigendum to "Protective Effects of Simvastatin, a Lipid Lowering Agent, Against Oxidative Damage in Experimental Diabetic Rats". J Lipids 2021; 2020:4536827. [PMID: 33414967 PMCID: PMC7769670 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4536827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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DADKHAH A, FATEMI F, MALAYERI MRM, ASHTIYANI MHK, NOUREINI SK, RASOOLI A. Considering the Effect of Rosa damascena Mill. Essential Oil on Oxidative Stress and COX-2 Gene Expression in the Liver of Septic Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 2019; 16:416-424. [PMID: 32454744 PMCID: PMC7227890 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.58815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis is a clinical illness with a high rate of mortality all over the world. Oxidative stress is considered the main phenomenon that occurs in sepsis. Rosa damascena Mill. is an ancient herbal plant with high pharmacological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as a standard model was used to induce sepsis in rats. Male adult rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Different doses of R. damascena essential oil (50 and 100 mg/kg.bw) were gavaged orally for 14 days and on day 15 CLP was performed. After 24 h, blood samples and liver tissues were removed in order to measure oxidative stress [myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)] and biochemical parameters [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and bilirubin] together with plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and COX-2 expression. RESULTS The essential oil was capable of modulating all of the oxidative stress, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory parameters induced by CLP as characterized by elevations in MPO and MDA levels as well as increases in AST and ALT concentrations concomitant with PGE2 and COX-2 increments. The antioxidant defense system such as GSH and FRAP was also increased in the essential oil treated groups. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the essential oil has antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities through reducing the oxidative injury in sepsis caused by CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl DADKHAH
- Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Qom, Iran
| | - Faezeh FATEMI
- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Azadeh RASOOLI
- Payame-e-Noor University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Tehran, Iran
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Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, López-Oliva ME, Ruiz-Roso B, Martín de la Torre I, Bastida S, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Can Carob-Fruit-Extract-Enriched Meat Improve the Lipoprotein Profile, VLDL-Oxidation, and LDL Receptor Levels Induced by an Atherogenic Diet in STZ-NAD-Diabetic Rats? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020332. [PMID: 30717491 PMCID: PMC6413123 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carob fruit extract (CFE) has shown remarkable in vitro antioxidant properties and reduces postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in healthy animals. Development of functional meat products that contain bioactive components are presented as a great nutritional strategy. Until now, the effect of the consumption of restructured meat enriched with CFE in a murine model of diabetes has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on glycemia, lipemia, lipoprotein profile, Ldlr, arylesterase (AE), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and liver oxidation in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NAD) growing Wistar diabetic rats fed restructured meat in the frame of a high cholesterol/high saturated-fat diet. In the present study, three groups (D, ED and DE) were fed cholesterol-enriched (1.4% cholesterol and 0.2% cholic acid) and high saturated-fat diets (50% of total energy from fats and 20.4% from saturated fatty acids). Rats were subjected to a STZ-NAD administration at the 3rd week. Group D did not receive CFE, while ED and DE rat groups received CFE before and after the diabetic induction, respectively. After eight weeks, D rats showed hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia, an increased amount cholesterol-enriched VLDL (β-VLDL), IDL and LDL particles and triglyceride-enriched HDL. ED and DE partially blocked the hypercholesterolemic induction with respect to D group (p < 0.001) and improved glycemia, cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profile, Ldlr, plasma AE activity and liver oxidation (p < 0.001). Fecal fat, moisture and excretion were higher while dietary digestibility was lower in ED and DE vs. D counterparts (p < 0.0014). In conclusion, CFE-enriched meat shows, for the first time, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-NAD animals fed high cholesterol/high saturated-fat diets. Likewise, it manages to reverse possible diabetes lipoprotein alterations if CFE-enriched meat is consumed before pathology development or improves said modifications if Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is already established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Macho-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Baltasar Ruiz-Roso
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Martín de la Torre
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Bastida
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Fawzy Fahim V, Wadie W, Shafik AN, Ishak Attallah M. Role of simvastatin and insulin in memory protection in a rat model of diabetes mellitus and dementia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 144:21-27. [PMID: 30395886 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Bassiouni YA, Hasan IH, Al-Amin MA, Al-Ajmi HN, Mahmoud AM. Simvastatin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:290-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Liang H, Feng Y, Cui R, Qiu M, Zhang J, Liu C. Simvastatin protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:916-924. [PMID: 29421861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of simvastatin on acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in a mouse model. Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into the following groups: control, APAP, APAP+SIM10, APAP+SIM20, APAP+SIM100 and APAP+SIM200 groups. The mice in the APAP group were treated with saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) 72 h before and 24 h or 72 h after APAP challenge (i.p., 400 mg/kg of APAP). The simvastatin-treated groups were treated with different doses of simvastatin i.p. (10, 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) as in the APAP group. After 24 h or 72 h of APAP challenge, blood and liver samples were collected to detect hepatic injury and liver regeneration. The results showed that low doses of simvastatin (10 and 20 mg/kg) could significantly reverse the histological change and decrease hepatic injury. Simvastatin also reduced the serum cytokine levels and transcriptional levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the liver. The malonyldialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels significantly decreased in the simvastatin treatment groups compared with the APAP group. Simvastatin restored the decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities induced by APAP hepatotoxicity. In addition, simvastatin inhibited hepatic C/EBP-homologous protein expression and hepatocyte apoptosis. However, simvastatin had no effect on liver regeneration after APAP hepatotoxicity. Moreover, high doses could aggravate APAP-induced liver injury. In conclusion, low doses of simvastatin had a significant therapeutic effect in APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. However, high doses of simvastatin had adverse hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Immunology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglong Qiu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Atorvastatin in nano-particulate formulation abates muscle and liver affliction when coalesced with coenzyme Q10 and/or vitamin E in hyperlipidemic rats. Life Sci 2018; 203:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Simvastatin Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1092015. [PMID: 29138670 PMCID: PMC5613468 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent used to treat hypercholesterolemia and to reduce the risk of heart disease. This study scrutinized the beneficial effects of simvastatin on experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), pointing to the role of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and both control and diabetic rats received simvastatin for 90 days. Diabetic rats showed significant cardiac hypertrophy, body weight loss, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Serum creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and troponin I showed a significant increase in diabetic rats. Simvastatin significantly improved body weight, attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and ameliorated CK-MB and troponin I. Simvastatin prevented histological alterations and deposition of collagen in the heart of diabetic animals. Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide were increased in the heart of diabetic rats whereas antioxidant defenses were decreased. These alterations were significantly reversed by simvastatin. In addition, simvastatin decreased serum inflammatory mediators and expression of NF-κB in the diabetic heart. Cardiac caspase-3 was increased in the diabetic heart and decreased following treatment with simvastatin. In conclusion, our results suggest that simvastatin alleviates DCM by attenuating hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Barman S, Srinivasan K. Zinc supplementation alleviates hyperglycemia and associated metabolic abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1356-1365. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cause and effect relationship between diabetes and zinc is complex and unclear. This animal study has examined the potential of zinc supplementation in beneficial modulating hyperglycemia, insulin secretion, and metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes. The study was conducted in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Groups of hyperglycemic rats were subjected to dietary interventions for 6 weeks with zinc supplementation (5 times and 10 times the normal level). Supplemental-zinc-fed diabetic groups showed significant control on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. There was a significant reduction in protein glycosylation, glucosuria, and urinary excretion of proteins and urea in diabetic animals maintained on a zinc-supplemented diet. Diabetic rats showed significantly higher plasma albumin and lower plasma urea and creatinine levels upon zinc supplementation. Significant alterations in insulin sensitivity indices HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and QUICKI were also indicated by zinc supplementation. The pathological abnormalities in pancreatic islets of diabetic animals were significantly alleviated by dietary zinc intervention. This study provides the first evidence that zinc supplementation can partially ameliorate the severity of diabetic hyperglycemia and associated metabolic abnormalities, hypoinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and altered pancreatic morphology. Thus, zinc supplementation may offer a significant potential for clinical application in managing diabetic hyperglycemia and related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Barman
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Krishnapura Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
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Fouad AA, Albuali WH, Jresat I. Simvastatin treatment ameliorates injury of rat testes induced by cadmium toxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:269-78. [PMID: 23625729 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium-induced testicular toxicity is mediated through oxidative stress and inflammation which eventually lead to cell death. Simvastatin, the antihyperlipidemic agent, exhibits additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of the present work was to investigate the protective effect of simvastatin against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. The rats received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cadmium chloride (2 mg/kg). Simvastatin treatment (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was applied for three consecutive days, starting 1 day before cadmium administration. Cadmium significantly decreased serum testosterone, and testicular reduced glutathione and catalase activity, and significantly increased testicular malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and cadmium ion levels. Simvastatin significantly ameliorated the biochemical changes induced by cadmium. Cadmium-induced testicular tissue injury observed by histopathological examination was attenuated by simvastatin. In addition, simvastatin significantly decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB, and caspase-3, and increased heme oxygenase-1 expression in testicular tissue of rats exposed to cadmium toxicity. It was concluded that simvastatin, through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, provided a significant protective effect against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. However, starting treatment with simvastatin before cadmium exposure, as done in the present work, is not clinically applicable. Therefore, other investigations are needed to assess the protective effect of simvastatin treatment following induction of cadmium testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Fouad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia.
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Nawaz MI, Abouammoh M, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Alfaran MF, Ola MS. Novel drugs and their targets in the potential treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:300-8. [PMID: 23619778 PMCID: PMC3659065 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes. It causes vision loss, and the incidence is increasing with the growth of the diabetes epidemic worldwide. Over the past few decades a number of clinical trials have confirmed that careful control of glycemia and blood pressure can reduce the risk of developing DR and control its progression. In recent years, many treatment options have been developed for clinical management of the complications of DR (e.g., proliferative DR and macular edema) using laser-based therapies, intravitreal corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, and vitrectomy to remove scarring and hemorrhage, but all these have limited benefits. In this review, we highlight and discuss potential molecular targets and new approaches that have shown great promise for the treatment of DR. New drugs and strategies are based on targeting a number of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic stress pathways, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, the renin-angiotensin system, and neurodegeneration, in addition to the use of stem cells and ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technologies. At present, clinical trials of some of these newer drugs in humans are yet to begin or are in early stages. Together, the new therapeutic drugs and approaches discussed may control the incidence and progression of DR with greater efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abouammoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak F. Alfaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Shamsul Ola, e-mail: and
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Aparecida Da Silva A, Leal-Junior ECP, Alves ACA, Rambo CS, Dos Santos SA, Vieira RP, De Carvalho PDTC. Wound-healing effects of low-level laser therapy in diabetic rats involve the modulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and the redistribution of collagen types I and III. J COSMET LASER THER 2013; 15:210-6. [PMID: 23463906 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2012.761345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Karatug A, Kaptan E, Bolkent S, Mutlu O, Yanardag R. Alterations in kidney tissue following zinc supplementation to STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:52-7. [PMID: 22944585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by anomalies forming in carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolisms and the incidence of this disease varies widely throughout the world. Zinc is an important element which is essential for life and is present in nature. In this study, the animals were divided into four groups. These groups were named as untreated; zinc sulfate; streptozotocin (STZ); STZ and zinc sulfate. STZ (65 mg/kg) was dissolved in a freshly prepared 0.01 M pH 4.5 citrate buffer and given with intraperitoneal injection in a single dose. Zinc sulfate (100mg/kg) was dissolved in distilled water and given to the animals by gavage at a daily dose for 60 days. The rats were sacrificed under ether anesthesia. This study was aimed to investigate histological and biochemical changes of zinc supplementation on the kidney tissue in STZ-induced diabetic rats. In the current study, histological and histochemical observations showed that the occurred degenerative changes decreased after giving zinc in the kidney tissue of diabetic group. Kidney glutathione (GSH) levels decreased and lipid peroxidation (LPO), nonenzymatic glycosylation (NEG), urea and creatinine levels increased in diabetic rats. GSH levels increased, while LPO, NEG, urea and creatinine levels decreased in the kidney with administration of zinc to diabetic rats. As a result, we observed curative effects of zinc given to diabetic rats. We can say that zinc may be an important antioxidant for the treatment of secondary complications of diabetes in kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karatug
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Prevention and management of diabetic retinopathy in STZ diabetic rats by Tinospora cordifolia and its molecular mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Celestino MT, Magalhães UDO, Fraga AGM, Carmo FAD, Lione V, Castro HC, Sousa VPD, Rodrigues CR, Cabral LM. Rational use of antioxidants in solid oral pharmaceutical preparations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502012000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are currently used as efficient excipients that delay or inhibit the oxidation process of molecules. Excipients are often associated with adverse reactions. Stability studies can guide the search for solutions that minimize or delay the processes of degradation. The ability to predict oxidation reactions in different drugs is important. Methods: This study was conducted to assess the rational use of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium metabisulfite (SMB), propyl gallate (PG) and cysteine (CYS) in tablet formulations of simvastatin and ketoconazole. These antioxidants were evaluated according to stability parameters and the relationship between efficiency of the antioxidant and chemical structure of the drugs. Results were compared with DPPH tests and computational simulations. BHT was most efficient regarding simvastatin stability, and the most effective BHT concentrations for maintaining stability were 0.5 and 0.1%. In relation to ketoconazole, SMB was most efficient for maintaining content and dissolution profile. The evaluation by DPPH showed that the largest percentage of absorbance reduction was observed for PG, while SMB proved most efficient and had lower consumption of DPPH. The same pattern was observed, albeit with lower efficiency, for the other lipophilic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA. The results of the molecular modeling study demonstrated that electronic properties obtained were correlated with antioxidant activity in solution, being useful for the rational development of liquid pharmaceutical formulations but not for solid oral formulations. This study demonstrated the importance of considering stability parameters and molecular modeling to elucidate the chemical phenomena involved in antioxidant activity, being useful for the rational use of antioxidants in the development of pharmaceutical formulations.
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