1
|
Kallingal A, Olszewski M, Maciejewska N, Brankiewicz W, Baginski M. Cancer immune escape: the role of antigen presentation machinery. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:8131-8141. [PMID: 37031434 PMCID: PMC10374767 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation play a crucial role in the recognition and targeting of cancer cells by the immune system. Cancer cells can evade the immune system by downregulating or losing the expression of the proteins recognized by the immune cells as antigens, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and altering their ability to process and present antigens. This review focuses on the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion with a specific emphasis on the role of antigen presentation machinery. The study of the immunopeptidome, or peptidomics, has provided insights into the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion and has potential applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, manipulating the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells plays a critical role in suppressing the immune response against cancer. Targeting these mechanisms through the use of HDACis, DNMTis, and combination therapies has the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and optimal use of these therapies in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kallingal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maciej Baginski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macrophages: From Simple Phagocyte to an Integrative Regulatory Cell for Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration-A Review of the Literature. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020276. [PMID: 36672212 PMCID: PMC9856654 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of macrophages and their pathophysiological role has dramatically changed within the last decades. Macrophages represent a very interesting cell type with regard to biomaterial-based tissue engineering and regeneration. In this context, macrophages play a crucial role in the biocompatibility and degradation of implanted biomaterials. Furthermore, a better understanding of the functionality of macrophages opens perspectives for potential guidance and modulation to turn inflammation into regeneration. Such knowledge may help to improve not only the biocompatibility of scaffold materials but also the integration, maturation, and preservation of scaffold-cell constructs or induce regeneration. Nowadays, macrophages are classified into two subpopulations, the classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) with pro-inflammatory properties and the alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) with anti-inflammatory properties. The present narrative review gives an overview of the different functions of macrophages and summarizes the recent state of knowledge regarding different types of macrophages and their functions, with special emphasis on tissue engineering and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
3
|
The Molecular and Cellular Strategies of Glioblastoma and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Conferring Radioresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113577. [PMID: 36362359 PMCID: PMC9656305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to play a crucial role in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that radiotherapy can offer only palliation owing to the radioresistance of GBM and NSCLC. Therefore, delineating the major radioresistance mechanisms may provide novel therapeutic approaches to sensitize these diseases to IR and improve patient outcomes. This review provides insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GBM and NSCLC radioresistance, where it sheds light on the role played by cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as discusses comprehensively how the cellular dormancy/non-proliferating state and polyploidy impact on their survival and relapse post-IR exposure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jin L, Guo Y, Mao W, Wang J, Jin L, Liu X, Shou Q, Fu H. Total glucosides of paeony inhibit breast cancer growth by inhibiting TAMs infiltration through NF-κB/CCL2 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154307. [PMID: 35841664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and inflammatory factors are crucial elements leading to tumor immune tolerance. Previously, we found that total glucosides of paeony (TGP) have strong inhibitory effects on the release of various inflammatory factors; however, it is unclear whether the inhibitory effects can improve the inflammatory microenvironment of tumors. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the mechanism via which TGP depresses tumor growth and metastasis via modulation of TAM infiltration in breast cancer. METHODS We assessed the effects of TGP on various mouse models of tumor. Lung metastasis was detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining. T cell (CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+) effector and memory subsets, and TAM (CD45+CD11b+F4/80+) populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were examined using flow cytometry. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage experiments were used to investigate the TGP anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Furthermore, conditional medium (CM) was added to detect 4T1 breast cancer cell growth using a Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA) xCELLigence system. Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels were measured using cytometric bead array (CBA) kits and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). NF-κB expression in the nucleus was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. RESULTS TGP suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis, decreased CD45+CD11b+F4/80+ (TAMs) population obviously, and increased CD44LowCD62LHi (T memory stem cells) and CD44HiCD62LHi (central memory cells) populations in the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, TGP reduced inflammatory factor levels in tumors, thus inhibiting the infiltration of TAMs to improve the inflammation immunosuppressive microenvironment. In the in vitro experiment, TGP inhibited IL-10 and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion and mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages to inhibit 4T1 cell growth and restrain macrophages M2 polarization. In addition, TGP can directly inhibit 4T1 cell proliferation by restraining autocrine CCL2 and IL-10. Further mechanistic studies reavealed that TGP inhibited CCL2 secretion by inhibiting NF-κB accumulation in the nucleus in macrophages. CONCLUSION TGP reduced TAM recruitment mainly through the NF-κB/CCL2 signaling pathway, thereby promoting T cell infiltration in the TME. TGP has a unique advantage in balancing the inflammatory response. Furthermore, our results present novel insights on the mechanisms underlying TAM infiltration that were inhibited by TGP, with potential application in development of novel therapies targeting CCL2 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yingxue Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Weiye Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Lushuai Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
| | - Huiying Fu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Sexual function of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Zhou X, Hao H. Macrophage phenotype-switching in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175229. [PMID: 36002039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been found to be of great importance in tumorigenesis and in promoting malignant progression, including tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, the TAM phenotype is more likely to be an M2 type. Transforming TAMs by M2-polarization into the tumour-suppressive M1-phenotype is an important approach for tumour therapy. In this review, we analysed the effects of the tumour microenvironment on macrophage phenotype-switching, including hypoxia and cytokines, and the mechanisms of drugs targeting TAMs. Furthermore, we analysed the effects of exosomes on macrophage polarization, phenotype switching of macrophages, and the mechanisms of lipid mediators targeting TAMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Geng Y, Yue B, Lo PC, Huang J, Jin H. Injectable Hydrogel as a Unique Platform for Antitumor Therapy Targeting Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:832942. [PMID: 35111169 PMCID: PMC8801935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.832942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy can boost the immune response of patients to eliminate tumor cells and suppress tumor metastasis and recurrence. However, immunotherapy resistance and the occurrence of severe immune-related adverse effects are clinical challenges that remain to be addressed. The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Injectable hydrogels have emerged as powerful drug delivery platforms offering good biocompatibility and biodegradability, minimal invasion, convenient synthesis, versatility, high drug-loading capacity, controlled drug release, and low toxicity. In this review, we summarize the application of injectable hydrogels as a unique platform for targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Geng
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Beilei Yue
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao S, Yang X, Xu J, Qiu N, Zhai G. Nanotechnology for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy and Remodeling Tumor Microenvironment: The Horizons in Cancer Treatment. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12567-12603. [PMID: 34339170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy that harnesses the human immune system to fight cancer has received widespread attention and become a mainstream strategy for cancer treatment. Cancer immunotherapy not only eliminates primary tumors but also treats metastasis and recurrence, representing a major advantage over traditional cancer treatments. Recently with the development of nanotechnology, there exists much work applying nanomaterials to cancer immunotherapy on the basis of their excellent physiochemical properties, such as efficient tissue-specific delivery function, huge specific surface area, and controllable surface chemistry. Consequently, nanotechnology holds significant potential in improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapy mainly manifests its inhibitory effect on tumors via two different approaches: one is to produce an effective anti-tumor immune response during tumorigenesis, and the other is to enhance tumor immune defense ability by modulating the immune suppression mechanism in the tumor microenvironment. With the success of tumor immunotherapy, understanding the interaction between the immune system and smart nanomedicine has provided vigorous vitality for the development of cancer treatment. This review highlights the application, progress, and prospect of nanomedicine in the process of tumor immunoediting and also discusses several engineering methods to improve the efficiency of tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiangkang Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Na Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Xie K, Liu T. Cancer Immunotherapies: From Efficacy to Resistance Mechanisms - Not Only Checkpoint Matters. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690112. [PMID: 34367148 PMCID: PMC8335396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic treatment of various cancers with an increasing number of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has profoundly improved the clinical management of advanced diseases. However, just a fraction of patients clinically responds to and benefits from the mentioned therapies; a large proportion of patients do not respond or quickly become resistant, and hyper- and pseudoprogression occur in certain patient populations. Furthermore, no effective predictive factors have been clearly screened or defined. In this review, we discuss factors underlying the elucidation of potential immunotherapeutic resistance mechanisms and the identification of predictive factors for immunotherapeutic responses. Considering the heterogeneity of tumours and the complex immune microenvironment (composition of various immune cell subtypes, disease processes, and lines of treatment), checkpoint expression levels may not be the only factors underlying immunotherapy difficulty and resistance. Researchers should consider the tumour microenvironment (TME) landscape in greater depth from the aspect of not only immune cells but also the tumour histology, molecular subtype, clonal heterogeneity and evolution as well as micro-changes in the fine structural features of the tumour area, such as myeloid cell polarization, fibroblast clusters and tertiary lymphoid structure formation. A comprehensive analysis of the immune and molecular profiles of tumour lesions is needed to determine the potential predictive value of the immune landscape on immunotherapeutic responses, and precision medicine has become more important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Xie
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bruna F, Scodeller P. Pro-Tumorigenic Macrophage Infiltration in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Possible Macrophage-Aimed Therapeutic Interventions. Front Oncol 2021; 11:675664. [PMID: 34041037 PMCID: PMC8141624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.675664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC), as in other solid tumors, stromal cells strongly support the spread and growth of the tumor. Macrophages in tumors (tumor-associated macrophages or “TAMs”), can swing between a pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic (M1-like TAMs) state or an anti‐inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic (M2-like TAMs) profile depending on the tumor microenvironment cues. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the importance of macrophages in the prognosis of patients with different types of cancer. Here, our aim was to review the role of M2-like TAMs in the prognosis of patients with OSCC and provide a state of the art on strategies for depleting or reprogramming M2-like TAMs as a possible therapeutic solution for OSCC. The Clinical studies reviewed showed that higher density of CD163+ M2-like TAMs associated with worse survival and that CD206+ M2-TAMs are involved in OSCC progression through epidermal growth factor (EGF) secretion, underlining the important role of CD206 as a marker of OSCC progression and as a therapeutic target. Here, we provide the reader with the current tools, in preclinical and clinical stage, for depleting M2-like TAMs, re-educating them towards M1-like TAMs, and exploiting TAMs as drug delivery vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bruna
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo Scodeller
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Kuang Z, Zhang D, Gao Y, Ying M, Wang T. Reactive oxygen species in immune cells: A new antitumor target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110978. [PMID: 33176269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells have the potential to control the growth of tumor. However, this effect could be offset by immunosuppression associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Multiple studies indicate that the antitumor effect of immune cells is correlated with their antioxidant capacity. This review discusses the role of reactive oxygen species in the tumor microenvironment by describing their distinct effects on different immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. In the end, we conclude with the prospect of treatment for cancer by targeting antioxidant defense in immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zheng Kuang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Duo Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yifan Gao
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingzhen Ying
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kang K, Xie F, Mao J, Bai Y, Wang X. Significance of Tumor Mutation Burden in Immune Infiltration and Prognosis in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:573141. [PMID: 33072607 PMCID: PMC7531222 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.573141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma is highly immunogenic and therefore suitable for immunotherapy, but the efficacy is limited by response rate. In several types of tumor, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration have been reported to predict the response to immunotherapy, although each has its limitations. In the current study, we aimed to explore the association of TMB with immune infiltration and prognosis in cutaneous melanoma. Methods: The data of cutaneous melanoma used for analyses was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The mutation data was sorted using "maftools" R package. TMB was estimated and then patients were divided into two groups based on TMB. The association of TMB with prognosis and clinical characteristics was explored. Differential analysis between two TMB groups was performed using "DESeq2" R package to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The function enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted to screen critical pathways. Besides, DEGs were further filtered to identify two hub genes, based on which a risk score model and nomogram for predicting prognosis were conducted, and the validation was performed using three datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Finally, CIBERSORT algorithm and TIMER database were used to assess the effect of TMB and hub genes on immune infiltration. Results: The most common mutation was C > T, and the top three frequently mutated genes were TTN, MUC16, and BRAF. Higher TMB indicated better survival outcomes and lower pathological stages. 735 DEGs were identified and mainly involved in immune-related and adhesion-related pathways. The risk score model and nomogram were validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves, and exhibited relatively high predictive capability. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to assess clinical benefit. As for immune infiltration, the proportion was higher for macrophages M1 and M2 in the high-TMB group, while lower for memory B cells and regulatory T cells. Conclusions: In cutaneous melanoma, TMB was positively correlated with prognosis. The risk score model and nomogram can be conveniently used to predict prognosis. The association of TMB with immune infiltration can help improve the predicting methods for the response to immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fucun Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Bai
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fujimura T, Aiba S. Significance of Immunosuppressive Cells as a Target for Immunotherapies in Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1087. [PMID: 32707850 PMCID: PMC7464513 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been detected in most skin cancers. TAMs produce various chemokines and angiogenic factors that promote tumor development, along with other immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated neutrophils. TAMs generated from monocytes develop into functional, fully activated macrophages, and TAMs obtain various immunosuppressive functions to maintain the tumor microenvironment. Since TAMs express PD1 to maintain the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype by PD1/PD-L1 signaling from tumor cells, and the blockade of PD1/PD-L1 signaling by anti-PD1 antibodies (Abs) activate and re-polarize TAMs into immunoreactive M1 phenotypes, TAMs represent a potential target for anti-PD1 Abs. The main population of TAMs comprises CD163+ M2 macrophages, and CD163+ TAMs release soluble (s)CD163 and several proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL5, CXCL10, CCL19, etc.) as a result of TAM activation to induce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment together with other immunosuppressive cells. Since direct blockade of PD1/PD-L1 signaling between tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating T cells (both effector T cells and Tregs) is mandatory for inducing an anti-immune response by anti-PD1 Abs, anti-PD1 Abs need to reach the tumor microenvironment to induce anti-immune responses in the tumor-bearing host. Taken together, TAM-related factors could offer a biomarker for anti-PD1 Ab-based immunotherapy. Understanding the crosstalk between TAMs and immunosuppressive cells is important for optimizing PD1 Ab-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan;
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Immuno-Metabolism and Microenvironment in Cancer: Key Players for Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124414. [PMID: 32575899 PMCID: PMC7352562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed therapeutic algorithms in several malignancies, although intrinsic and secondary resistance is still an issue. In this context, the dysregulation of immuno-metabolism plays a leading role both in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and at the host level. In this review, we summarize the most important immune-metabolic factors and how they could be exploited therapeutically. At the cellular level, an increased concentration of extracellular adenosine as well as the depletion of tryptophan and uncontrolled activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway induces an immune-tolerant TME, reducing the response to ICIs. Moreover, aberrant angiogenesis induces a hypoxic environment by recruiting VEGF, Treg cells and immune-suppressive tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). On the other hand, factors such as gender and body mass index seem to affect the response to ICIs, while the microbiome composition (and its alterations) modulates both the response and the development of immune-related adverse events. Exploiting these complex mechanisms is the next goal in immunotherapy. The most successful strategy to date has been the combination of antiangiogenic drugs and ICIs, which prolonged the survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while results from tryptophan pathway inhibition studies are inconclusive. New exciting strategies include targeting the adenosine pathway, TAMs and the microbiota with fecal microbiome transplantation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Groblewska M, Litman-Zawadzka A, Mroczko B. The Role of Selected Chemokines and Their Receptors in the Development of Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103704. [PMID: 32456359 PMCID: PMC7279280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst prognosis. In their development, certain chemokine/receptor axes play important roles and promote proliferation, survival, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. However, little is known about the significance of atypical receptors for chemokines (ACKRs) in these tumors. The objective of the study was to present the role of chemokines and their conventional and atypical receptors in CNS tumors. Therefore, we performed a thorough search for literature concerning our investigation via the PubMed database. We describe biological functions of chemokines/chemokine receptors from various groups and their significance in carcinogenesis, cancer-related inflammation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of chemokines in glioma development, with particular regard to their function in the transition from low-grade to high-grade tumors and angiogenic switch. We also depict various chemokine/receptor axes, such as CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL12-CXCR4, CXCL16-CXCR6, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, CCL2-CCR2, and CCL5-CCR5 of special importance in gliomas, as well as atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1-4, CCRL2, and PITPMN3. Additionally, the diagnostic significance and usefulness of the measurement of some chemokines and their receptors in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of glioma patients is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Ala Litman-Zawadzka
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8785
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Purita J, Lana JFSD, Kolber M, Rodrigues BL, Mosaner T, Santos GS, Caliari-Oliveira C, Huber SC. Bone marrow-derived products: A classification proposal - bone marrow aspirate, bone marrow aspirate concentrate or hybrid? World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:241-250. [PMID: 32399133 PMCID: PMC7202927 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative musculoskeletal disorders are one of the top causes of pain and disability in the adult population. Current available alternatives to mitigate symptoms include conservative treatments such as the administration of pharmacological agents and an educative approach towards lifestyle modification. The use of certain analgesics, such as opiates and corticosteroids, delivers short term results but do not address the etiological source of pain and disability. Also, prolonged use of such medications may cause additional complications. Therefore, the demand for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration has led to an alternative approach referred to as "orthobiologics". This alternative is based on cellular and molecular components capable of inducing and promoting tissue repair. Bone marrow (BM) aspirate (BMA) and concentrate are well-known orthobiologics used to treat musculoskeletal conditions. Orthobiologics derived from the BM have been discussed in the literature; however, the lack of standardization regarding collection and processing protocols presents a challenge for generalization of study outcomes and determination of efficacy. Since BM-derived orthobiologics have not yet been classified, to our knowledge, this manuscript proposes the ACH classification system, which speaks to BMA (A), BMA and concentrate (C) and hybrid (H), which combines A and C. This classification proposes and describes 8 parameters that are relevant for the quality of biological products. The more parameters used would imply greater characterization and complexity of the evaluation of the biological product used. The ACH classification envisages a necessary contribution to the comprehension of both clinical procedures and research outcomes, ultimately ushering in a standardization of best practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Purita
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33432, United States
| | | | - Morey Kolber
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | | | - Tomas Mosaner
- Institute of Bone and Cartilage, Indaiatuba, SP 13334-170, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim H, Kim DW, Cho JY. Exploring the key communicator role of exosomes in cancer microenvironment through proteomics. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:5. [PMID: 31686989 PMCID: PMC6820930 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to fully understand the mechanism of cancer behavior. Yet, how cancers develop and metastasize still remain elusive. Emerging concepts of cancer biology in recent years have focused on the communication of cancer with its microenvironment, since cancer cannot grow and live alone. Cancer needs to communicate with other cells for survival, and thus they secrete various messengers, including exosomes that contain many proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc., for construction of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, these intercellular communications between cancer and its microenvironment, including stromal cells or distant cells, can promote tumor growth, metastasis, and escape from immune surveillance. In this review, we summarized the role of proteins in the exosome as communicators between cancer and its microenvironment. Consequently, we present cancer specific exosome proteins and their unique roles in the interaction between cancer and its microenvironment. Clinically, these exosomes might provide useful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HuiSu Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,2Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao D, Fish EN. Chemokines in breast cancer: Regulating metabolism. Cytokine 2019; 109:57-64. [PMID: 29903574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions invoke biological responses beyond their originally described function of orchestrating leukocyte trafficking. In this review we will extend the findings that chemokines participate actively in the neoplastic process, and consider the contribution of CCL5 activation of CCR5 on breast cancer cells to upregulation of anabolic metabolic events that would support the energy demands of cell replication and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrin Gao
- Dept. Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Bldg., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Dept. Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Bldg., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Phuengkham H, Ren L, Shin IW, Lim YT. Nanoengineered Immune Niches for Reprogramming the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803322. [PMID: 30773696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies that harness the body's immune system to combat tumors have received extensive attention and become mainstream strategies for treating cancer. Despite promising results, some problems remain, such as the limited patient response rate and the emergence of severe immune-related adverse effects. For most patients, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is mainly limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To overcome such obstacles in the TME, the immunomodulation of immunosuppressive factors and therapeutic immune cells (e.g., T cells and antigen-presenting cells) should be carefully designed and evaluated. Nanoengineered synthetic immune niches have emerged as highly customizable platforms with a potent capability for reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. Here, recent developments in nano-biomaterials that are rationally designed to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in a spatiotemporal manner for enhanced cancer immunotherapy which are rationally designed to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in a spatiotemporal manner for enhanced cancer immunotherapy are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Phuengkham
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Long Ren
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Woo Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van Dam PA, Verhoeven Y, Jacobs J, Wouters A, Tjalma W, Lardon F, Van den Wyngaert T, Dewulf J, Smits E, Colpaert C, Prenen H, Peeters M, Lammens M, Trinh XB. RANK-RANKL Signaling in Cancer of the Uterine Cervix: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2183. [PMID: 31052546 PMCID: PMC6540175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RANK ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha superfamily of cytokines. It is the only known ligand binding to a membrane receptor named receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), thereby triggering recruitment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins and activation of downstream pathways. RANK/RANKL signaling is controlled by a decoy receptor called osteoprotegerin (OPG), but also has additional more complex levels of regulation. The existing literature on RANK/RANKL signaling in cervical cancer was reviewed, particularly focusing on the effects on the microenvironment. RANKL and RANK are frequently co-expressed in cervical cancer cells lines and in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. RANKL and OPG expression strongly increases during cervical cancer progression. RANKL is directly secreted by cervical cancer cells, which may be a mechanism they use to create an immune suppressive environment. RANKL induces expression of multiple activating cytokines by dendritic cells. High RANK mRNA levels and high immunohistochemical OPG expression are significantly correlated with high clinical stage, tumor grade, presence of lymph node metastases, and poor overall survival. Inhibition of RANKL signaling has a direct effect on tumor cell proliferation and behavior, but also alters the microenvironment. Abundant circumstantial evidence suggests that RANKL inhibition may (partially) reverse an immunosuppressive status. The use of denosumab, a monoclonal antibody directed to RANKL, as an immunomodulatory strategy is an attractive concept which should be further explored in combination with immune therapy in patients with cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A van Dam
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Yannick Verhoeven
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Julie Jacobs
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Wiebren Tjalma
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Jonatan Dewulf
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Cécile Colpaert
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Department of Histopathology, Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Department of Histopathology, Gasthuiszusters Antwerpen (GZA) Hospitals, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Hans Prenen
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marc Peeters
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Martin Lammens
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Department of Histopathology, Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Xuan Bich Trinh
- Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, B2650 Edegem, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee S, Lee E, Ko E, Ham M, Lee HM, Kim ES, Koh M, Lim HK, Jung J, Park SY, Moon A. Tumor-associated macrophages secrete CCL2 and induce the invasive phenotype of human breast epithelial cells through upregulation of ERO1-α and MMP-9. Cancer Lett 2018; 437:25-34. [PMID: 30165193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major components of tumor microenvironment that promote invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of TAMs on phenotypic conversion of non-neoplastic MCF10A human breast epithelial cells using an indirect co-culture system. Co-culture with TAMs induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasive phenotype, and MMP-9 upregulation in MCF10A cells. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase (ERO)1-α was increased in MCF10A cells co-cultured with TAMs compared to that in mono-cultured cells. ERO1-α was crucial for TAMs-induced invasive phenotype and MMP-9 upregulation involving transcription factors c-fos and c-Jun. Cytokine array analysis showed that levels of interleukin (IL)-6, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)1, C-C motif ligand (CCL)2, growth-regulated protein (GRO), IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were increased in conditioned media of co-cultured cells. Among these cytokines increased in conditioned media of co-cultured cells, CCL2 was secreted from TAMs, leading to induction of ERO1-α, MMP-9 upregulation, and invasiveness in MCF10A cells. Our findings elucidated a molecular mechanism underlying the aggressive phenotypic change of non-neoplastic breast cells by co-culture with TAMs, providing useful information for prevention or treatment of recurrent breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungeun Lee
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Lee
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - EunYi Ko
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mina Ham
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Min Lee
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsoo Koh
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Lim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohee Jung
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells: implications for tumor progression and intervention. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:711-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Low HB, Png CW, Li C, Wang DY, Wong SBJ, Zhang Y. Monocyte-derived factors including PLA2G7 induced by macrophage-nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell interaction promote tumor cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55473-55490. [PMID: 27487154 PMCID: PMC5342430 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-keratinizing undifferentiated subtype of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy characterized by an intimate relationship between neoplastic cells and a non-neoplastic lymphoid component. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) foster tumor progression through production of soluble mediators that support proliferation, angiogenesis, survival and invasion of malignant cells. However, the role of macrophages in the progression of NPC remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the functional and phenotypic changes that occur to macrophages in macrophage-NPC cell co-culture systems, and how these changes influence tumor cells. We found that monocytes, including THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes, co-cultured with C666-1 NPC cells upregulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the early stages, followed by the induction of metastasis-related genes and interferon-stimulated genes at the later stage of coculture, indicating that TAMs are “educated” by NPC cells for cancer progression. Importantly, the induction of these factors from the TAMs was also found to enhance the migratory capabilities of the NPC cells. We have also identified one of these macrophage-derived factor, phospholipase A2 Group 7 (PLA2G7), to be important in regulating tumor cell migration and a novel tumor-promoting factor in NPC. Further studies to characterize the role of PLA2G7 in tumor metastasis may help determine its potential as a therapeutic target in NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Boon Low
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Soon Boon Justin Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fujimura T, Kambayashi Y, Fujisawa Y, Hidaka T, Aiba S. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Therapeutic Targets for Skin Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:3. [PMID: 29410946 PMCID: PMC5787130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are significant components of the microenvironment of solid tumors in the majority of cancers. TAMs sequentially develop from monocytes into functional macrophages. In each differentiation stage, TAMs obtain various immunosuppressive functions to maintain the tumor microenvironment (e.g., expression of immune checkpoint molecules, production of Treg-related chemokines and cytokines, production of arginase I). Although the main population of TAMs is immunosuppressive M2 macrophages, TAMs can be modulated into M1-type macrophages in each differential stage, leading to the suppression of tumor growth. Because the administration of certain drugs or stromal factors can stimulate TAMs to produce specific chemokines, leading to the recruitment of various tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, TAMs can serve as targets for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the differentiation, activation, and immunosuppressive function of TAMs, as well as their benefits in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumi Kambayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Hidaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jayaraman S, Doucet M, Kominsky SL. CITED2 attenuates macrophage recruitment concordant with the downregulation of CCL20 in breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:871-878. [PMID: 29399152 PMCID: PMC5772916 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-regulator Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain-2 (CITED2) may promote breast tumor growth; however, the mechanisms by which its effects are mediated remain to be fully elucidated. Tumor-associated macrophages serve an important function in tumor development and progression and are recruited by chemotactic factors produced by cells within the tumor microenvironment. The present study assessed the effects of CITED2 silencing on macrophage recruitment in two xenograft mouse models of human breast cancer, one in which tumor growth was sensitive to CITED2 silencing (MDA-MB-231) and one in which it was insensitive (MDA-MB-468). The present study identified that silencing CITED2 significantly attenuated macrophage infiltration in MDA-MB-231 but not MDA-MB-468 orthotopic tumors, concordant with its effect on tumor growth. Correspondingly, conditioned media obtained from CITED2-silenced MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited a significantly decreased ability to induce macrophage recruitment by Transwell migration assay, whereas the chemotactic effect of MDA-MB-468 conditioned media was unaffected. Examining the expression of macrophage chemoattractants within orthotopic tumors and tumor cell-conditioned media revealed a significant decrease in C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)20 mRNA and protein expression following CITED2-silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells, compared with that in cells transfected with scramble shRNA. However, mRNA and protein expression was unaffected by CITED2-silencing in MDA-MB-468 cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that CITED2 was localized to the CCL20 promoter in MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting that it serves a direct function in its regulation, which is consistent with the effect of CITED2 silencing on CCL20 expression. Lastly, neutralizing CCL20 in the conditioned media of MDA-MB-231 cells significantly inhibited macrophage recruitment. Collectively, these results suggest that CITED2 is involved in modulating macrophage recruitment, representing a novel mechanism through which it may influence tumor growth. This may be partly mediated by regulating tumor cell production of the chemokine CCL20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swaathi Jayaraman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Scott L Kominsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Benedicto A, Romayor I, Arteta B. Role of liver ICAM-1 in metastasis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3883-3892. [PMID: 28943897 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like superfamily, consisting of five extracellular Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. ICAM-1 is expressed in various cell types, including endothelial cells and leukocytes, and is involved in several physiological processes. Furthermore, it has additionally been reported to be expressed in various cancer cells, including melanoma, colorectal cancer and lymphoma. The majority of studies to date have focused on the expression of the ICAM-1 on the surface of tumor cells, without research into ICAM-1 expression at sites of metastasis. Cancer cells frequently metastasize to the liver, due to its unique physiology and specialized liver sinusoid capillary network. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells constitutively express ICAM-1, which is upregulated under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, liver ICAM-1 may be important during the development of liver metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the mechanisms mediated by this adhesion molecule in order to develop host-directed anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Benedicto
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940 Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Irene Romayor
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940 Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940 Vizcaya, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hamilton G, Rath B. Circulating tumor cell interactions with macrophages: implications for biology and treatment. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:418-430. [PMID: 28904886 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and metastasis are closely associated with inflammation. Macrophages are important effector cells in enhancing tumor proliferation, invasion and providing protection against the immune system. Despite advanced knowledge of tumor-macrophage interactions, the role of macrophages in emergence and invasion of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is not known. A series of six CTC cell lines have been derived from blood of patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) in our lab, most likely representing a homogenous cell population of the actual metastasis-initiating cells (MIC) of CTCs. SCLC has an unfavorable prognosis due to rapid dissemination and early chemoresistant relapses. SCLC CTCs recruit macrophages and elicit secretion of various cytokines and the six CTC lines express chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in abundance. CHI3L1 is cytokine/growth factor expressed in inflammation and cancer and found to be correlated to metastasis and a dismal prognosis. In conclusion, SCLC CTCs have acquired the essential means for aggressiveness and invasion in a tumor microenvironment specifically shaped by macrophages and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lana JFSD, Purita J, Paulus C, Huber SC, Rodrigues BL, Rodrigues AA, Santana MH, Madureira JL, Malheiros Luzo ÂC, Belangero WD, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM. Contributions for classification of platelet rich plasma - proposal of a new classification: MARSPILL. Regen Med 2017; 12:565-574. [PMID: 28758836 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a significant therapy used in medical conditions with heterogeneous results. There are some important classifications to try to standardize the PRP procedure. The aim of this report is to describe PRP contents studying celular and molecular components, and also propose a new classification for PRP. The main focus is on mononuclear cells, which comprise progenitor cells and monocytes. In addition, there are important variables related to PRP application incorporated in this study, which are the harvest method, activation, red blood cells, number of spins, image guidance, leukocytes number and light activation. The other focus is the discussion about progenitor cells presence on peripherial blood which are interesting due to neovasculogenesis and proliferation. The function of monocytes (in tissue-macrophages) are discussed here and also its plasticity, a potential property for regenerative medicine treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Purita
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ana Amélia Rodrigues
- Orthopaedic Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Santana
- Department of Engineering of Materials & Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - William Dias Belangero
- Orthopaedic Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guo B, Li L, Guo J, Liu A, Wu J, Wang H, Shi J, Pang D, Cao Q. M2 tumor-associated macrophages produce interleukin-17 to suppress oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:44465-44476. [PMID: 28591705 PMCID: PMC5546494 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
M2 macrophages are a major component of the tumor microenvironment and are important promoters of tumor occurrence and progression. In this study, we detected large numbers of M2 macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Moreover, upon oxaliplatin treatment, the M2 macrophages overexpressed interleukin-17, an important inflammatory cytokine, and thus inhibited oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. By knocking down the interleukin-17 receptor and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (a key protein in chaperone-mediated autophagy) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, we found that interleukin-17 stimulated chaperone-mediated autophagy, which further suppressed apoptosis upon oxaliplatin treatment. Chaperone-mediated autophagy induced tolerance to oxaliplatin treatment by reducing cyclin D1 expression; thus, cyclin D1 overexpression stimulated oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. In addition, cyclin D1 expression was inhibited by interleukin-17, but increased when the interleukin-17 receptor was knocked down. Thus M2 macrophages in the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment generate large amounts of interleukin-17, which suppress oxaliplatin-induced tumor cell apoptosis by activating chaperone-mediated autophagy and in turn reducing cyclin D1 expression. These findings may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for chemorefractory liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Leilei Li
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jiapei Guo
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Aidong Liu
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Haixin Wang
- Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Tangshan City, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Shi
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Dequan Pang
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Hebei Medical University Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Salmiheimo A, Mustonen H, Vainionpää S, Shen Z, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Seppänen H. Tumour-associated macrophages activate migration and STAT3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in co-cultures. Pancreatology 2017; 17:635-641. [PMID: 28476581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumour-associated macrophages participate in tumour development and progression. The aim of this study was to assess the interactions of pancreatic cancer cells and pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, specifically their effect on pancreatic cancer cell migration and the changes in STAT-signalling. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from healthy subjects and differentiated into macrophages with M-CSF. The macrophages were polarized towards M1 by IL-12 and towards M2 by IL-10. We studied also the effect of pan-JAK/STAT-inhibitor P6. Macrophage polarization and STAT and NFkB-activation in both MiaPaCa-2 and macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry. We recorded the effect of co-culture on migration rate of pancreatic cancer cells MiaPaCa-2. RESULTS Macrophages increased the migration rate of pancreatic cancer cells. Co-culture activated STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, AKT, and NFkB in macrophages and STAT3 in MiaPaCa-2 cells. IL-12 polarized macrophages towards M1 and decreased the migration rate of pancreatic cancer cells in co-cultures as well as P6. IL-10 skewed macrophage polarization towards M2 and induced increase of pancreatic cancer cells in co-cultures. CONCLUSION Co-culture with macrophages increased pancreatic cancer cell migration and activated STAT3. It is possible to activate and deactivate migration of pancreatic cancer cells trough macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Salmiheimo
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Vainionpää
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhanlong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Esko Kemppainen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauli Puolakkainen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Seppänen
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Exploiting the cancer niche: Tumor-associated macrophages and hypoxia as promising synergistic targets for nano-based therapy. J Control Release 2017; 253:82-96. [PMID: 28285930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has been widely exploited as an active participant in tumor progression. Extensive reports have defined the dual role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor development. The protumoral effect exerted by the M2 phenotype has been correlated with a negative outcome in most solid tumors. The high infiltration of immune cells in the hypoxic cores of advanced solid tumors leads to a chain reaction of stimuli that enhances the expression of protumoral genes, thrives tumor malignancy, and leads to the emergence of drug resistance. Many studies have shown therapeutic targeting systems, solely to TAMs or tumor hypoxia, however, novel therapeutics that target both features are still warranted. In the present review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in tumor development and the clinical outcome of hypoxia-targeted therapeutics, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) inhibitors and hypoxia-activated prodrugs. Furthermore, we review the state-of-the-art of macrophage-based cancer therapy. We thoroughly discuss the development of novel therapeutics that simultaneously target TAMs and tumor hypoxia. Nano-based systems have been highlighted as interesting strategies for dual modality treatments, with somewhat improved tissue extravasation. Such approach could be seen as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced solid and metastatic tumors, especially when exploiting cell-based nanotherapies. Finally, we provide an in-depth opinion on the importance of exploiting the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy, and how this could be translated to clinical practice.
Collapse
|
31
|
Carson WF, Salter-Green SE, Scola MM, Joshi A, Gallagher KA, Kunkel SL. Enhancement of macrophage inflammatory responses by CCL2 is correlated with increased miR-9 expression and downregulation of the ERK1/2 phosphatase Dusp6. Cell Immunol 2017; 314:63-72. [PMID: 28242024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization plays a central role in both protective immunity and immunopathology. While the role of cytokines in driving macrophage polarization is well characterized, less is understood about the role of chemokines. The purpose of this study was to determine if CC chemokine 2 (CCL2/MCP1) could influence macrophage polarization in response to subsequent activation with cytokines and microbial products. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with CCL2 alone did not result in increased expression of either classical or alternatively-activated macrophage genes as compared to standard skewing cytokines or Toll-like receptor agonists. However, subsequent stimulation of CCL2 pre-treated macrophages with classical activation stimuli resulted in enhanced expression of genes associated with classical activation. This enhancement correlated with increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 kinases, a decrease in expression of the ERK phosphatase Dusp6 and enhanced expression of miR-9. These results indicate that CCL2 supports the classical activation of macrophages, with miR-9 mediated down-regulation of Dusp6 and enhanced ERK-mediated signal transduction possibly mediating this enhanced pro-inflammatory gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William F Carson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sarah E Salter-Green
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Melissa M Scola
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Amrita Joshi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Katherine A Gallagher
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kalish S, Lyamina S, Manukhina E, Malyshev Y, Raetskaya A, Malyshev I. M3 Macrophages Stop Division of Tumor Cells In Vitro and Extend Survival of Mice with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2017; 23:8-19. [PMID: 28123171 PMCID: PMC5291087 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.902285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background M1 macrophages target tumor cells. However, many tumors produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, which reprogram the anti-tumor M1 macrophages into the pro-tumor M2 macrophages. We have hypothesized that the problem of pro-tumor macrophage reprogramming could be solved by using a special M3 switch phenotype. The M3 macrophages, in contrast to the M1 macrophages, should respond to anti-inflammatory cytokines by increasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to retain its anti-tumor properties. Objectives of the study were to form an M3 switch phenotype in vitro and to evaluate the effect of M3 macrophages on growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in vitro and in vivo. Material/Methods Tumor growth was initiated by an intraperitoneal injection of EAC cells into C57BL/6J mice. Results 1) The M3 switch phenotype can be programed by activation of M1-reprogramming pathways with simultaneous inhibition of the M2 phenotype transcription factors, STAT3, STAT6, and/or SMAD3. 2) M3 macrophages exerted an anti-tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo, which was superior to anti-tumor effects of cisplatin or M1 macrophages. 3) The anti-tumor effect of M3 macrophages was due to their anti-proliferative effect. Conclusions Development of new biotechnologies for restriction of tumor growth using in vitro reprogrammed M3 macrophages is very promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalish
- Department of Pathophysiology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry n.a. A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Lyamina
- Department of Pathophysiology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry n.a. A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia Manukhina
- Department of Stress and Adaptation, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,South Ural State University Biomedical School, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anastasiya Raetskaya
- Department of Pathophysiology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry n.a. A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Malyshev
- Department of Pathophysiology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry n.a. A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Stress and Adaptation, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nabeshima A, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Jiang X, Gibon E, Córdova LA, Loi F, Lu L, Jämsen E, Egashira K, Yang F, Yao Z, Goodman SB. Mutant CCL2 protein coating mitigates wear particle-induced bone loss in a murine continuous polyethylene infusion model. Biomaterials 2016; 117:1-9. [PMID: 27918885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wear particle-induced osteolysis limits the long-term survivorship of total joint replacement (TJR). Monocyte/macrophages are the key cells of this adverse reaction. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is the most important chemokine regulating trafficking of monocyte/macrophages in particle-induced inflammation. 7ND recombinant protein is a mutant of CCL2 that inhibits CCL2 signaling. We have recently developed a layer-by-layer (LBL) coating platform on implant surfaces that can release biologically active 7ND. In this study, we investigated the effect of 7ND on wear particle-induced bone loss using the murine continuous polyethylene (PE) particle infusion model with 7ND coating of a titanium rod as a local drug delivery device. PE particles were infused into hollow titanium rods with or without 7ND coating implanted in the distal femur for 4 weeks. Specific groups were also injected with RAW 264.7 as the reporter macrophages. Wear particle-induced bone loss and the effects of 7ND were evaluated by microCT, immunohistochemical staining, and bioluminescence imaging. Local delivery of 7ND using the LBL coating decreased systemic macrophage recruitment, the number of osteoclasts and wear particle-induced bone loss. The development of a novel orthopaedic implant coating with anti-CCL2 protein may be a promising strategy to mitigate peri-prosthetic osteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nabeshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tzu-Hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Gibon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luis A Córdova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Florence Loi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eemeli Jämsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
MicroRNA-720 suppresses M2 macrophage polarization by targeting GATA3. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160105. [PMID: 27354564 PMCID: PMC4974597 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic cells with the ability to differentiate into both M1- and M2-polarized phenotypes. As a distinct M2-polarized population, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumorigenesis owing to their pro-angiogenic and immune-suppressive functions in tumour microenvironment. In the present study, we found that the microRNA-720 (miR-720) was down-regulated in TAMs isolated from breast carcinomas and M2-polarization macrophages. Overexpression of miR-720 attenuated M2 phenotype expression and thus inhibited M2 polarization. We further identified GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), a transcriptional factor that plays an important role in M2 macrophage polarization, was the downstream target of miR-720. Ectopic expression of GATA3 restored the M2 phenotype in miR-720 overexpressed macrophages. Importantly, overexpression of miR-720 inhibited pro-migration behaviour and phagocytic ability of M2-polarized macrophages. Thus, our data suggest that miR-720 plays an important role in regulating M2 macrophage polarization and function.
Collapse
|
35
|
Oxidative stress, polarization of macrophages and tumour angiogenesis: Efficacy of caffeic acid. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:111-24. [PMID: 27378625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a process when macrophage expresses different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals and two extreme forms exist; M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages are highly microbicidal and anticancer with enhanced ability to kill and phagocytose pathogens, upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive molecular species, and present antigens; M2 macrophages and the related tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) regulate tissue remodelling and promote tissue repair and angiogenesis and can amplification of metabolic pathways that can suppress adaptive immune responses. It is demonstrated that ROS production, critical for the activation and functions of M1 macrophages, is necessary for the differentiation of M2 macrophages and TAMs, and that antioxidant therapy blocks TAMs differentiation and tumorigenesis in mouse models of cancer. In order to study how caffeic acid (CA), a natural antioxidant, affects macrophage function, polarization, angiogenesis and tumour growth we injected mice with Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells and treated them for 10 days with CA in a dose of 40 and/or 80 mg kg(-1.) Macrophage polarization was further characterized by quantifying secreted pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and arginase 1 activity. CA may increase the cytotoxic actions of M1 macrophages and inhibit tumour growth; inhibitory activity on TAMs may be mediated through its antioxidative activity. Taken together, we conclude that the antitumour activity of CA was the result of the synergistic activities of different mechanisms by which CA acts on proliferation, angiogenesis, immunomodulation and survival. The continuous administration of CA efficiently blocked the occurrence of TAMs and markedly suppressed tumorigenesis in mouse cancer models. Targeting TAMs by antioxidants can be a potentially effective method for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
36
|
MIRAgel: the immunohistochemical expression of CD3, CD34, and CD68 in the surrounding capsule. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:1381-1388. [PMID: 27341317 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo study the immunohistochemical features of the capsule tissue surrounding MIRAgel episcleral buckles.Patients and methodsThis Institutional interventional clinical cohort study examined a consecutive series of 21 referred patients who required MIRAgel removal from July 2009 to July 2013. All patients with hydrated and fragmented MIRAgel episcleral buckles were included in this study. Capsule biopsies from MIRAgel episcleral buckles were obtained from all patients. Capsule specimens of seven patients with extruded silicone bands were processed as controls. Paraffin-embedded specimens were examined using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry (via the PAP horseradish peroxidase technique) to detect the expression of CD3, CD20, CD34 and CD68, and S-100 protein.ResultsInflammation with granuloma, which was primarily related to sutures, was found in all (n=36) of the MIRAgel specimens and foreign body granulomas with multinucleated giant cells, histiocytes, and macrophages (CD68+ cells) surrounded the MIRAgel fragments. Average number of CD68+ cells was higher (P<0.001) for MIRAgel than for silicone rubber. The lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate related to the MIRAgel fragments was CD3+ and CD20- (delayed T cell-mediated immune response). Moderate neoangiogenesis was indicated by the presence of CD34+ cells.ConclusionsThe immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the immune system is able to identify the fragments of MIRAgel (after its hydrolytic degradation) as a foreign body during a delayed T cell-mediated immune response. The phagocytosis by macrophages likely triggers and perpetuates local disease. Removal of MIRAgel explants before hydrolysis should be considered.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Metastasis is the underlying cause of death for the majority of breast cancer patients. Despite significant advances in recent years in basic research and clinical development, therapies that specifically target metastatic breast cancer remain inadequate, and represents the single greatest obstacle to reducing mortality of late-stage breast cancer. Recent efforts have leveraged genomic analysis of breast cancer and molecular dissection of tumor-stromal cross-talk to uncover a number of promising candidates for targeted treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Rational combinations of therapeutic agents targeting tumor-intrinsic properties and microenvironmental components provide a promising strategy to develop precision treatments with higher specificity and less toxicity. In this review, we discuss the emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer metastasis, from tumor-intrinsic pathways to those that involve the host tissue components, including the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Roy A, Li SD. Modifying the tumor microenvironment using nanoparticle therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:891-908. [PMID: 27038329 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer has come a long way from the initial 'radical surgeries' to the multimodality treatments. For the major part of the last century, cancer was considered as a monocellular disorder, and treatment strategies were designed according to that hypothesis. However, the mortality rate from cancer continued to be high and a comprehensive treatment remained elusive. Recent progress in research has demonstrated that tumors are a complex network of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. The non-neoplastic cells, which are collectively called stroma, assist in tumor survival and progression. It has been shown that disrupting the tumor-stromal balance leads to significant effects on the tumor survival, and effective treatment can be achieved by targeting one or more of the stromal components. In this review, we summarize the roles of various stromal components in promoting tumor progression, and discuss innovative nanoparticle-mediated drug targeting strategies for stromal depletion and the subsequent effects on the tumors. Perspectives and the future directions are also provided. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:891-908. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1406 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, India.
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Q, Cheng F, Ma TT, Xiong HY, Li ZW, Xie CL, Liu CY, Tu ZG. Interleukin-12 inhibits the hepatocellular carcinoma growth by inducing macrophage polarization to the M1-like phenotype through downregulation of Stat-3. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 415:157-68. [PMID: 27003285 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Novel early detection biomarkers and efficacious therapy strategies are needed. Macrophages recruited from circulation monocytes are the major component of solid cancer and play an important role in the carcinogenesis. Whether overexpression of L-12 in monocytes could induce the phenotype directional differentiation into tumoricidal M1 macrophages and inhibit HCC growth in tumor microenvironment was investigated in this study. For the establishment of the monocyte/IL-12 and polarization of M1-like macrophage, the IL-12 overexpressing recombinant monocyte/IL-12 cells were established by infecting with pAd5F35-CMV/IL-12 adenovirus and co-cultured with HCC SMMC-7721 and Hep3B cells. It was found that the phenotype of monocyte/IL-12 polarized to M1-like macrophages with CD197high IL-12high CD206low IL-10low, and decreased expression of TGF-β, VEGF-A, and MMP-9. In order to explore the mechanism underlying the macrophages polarization, we detected the Stat-3 pathway and its downstream transcription factor c-myc, and found that the p-Stat-3 and c-myc were down-regulated. To evaluate the effects of monocyte/IL-12 on inhibiting HCC growth, various assays including CCK8, flow cytometry, colony-forming and Transwell assays in vitro, and xenograft mouse models and immunohistochemical analyses in vivo were used to detect the HCC growth and relative markers. Treated with IL-12 overexpressing monocytes, the xenograft tumor growth was significantly inhibited in vivo. These results have proven that IL-12-overexpressed monocytes could directionally differentiate to M1-like macrophages through downregulation of Stat-3 and result in the inhibition of HCC growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hai-Yu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zi-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chang-Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Cui-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lubarski-Gotliv I, Asher C, Dada LA, Garty H. FXYD5 Protein Has a Pro-inflammatory Role in Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11072-82. [PMID: 27006401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The FXYD proteins are a family of small membrane proteins that share an invariant four amino acid signature motif F-X-Y-D and act as tissue-specific regulatory subunits of the Na,K-ATPase. FXYD5 (also termed dysadherin or RIC) is a structurally and functionally unique member of the FXYD family. As other FXYD proteins, FXYD5 specifically interacts with the Na,K-ATPase and alters its kinetics by increasing Vmax However, unlike other family members FXYD5 appears to have additional functions, which cannot be readily explained by modulation of transport kinetics. Knockdown of FXYD5 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells largely decreases expression and secretion of the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1). A related effect has also been observed in renal cell carcinoma cells. The current study aims to further characterize the relationship between the expression of FXYD5 and CCL2 secretion. We demonstrate that transfection of M1 epithelial cell line with FXYD5 largely increases lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated CCL2 mRNA and secretion of the translated protein. We have completed a detailed analysis of the molecular events leading to the above response. Our key findings indicate that FXYD5 generates a late response by increasing the surface expression of the TNFα receptor, without affecting its total protein level, or mRNA transcription. LPS administration to mice demonstrates induced secretion of CCL2 and TNFα in FXYD5-expressing lung peripheral tissue, which suggests a possible role for FXYD5 in normal epithelia during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lubarski-Gotliv
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel and
| | - Carol Asher
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel and
| | - Laura A Dada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Haim Garty
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel and
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sensitivity of Dendritic Cells to Microenvironment Signals. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4753607. [PMID: 27088097 PMCID: PMC4819111 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4753607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells capable of either activating the immune response or inducing and maintaining immune tolerance. They do this by integrating stimuli from the environment and changing their functional status as a result of plasticity. The modifications suffered by these cells have consequences in the way the organism may respond. In the present work two opposing situations known to affect dendritic cells are analyzed: tumor growth, leading to a microenvironment that favors the induction of a tolerogenic profile, and organ transplantation, which leads to a proinflammatory profile. Lessons learned from these situations may help to understand the mechanisms of modulation resulting not only from the above circumstances, but also from other pathologies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ciriello G, Gatza ML, Beck AH, Wilkerson MD, Rhie SK, Pastore A, Zhang H, McLellan M, Yau C, Kandoth C, Bowlby R, Shen H, Hayat S, Fieldhouse R, Lester SC, Tse GMK, Factor RE, Collins LC, Allison KH, Chen YY, Jensen K, Johnson NB, Oesterreich S, Mills GB, Cherniack AD, Robertson G, Benz C, Sander C, Laird PW, Hoadley KA, King TA, Perou CM. Comprehensive Molecular Portraits of Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer. Cell 2016; 163:506-19. [PMID: 26451490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1293] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most prevalent histologic subtype of invasive breast cancer. Here, we comprehensively profiled 817 breast tumors, including 127 ILC, 490 ductal (IDC), and 88 mixed IDC/ILC. Besides E-cadherin loss, the best known ILC genetic hallmark, we identified mutations targeting PTEN, TBX3, and FOXA1 as ILC enriched features. PTEN loss associated with increased AKT phosphorylation, which was highest in ILC among all breast cancer subtypes. Spatially clustered FOXA1 mutations correlated with increased FOXA1 expression and activity. Conversely, GATA3 mutations and high expression characterized luminal A IDC, suggesting differential modulation of ER activity in ILC and IDC. Proliferation and immune-related signatures determined three ILC transcriptional subtypes associated with survival differences. Mixed IDC/ILC cases were molecularly classified as ILC-like and IDC-like revealing no true hybrid features. This multidimensional molecular atlas sheds new light on the genetic bases of ILC and provides potential clinical options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michael L Gatza
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Suhn K Rhie
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Alessandro Pastore
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hailei Zhang
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Michael McLellan
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Christina Yau
- Buck Institute For Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Cyriac Kandoth
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Reanne Bowlby
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z4S6, Canada
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Robert Fieldhouse
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susan C Lester
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gary M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel E Factor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kimberly H Allison
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kristin Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | - Nicole B Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77230, USA
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z4S6, Canada
| | | | - Chris Sander
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peter W Laird
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tari A King
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Significance of TNF-α and the Adhesion Molecules: L-Selectin and VCAM-1 in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Thyroid Res 2016; 2016:8143695. [PMID: 26881177 PMCID: PMC4737049 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8143695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of TNF-α and the adhesion molecules L-Selectin and VCAM-1 as well as their expression in the primary tumors of patients with benign thyroid diseases and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have been determined in this study. The serum levels of TNF-α, L-Selectin, and VCAM-1 were significantly higher in patients with both benign thyroid diseases and PTC as compared to the healthy individuals. However, the levels of only TNF-α and L-Selectin, and not VCAM-1, were significantly higher in patients with PTC in comparison to those observed in patients with benign thyroid diseases. Further the expression of TNF-α and L-Selectin was also significantly higher in the primary tumors of PTC patients, relative to the benign thyroid diseases. The expression of L-Selectin and VCAM-1 significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior. In PTC patients, the circulating TNF-α levels significantly positively correlated with the levels of L-Selectin, while TNF-α immunoreactivity was significantly associated with VCAM-1 expression. Serum TNF-α was found to be a significant prognosticator for OS in PTC patients. Overall the results signify that the interaction between TNF-α and the adhesion molecules may have a role in thyroid carcinogenesis and understanding this complexity may offer potential therapeutic targets for better management of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
|
44
|
Salmiheimo ANE, Mustonen HK, Vainionpää SAA, Shen Z, Kemppainen EAJ, Seppänen HE, Puolakkainen PA. Increasing the Inflammatory Competence of Macrophages with IL-6 or with Combination of IL-4 and LPS Restrains the Invasiveness of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2016; 7:42-9. [PMID: 26722359 PMCID: PMC4679380 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that pro-inflammatory type M1 macrophages inhibit tumor progression and that anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages enhance it. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of type M1 and M2 macrophages with pancreatic cancer cells. We studied the migration rate of fluorescein stained pancreatic cancer cells on Matrigel cultured alone or with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) differentiated macrophages or with Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) differentiated macrophages, skewing the phenotype towards pro- and anti-inflammatory direction, respectively. Macrophage differentiation was assessed with flow cytometry and the cytokine secretion in cell cultures with cytokine array. Both GM-CSF and M-CSF differentiated macrophages increased the migration rate of primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line (MiaPaCa-2) and metastatic cell line (HPAF-II). Stimulation with IL6 or IL4+LPS reversed the macrophages' increasing effect on the migration rate of MiaPaCa-2 completely and partly of HPAF-II. Co-culture with MiaPaCa-2 reduced the inflammatory cytokine secretion of GM-CSF differentiated macrophages. Co-culture of macrophages with pancreatic cancer cells seem to change the inflammatory cytokine profile of GM-CSF differentiated macrophages and this might explain why also GM-CSF differentiated macrophages promoted the invasion. Adding IL6 or IL4+LPS to the cell culture with MiaPaCa-2 and GM-CSF or M-CSF differentiated macrophages increased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and this could contribute to the reversion of the macrophage induced increase of cancer cell migration rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aino N E Salmiheimo
- 1. Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri K Mustonen
- 1. Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna A A Vainionpää
- 1. Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhanlong Shen
- 2. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Esko A J Kemppainen
- 1. Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Seppänen
- 1. Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauli A Puolakkainen
- 1. Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
LÚCIO PSC, RIBEIRO DC, AGUIAR MCFD, ALVES PM, NONAKA CFW, GODOY GP. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs): clinical-pathological parameters in squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e95. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
46
|
Kapadia CH, Perry JL, Tian S, Luft JC, DeSimone JM. Nanoparticulate immunotherapy for cancer. J Control Release 2015; 219:167-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
47
|
A novel N-acetyl-glucosamine lectin of Lonchocarpus araripensis attenuates acute cellular inflammation in mice. Inflamm Res 2015; 65:43-52. [PMID: 26546610 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study had investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of a seed lectin (LAL) isolated from Lonchocarpus araripensis. MATERIAL/METHODS LAL was purified by affinity chromatography (chitin column) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel). In vitro LAL was tested for hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes. In vivo LAL was assessed for the anti-inflammatory activity via intravenous injection (i.v.) in Swiss mice (25-30 g; n = 6/group) in models of paw edema and peritonitis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ANOVA (p < 0.05). RESULTS LAL revealed two bands of 30 and 60 kDa (SDS-PAGE) and exhibited hemagglutinating activity. LAL (10 mg/kg) inhibited the paw edema (77%) and vascular permeability (26%) induced by carrageenan, and the paw edema induced by serotonin (80%), bradykinin (49%), sodium nitroprusside (83%), TNF-α (75%) and PGE2 (64%). LAL also inhibited the neutrophil migration induced by fMLP (70%) or carrageenan (69%). The intravital microscopy showed that LAL inhibited rolling (83%) and adhesion (70%) of leukocytes. LAL anti-inflammatory effect was reversed by its association with N-acetyl-glucosamine. The nine-daily treatment with LAL (10 mg/kg; i.v.) showed no toxicity. CONCLUSION The novel N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-binding lectin isolated from L. araripensis seeds presents anti-inflammatory effect involving the lectin domain and the inhibition of 5-HT, BK, PGE2, NO, TNF-α and leukocyte rolling and adhesion.
Collapse
|
48
|
Song H, Jung JI, Cho HJ, Her S, Kwon SH, Yu R, Kang YH, Lee KW, Park JHY. Inhibition of tumor progression by oral piceatannol in mouse 4T1 mammary cancer is associated with decreased angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
49
|
Hamilton G, Rath B, Klameth L, Hochmair MJ. Small cell lung cancer: Recruitment of macrophages by circulating tumor cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1093277. [PMID: 27141354 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1093277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor progression, suppression of antitumor immunity and dissemination. Blood monocytes infiltrate the tumor region and are primed by local microenvironmental conditions to promote tumor growth and invasion. Although many of the interacting cytokines and factors are known for the tumor-macrophage interactions, the putative contribution of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is not known so far. These specialized cells are characterized by increased mobility, ability to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to enter the blood stream and generate secondary lesions which is a leading cause of death for the majority of tumor patients. The first establishment of two permanent CTC lines, namely BHGc7 and 10, from blood samples of advanced stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients allowed us to investigate the CTC-immune cell interaction. Cocultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) with CTCs or addition of CTC-conditioned medium (CTC-CM) in vitro resulted in monocyte-macrophage differentiation and appearance of CD14+, CD163weak and CD68+ macrophages expressing markers of TAMs. Furthermore, we screened the supernatants of CTC-primed macrophages for presence of approximately 100 cytokines and compared the expression with those induced by the local metastatic SCLC26A cell line. Macrophages recruited by SCLC26A-CM showed expression of osteopontin (OPN), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8, chitinase3-like 1 (CHI3L1), platelet factor (Pf4), IL-1ra and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) among other minor cytokines/chemokines. In contrast, BHGc7-CM induced marked overexpression of complement factor D (CFD)/adipsin and vitamin D-BP (VDBP), as well as increased secretion of OPN, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), CHI3L1, uPAR, MIP-1 and GDF-15/MIC-1. BHGc10, derived independently from relapsed SCLC, revealed an almost identical pattern with added expression of ENA-78/CXCL5. CMs of the non-tumor HEK293 cell line revealed no induction of macrophages, whereas incubation of PBMNCs with recombinant CHI3L1 gave positive results. Thus, the specific contributions of CTCs in SCLC affect CFD/adipsin, possibly involved in immunity/cachexia, VDBP which gives rise to group-specific component protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF), GDF-15/MIC-1 which enhances the malignant phenotype of tumor cells and ENA-78/CXCL5 which attracts angiogenic neutrophils. In conclusion, CTCs are competent to specifically manipulate TAMs to increase invasiveness, angiogenesis, immunosuppression and possibly lipid catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Klameth
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology , Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Riemann A, Wußling H, Loppnow H, Fu H, Reime S, Thews O. Acidosis differently modulates the inflammatory program in monocytes and macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:72-81. [PMID: 26499398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, ischemia or the microenvironment of solid tumors is often accompanied by a reduction of extracellular pH (acidosis) that stresses the cells and acts on cellular signaling and transcription. The effect of acidosis on the expression of various inflammatory markers, on functional parameters (migration, phagocytic activity) and on signaling pathways involved was studied in monocytic cells and macrophages. In monocytic cell lines acidosis led to a reduction in expression of most of the inflammatory mediators, namely IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, COX-2 and osteopontin. In primary human monocytes MCP-1 and TNF-α were reduced but COX-2 and IL-6 were increased. In RAW264.7 macrophage cell line IL-1ß, COX-2 and iNOS expression was increased, whereas MCP-1 was reduced similar to the effect in monocytic cells. For primary human monocyte-derived macrophages the regulation of inflammatory markers by acidosis depended on activation state, except for the acidosis-induced downregulation of MCP-1 and TNF-α. Acidosis affected functional immune cell behavior when looking at phagocytic activity which was increased in a time-dependent manner, but cellular motility was not changed. Neither ERK1/2 nor CREB signaling was stimulated by the reduction of extracellular pH. However, p38 was activated by acidosis in RAW264.7 cells and this activation was critical for the induction of IL-1ß, COX-2 and iNOS expression. In conclusion, acidosis may impede the recruitment of immune cells, but fosters inflammation when macrophages are present by increasing the level of COX-2 and iNOS and by functionally forcing up the phagocytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riemann
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Hanna Wußling
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Harald Loppnow
- Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Hang Fu
- Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Reime
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|