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Zhao G, Wang Y, Fan Z, Xiong J, Ertas YN, Ashammakhi N, Wang J, Ma T. Nanomaterials in crossroad of autophagy control in human cancers: Amplification of cell death mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216860. [PMID: 38583650 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the result of genetic abnormalities that cause normal cells to grow into neoplastic cells. Cancer is characterized by several distinct features, such as uncontrolled cell growth, extensive spreading to other parts of the body, and the ability to resist treatment. The scientists have stressed the development of nanostructures as novel therapeutic options in suppressing cancer, in response to the emergence of resistance to standard medicines. One of the specific mechanisms with dysregulation during cancer is autophagy. Nanomaterials have the ability to specifically carry medications and genes, and they can also enhance the responsiveness of tumor cells to standard therapy while promoting drug sensitivity. The primary mechanism in this process relies on autophagosomes and their fusion with lysosomes to break down the components of the cytoplasm. While autophagy was initially described as a form of cellular demise, it has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in controlling metastasis, proliferation, and treatment resistance in human malignancies. The pharmacokinetic profile of autophagy modulators is poor, despite their development for use in cancer therapy. Consequently, nanoparticles have been developed for the purpose of delivering medications and autophagy modulators selectively and specifically to the cancer process. Furthermore, several categories of nanoparticles have demonstrated the ability to regulate autophagy, which plays a crucial role in defining the biological characteristics and response to therapy of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Zhongru Fan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Türkiye; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 39039, Türkiye.
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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Nikseresht M, Shahverdi M, Dehghani M, Abidi H, Mahmoudi R, Ghalamfarsa G, Manzouri L, Ghavami S. Association of single nucleotide autophagy-related protein 5 gene polymorphism rs2245214 with susceptibility to non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1924-1931. [PMID: 30242869 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is a mechanism that is involved in the regulation of cellular life, apoptosis, and stemness while its intervening genes play important functions in various cancers including lung cancer. ATG5 is one of the key genes for the regulation of the autophagy pathway. In this study, our team has investigated the potential relationship between ATG5 gene polymorphism rs2245214 with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a subpopulation of patients from southern Iran. In this study, 34 patients with NSCLC (20 males and 14 females [mean age: 12.86 ± 60.47 years]) and 50 healthy subjects (30 males and 20 females [mean age: 13.09 ± 56.62 years]) were studied in terms of the genotype of the ATG5 gene. We used restriction fragment length polymorphism and analyzed the results using SPSS software (v.23). The results revealed that subjects harboring the guanine/cytosine (GC) genotype of the rs2245214 ATG5 gene polymorphism had suffered less from NSCLC, whereas the prevalence of the C-allele of this polymorphism was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC ( P < 0.05). On the basis of the results of logistic regression, the presence of this C-allele may predict the risk of lung cancer ( P value = 0.011; OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.33-9.26). This study concludes that the C-allele of the rs2245214 ATG5 gene polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to NSCLC, whereas the GC genotype of this polymorphism is associated with decreased risk and might therefore have a protective role in the development of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nikseresht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Maryam Shahverdi
- Students Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dehghani
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Abidi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Leila Manzouri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Liu D, Xu L, Zhang X, Shi C, Qiao S, Ma Z, Yuan J. Snapshot: Implications for mTOR in Aging-related Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Aging Dis 2019; 10:116-133. [PMID: 30705773 PMCID: PMC6345330 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging may aggravate the damage and dysfunction of different components of multiorgan and thus increasing multiorgan ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. IR injury occurs in many organs and tissues, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an atypical serine/threonine protein kinase, involves in the pathophysiological process of IR injury. In this review, we first briefly introduce the molecular features of mTOR, the association between mTOR and aging, and especially its role on autophagy. Special focus is placed on the roles of mTOR during ischemic and IR injury. We then clarify the association between mTOR and conditioning phenomena. Following this background, we expand our discussion to potential future directions of research in this area. Collectively, information reviewed herein will serve as a comprehensive reference for the actions of mTOR in IR injury and may be significant for the design of future research and increase the potential of mTOR as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Liqun Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.,2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.,3Cadet group 3, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,4Laboratory Animal Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.,3Cadet group 3, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- 4Laboratory Animal Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shubin Qiao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.,2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jiansong Yuan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
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The Role of Heparanase in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Sci Rep 2017; 7:715. [PMID: 28386074 PMCID: PMC5429646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterology. However, neither the etiology nor the pathophysiology of the disease is fully understood and no specific or effective treatment has been developed. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of HS sulfate proteoglycans into shorter oligosaccharides, activity that is highly implicated in cellular invasion associated with cancer metastasis and inflammation. Given that AP involves a strong inflammatory aspect, we examined whether heparanase plays a role in AP. Here, we provide evidence that pancreatic heparanase expression and activity are significantly increased following cerulein treatment. Moreover, pancreas edema and inflammation, as well as the induction of cytokines and signaling molecules following cerulein treatment were attenuated markedly by heparanase inhibitors, implying that heparanase plays a significant role in AP. Notably, all the above features appear even more pronounced in transgenic mice over expressing heparanase, suggesting that these mice can be utilized as a sensitive model system to reveal the molecular mechanism by which heparanase functions in AP. Heparanase, therefore, emerges as a potential new target in AP, and heparanase inhibitors, now in phase I/II clinical trials in cancer patients, are hoped to prove beneficial also in AP.
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Wu AG, Lam CWK, Yu MXY, Wong VKW. New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy. Molecules 2016; 21:359. [PMID: 26999089 PMCID: PMC6274228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Margaret Xin Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Casini A, Sokollik C, Lukowski SW, Lurz E, Rieubland C, de Moerloose P, Neerman-Arbez M. Hypofibrinogenemia and liver disease: a new case of Aguadilla fibrinogen and review of the literature. Haemophilia 2015; 21:820-7. [PMID: 25990487 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrinogen storage disease (FSD) is characterized by hypofibrinogenemia and hepatic inclusions due to impaired release of mutant fibrinogen which accumulates and aggregates in the hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum. Liver disease is variable. AIM We studied a new Swiss family with fibrinogen Aguadilla. In order to understand the molecular peculiarity of FSD mutations, fibrinogen Aguadilla and the three other causative mutations, all located in the γD domain, were modelled. METHOD The proband is a Swiss girl aged 4 investigated because of fatigue and elevated liver enzymes. Protein structure models were prepared using the Swiss-PdbViewer and POV-Ray software. RESULTS The proband was found to be heterozygous for fibrinogen Aguadilla: FGG Arg375Trp. Familial screening revealed that her mother and maternal grandmother were also affected and, in addition, respectively heterozygous and homozygous for the hereditary haemochromatosis mutation HFE C282Y. Models of backbone and side-chain interactions for fibrinogen Aguadilla in a 10-angstrom region revealed the loss of five H-bonds and the gain of one H-bond between structurally important amino acids. The structure predicted for fibrinogen Angers showed a novel helical structure in place of hole 'a' on the outer edge of γD likely to have a negative impact on fibrinogen assembly and secretion. CONCLUSION The mechanism by which FSD mutations generate hepatic intracellular inclusions is still not clearly established although the promotion of aberrant intermolecular strand insertions is emerging as a likely cause. Reporting new cases is essential in the light of novel opportunities of treatment offered by increasing knowledge of the degradation pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casini
- Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Sokollik
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S W Lukowski
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University Medical School of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Lurz
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Rieubland
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P de Moerloose
- Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Neerman-Arbez
- Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University Medical School of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhao J, Sun Y, Shi P, Dong JN, Zuo LG, Wang HG, Gong JF, Li Y, Gu LL, Li N, Li JS, Zhu WM. Celastrol ameliorates experimental colitis in IL-10 deficient mice via the up-regulation of autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:221-8. [PMID: 25858875 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol had been proved effective in the treatment for IBD, probably with the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal homeostasis. This study was aimed to investigate whether celastrol could ameliorate the inflammation of IL-10 deficient mice, a murine model of Crohn's disease (CD) with the induction of autophagy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mice included were divided into four groups, ##WT group, IL-10(-/-) group, Cel group and Control group (celastrol+3-Methyladenine). Celastrol (2 mg/kg) treatment by gavage was administered to mice daily over one week. 3-Methyladenine (autophagy inhibitors) was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. The histological evaluation of the colon, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO), and colon inflammation of mice in the four groups was evaluated and compared. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and the status of autophagy in intestine affected by celastrol were also assessed. RESULTS The one-week administration of celastrol ameliorated established colitis in IL-10 deficient mice, associated with a reduction of marked histological inflammation, a decreased colon MPO concentration and suppression of colonic proinflammatory cytokine. Furthermore, the decreased neutrophil infiltration in proximal colon and improvement of inflammation in the Cel group was much more obvious than that in the Control group. The Western blotting analysis of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and autophagy showed that celastrol treatment up-regulated the autophagy of colon tissue by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Celastrol ameliorates experimental colitis in IL-10 deficient mice via the up-regulation of autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ye Sun
- The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, China.
| | - Peiliang Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, China.
| | - Jian-Ning Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lu-Gen Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li-Li Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie-Shou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei-Ming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China.
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Ortiz-Masiá D, Cosín-Roger J, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Alós R, Hinojosa J, Apostolova N, Alvarez A, Barrachina MD. Hypoxic macrophages impair autophagy in epithelial cells through Wnt1: relevance in IBD. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:929-38. [PMID: 24301659 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A defective induction of epithelial autophagy may have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. This process is regulated mainly by extracellular factors such as nutrients and growth factors and is highly induced by diverse situations of stress. We hypothesized that epithelial autophagy is regulated by the immune response that in turn is modulated by local hypoxia and inflammatory signals present in the inflamed mucosa. Our results reveal that HIF-1α and Wnt1 were co-localized with CD68 in cells of the mucosa of IBD patients. We have observed increased protein levels of β-catenin, phosphorylated mTOR, and p62 and decreased expression of LC3II in colonic epithelial crypts from damaged mucosa in which β-catenin positively correlated with phosphorylated mTOR and negatively correlated with autophagic protein markers. In cultured macrophages, HIF-1 mediated the increase in Wnt1 expression induced by hypoxia, which enhanced protein levels of β-catenin, activated mTOR, and decreased autophagy in epithelial cells in co-culture. Our results demonstrate a HIF-1-dependent induction of Wnt1 in hypoxic macrophages that undermines autophagy in epithelial cells and suggest a role for Wnt signaling and mTOR pathways in the impaired epithelial autophagy observed in the mucosa of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - R Alós
- Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - A Alvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Zavros Y, Rogler G. Variants in autophagy genes affect susceptibility to both Crohn's disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1060-3. [PMID: 22449582 PMCID: PMC5013528 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zavros
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of
Molecular and Cellular, Physiology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich,
Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, (ZIHP), Zürich,
Switzerland
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