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Liu MH, Tang Y, Qu LQ, Song LL, Lo HH, Zhang RL, Yun XY, Wang HM, Chan JTW, Wu JH, Wang CR, Wong VKW, Wu AG, Law BYK. Raddeanin A isolated from Anemone raddeana Regel improves pathological and cognitive deficits of the mice model of Alzheimer's disease by targeting β-amyloidosis. Phytomedicine 2024; 122:155121. [PMID: 37856988 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raddeanin A is a triterpenoid isolated from Anemone raddeana Regel. It exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory, however, its neuroprotective effect in targeting Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains uninvestigated. PURPOSE To provide scientific base for the development of novel AD drug by clarifying the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms of raddeanin A in both in vitro and in vivo AD model. STUDY DESIGN To confirm the neuroprotective role of raddeanin A in the treatment of AD, its mechanisms and effects on β-amyloidosis and Aβ fibrillation was studied in U87 cells. Besides, the improvement on cognitive deficit, pathological defects, reactive astrocyte clusters, inhibition on neuronal inflammation and apoptosis were further studied in 3 x Tg-AD mice model of AD. METHODS Real-time PCR, western blot, dot blot, biolayer interferometry and bioinformatics analysis were used to confirm the in vitro effect and targets of raddeanin A on β-amyloidosis and its associated protein network. A series of experiments including Morris water maze, H&E staining, nissl staining and immunofluorescence analysis were conducted to confirm the protective behavioral effect of raddeanin A in the in vivo AD mice model. RESULTS Raddeanin A was identified to reduce β-amyloidosis in U87 cells and 3 x Tg-AD mice model of AD by decreasing level of BACE1, APP, APP-β and Aβ. Raddeanin A improved behavioral, spatial memory and learning ability in the AD mice. In the cortex and hippocampus, raddeanin A improved the morphology and arrangement of neurons, lower the level of reactive astrocyte marker GFAP and apoptotic marker proteins Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Moreover, raddeanin A upregulated the mRNA and protein level of Prkcα in the hippocampus of AD mice whose neuroprotective effect was exerted possibly via the activation of protein kinase C. CONCLUSION As a novel natural agent targeting β-amyloidosis, our results provide the first evidence of the multiple in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of raddeanin A, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in preventing or alleviating the symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han Liu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li Qun Qu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lin Lin Song
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hang Hong Lo
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Rui Long Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiao Yun Yun
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hui Miao Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Joyce Tsz Wai Chan
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jian Hui Wu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cai Ren Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - An Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Tang B, Zeng W, Song LL, Wang HM, Qu LQ, Lo HH, Yu L, Wu AG, Wong VKW, Law BYK. Extracellular Vesicle Delivery of Neferine for the Attenuation of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins and Motor Deficit in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010083. [PMID: 35056140 PMCID: PMC8779383 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which are secreted by the cell. With their role in drug cargo loading, exosomes have been applied to carry compounds across the blood–brain barrier in order to target the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, high-purity exosomes isolated by the ultra-high-speed separation method were applied as the natural compound carrier, with the loading efficiency confirmed by UHPLC-MS analysis. Through the optimization of various cargo loading methods using exosomes, this study compared the efficiency of different ways for the separation of exosomes and the exosome encapsulation of natural compounds with increasing molecular weights via extensive in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies. In a pharmacokinetic study, our data suggested that the efficiency of compound’s loading into exosomes is positively correlated to its molecular weight. However, with a molecular weight of greater than 1109 Da, the exosome-encapsulated natural compounds were not able to pass through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In vitro cellular models confirmed that three of the selected exosome-encapsulated natural compounds—baicalin, hederagenin and neferine—could reduce the level of neurodegenerative disease mutant proteins—including huntingtin 74 (HTT74), P301L tau and A53T α-synuclein (A53T α-syn)—more effectively than the compounds alone. With the traditional pharmacological role of the herbal plant Nelumbo nucifera in mitigating anxiety, exosome-encapsulated-neferine was, for the first time, reported to improve the motor deficits of APP/PS1 (amyloid precursor protein/ presenilin1) double transgenic mice, and to reduce the level of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain when compared with the same concentration of neferine alone. With the current trend in advocating medicine–food homology and green healthcare, this study has provided a rationale from in vitro to in vivo for the encapsulation of natural compounds using exosomes for the targeting of BBB permeability and neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Wu Zeng
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Lin Lin Song
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Hui Miao Wang
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Li Qun Qu
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Hang Hong Lo
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.Y.); (A.G.W.)
| | - An Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.Y.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (V.K.W.W.); (B.Y.K.L.)
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (B.T.); (W.Z.); (L.L.S.); (H.M.W.); (L.Q.Q.); (H.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (V.K.W.W.); (B.Y.K.L.)
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Zeng W, Wu AG, Zhou XG, Khan I, Zhang RL, Lo HH, Qu LQ, Song LL, Yun XY, Wang HM, Chen J, Ng JPL, Ren F, Yuan SY, Yu L, Tang Y, Huang GX, Wong VKW, Chung SK, Mok SWF, Qin DL, Sun HL, Liu L, Hsiao WLW, Law BYK. Saponins isolated from Radix polygalae extent lifespan by modulating complement C3 and gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105697. [PMID: 34062240 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in human lifespan, population aging is one of the major problems worldwide. Aging is an irreversible progressive process that affects humans via multiple factors including genetic, immunity, cellular oxidation and inflammation. Progressive neuroinflammation contributes to aging, cognitive malfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, precise mechanisms or drugs targeting age-related neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment remain un-elucidated. Traditional herbal plants have been prescribed in many Asian countries for anti-aging and the modulation of aging-related symptoms. In general, herbal plants' efficacy is attributed to their safety and polypharmacological potency via the systemic manipulation of the body system. Radix polygalae (RP) is a herbal plant prescribed for anti-aging and the relief of age-related symptoms; however, its active components and biological functions remained un-elucidated. In this study, an active methanol fraction of RP containing 17 RP saponins (RPS), was identified. RPS attenuates the elevated C3 complement protein in aged mice to a level comparable to the young control mice. The active RPS also restates the aging gut microbiota by enhancing beneficial bacteria and suppressing harmful bacteria. In addition, RPS treatment improve spatial reference memory in aged mice, with the attenuation of multiple molecular markers related to neuroinflammation and aging. Finally, the RPS improves the behavior and extends the lifespan of C. elegans, confirming the herbal plant's anti-aging ability. In conclusion, through the mouse and C. elegas models, we have identified the beneficial RPS that can modulate the aging process, gut microbiota diversity and rectify several aging-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Department of Center for Neuro-metabolism and Regeneration Research, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - An Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Rui Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hang Hong Lo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Li Qun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Lin Lin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Xiao Yun Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hui Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jerome P L Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Fang Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si Yu Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guo Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Department of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- Department of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Da Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hua Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
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Akram MW, Alam MF, Ji HN, Mahmood A, Munir T, Iqbal MZ, Saleem MR, Amin N, Wu AG. Chitosan blend iron oxide nanostructure-based biosensor for healthy & malignant tissue glucose/urea detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/474/1/012060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
With the increase in the proportion of aged population due to the rapid increase of life expectancy, the worldwide prevalence rate of multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease has been increased dramatically. The demographic trend toward an older population has drawn the attention to new drug discovery and treatment on age-related diseases. Although a panel of drugs and/or therapies are currently available for treating the neurodegenerative diseases, side effects or insufficient drug efficacy have been reported. With the long history in prescription of Chinese medicine or natural compounds for modulating aged-related diseases, emerging evidence was reported to support the pharmacological role of Chinese medicine in ameliorating the symptoms, or interfering with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. This review brings evidence about today's trends and development of a list of potential neuroprotective herbal compounds from both the traditional and modern pharmacological point of view. With future projections, the potential hope and implication of using Chinese medicine as an alternative source for novel drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Min Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Law BYK, Gordillo-Martínez F, Qu YQ, Zhang N, Xu SW, Coghi PS, Mok SWF, Guo J, Zhang W, Leung ELH, Fan XX, Wu AG, Chan WK, Yao XJ, Wang JR, Liu L, Wong VKW. Thalidezine, a novel AMPK activator, eliminates apoptosis-resistant cancer cells through energy-mediated autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30077-30091. [PMID: 28404910 PMCID: PMC5444727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers illustrating resistance towards apoptosis is one of the main factors causing clinical failure of conventional chemotherapy. Innovative therapeutic methods which can overcome the non-apoptotic phenotype are needed. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, metabolism, and autophagy. Our previous study showed that the identified natural AMPK activator is able to overcome apoptosis-resistant cancer via autophagic cell death. Therefore, AMPK is an ideal pharmaceutical target for chemoresistant cancers. Here, we unravelled that the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid thalidezine is a novel direct AMPK activator by using biolayer interferometry analysis and AMPK kinase assays. The quantification of autophagic EGFP-LC3 puncta demonstrated that thalidezine increased autophagic flux in HeLa cancer cells. In addition, metabolic stress assay confirmed that thalidezine altered the energy status of our cellular model. Remarkably, thalidezine-induced autophagic cell death in HeLa or apoptosis-resistant DLD-1 BAX-BAK DKO cancer cells was abolished by addition of autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) and AMPK inhibitor (compound C). The mechanistic role of autophagic cell death in resistant cancer cells was further supported through the genetic removal of autophagic gene7 (Atg7). Overall, thalidezine is a novel AMPK activator which has great potential to be further developed into a safe and effective intervention for apoptosis- or multidrug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Flora Gordillo-Martínez
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuan Qing Qu
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Su Wei Xu
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Paolo Saul Coghi
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jianru Guo
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Elaine Lai Han Leung
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xing Xing Fan
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - An Guo Wu
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wai Kit Chan
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiao Jun Yao
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jing Rong Wang
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Chan WK, Xu SW, Wu AG, Yao XJ, Wang JR, Liu L, Wong VKW. Hernandezine, a novel AMPK activator induces autophagic cell death in drug-resistant cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:8090-104. [PMID: 26811496 PMCID: PMC4884978 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance hinder most cancer chemotherapies and leads to disease recurrence and poor survival of patients. Resistance of cancer cells towards apoptosis is the major cause of these symptomatic behaviours. Here, we showed that isoquinoline alkaloids, including liensinine, isoliensinine, dauricine, cepharanthine and hernandezine, putatively induce cytotoxicity against a repertoire of cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, MCF-7, PC3, HepG2, Hep3B and H1299). Proven by the use of apoptosis-resistant cellular models and autophagic assays, such isoquinoline alkaloid-induced cytotoxic effect involves energy- and autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7)-dependent autophagy that resulted from direct activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). Hernandezine possess the highest efficacy in provoking such cell death when compared with other examined compounds. We confirmed that isoquinoline alkaloid is structurally varied from the existing direct AMPK activators. In conclusion, isoquinoline alkaloid is a new class of compound that induce autophagic cell death in drug-resistant fibroblasts or cancers by exhibiting its direct activation on AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wai Kit Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Su Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiao Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jing Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Seo EJ, Saeed M, Law BYK, Wu AG, Kadioglu O, Greten HJ, Efferth T. Pharmacogenomics of Scopoletin in Tumor Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:496. [PMID: 27092478 PMCID: PMC6273985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and the severe side effects of chemotherapy necessitate the development of novel anticancer drugs. Natural products are a valuable source for drug development. Scopoletin is a coumarin compound, which can be found in several Artemisia species and other plant genera. Microarray-based RNA expression profiling of the NCI cell line panel showed that cellular response of scopoletin did not correlate to the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters as classical drug resistance mechanisms (ABCB1, ABCB5, ABCC1, ABCG2). This was also true for the expression of the oncogene EGFR and the mutational status of the tumor suppressor gene, TP53. However, mutations in the RAS oncogenes and the slow proliferative activity in terms of cell doubling times significantly correlated with scopoletin resistance. COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of transcriptome-wide mRNA expression resulted in a set of 40 genes, which all harbored binding motifs in their promoter sequences for the transcription factor, NF-κB, which is known to be associated with drug resistance. RAS mutations, slow proliferative activity, and NF-κB may hamper its effectiveness. By in silico molecular docking studies, we found that scopoletin bound to NF-κB and its regulator IκB. Scopoletin activated NF-κB in a SEAP-driven NF-κB reporter cell line, indicating that NF-κB might be a resistance factor for scopoletin. In conclusion, scopoletin might serve as lead compound for drug development because of its favorable activity against tumor cells with ABC-transporter expression, although NF-κB activation may be considered as resistance factor for this compound. Further investigations are warranted to explore the full therapeutic potential of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mohamed Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal.
- Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg 69126, Germany.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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9
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Wu AG, Lam CWK, Yu MXY, Wong VKW. New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy. Molecules 2016; 21:359. [PMID: 26999089 PMCID: PMC6274228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Margaret Xin Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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10
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Wong VKW, Wu AG, Wang JR, Liu L, Law BYK. Neferine attenuates the protein level and toxicity of mutant huntingtin in PC-12 cells via induction of autophagy. Molecules 2015; 20:3496-514. [PMID: 25699594 PMCID: PMC6272412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant huntingtin aggregation is highly associated with the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease, an adult-onset autosomal dominant disorder, which leads to a loss of motor control and decline in cognitive function. Recent literature has revealed the protective role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases through degradation of mutant toxic proteins, including huntingtin or a-synuclein. Through the GFP-LC3 autophagy detection platform, we have identified neferine, isolated from the lotus seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera, which is able to induce autophagy through an AMPK-mTOR-dependent pathway. Furthermore, by overexpressing huntingtin with 74 CAG repeats (EGFP-HTT 74) in PC-12 cells, neferine reduces both the protein level and toxicity of mutant huntingtin through an autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7)-dependent mechanism. With the variety of novel active compounds present in medicinal herbs, our current study suggests the possible protective mechanism of an autophagy inducer isolated from Chinese herbal medicine, which is crucial for its further development into a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Jing Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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11
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Ojeifo JO, Wu AG, Miao Y, Herscowtiz HB, Meehan KR. Docetaxel-induced mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells in a murine model: kinetics, dose titration, and toxicity. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:451-9. [PMID: 10781903 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Docetaxel (DXT) is an anticancer agent that has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors, particularly breast cancer. Based on the use of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation to restore hematopoietic reconstitution after myeloablative therapy, this study was performed to determine if DXT could mobilize HSCs in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with varying doses of DXT (equivalent to human doses of 40 to 120 mg/m(2)). Spleens were harvested on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 after DXT administration for recovery of mononuclear cells (MNCs). The number of HSCs present within the MNCs was determined by clonogenic assay for colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) and by FACS analysis for CD34(+) cells. Peripheral blood samples were obtained at the time of spleen harvest to determine the hematologic profile. Liver and renal function tests were performed to monitor toxicity. RESULTS DXT mobilize d HSCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When measured by the CFU-C assay, maximal mobilization of HSC (>10-fold increase in control; p<0.01) was observed at a dose of 30 mg/kg (equivalent to human dose of 75 mg/m(2)) on day 7. The number of mobilized HSCs peaked on days 6 to 8 at all doses of DXT tested. There was no evidence of weight loss, liver, or renal toxicity at any of the DXT doses tested. CONCLUSION These results indicate that DXT efficiently mobilizes HSCs in a murine model and provide the rationale for similar studies in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Ojeifo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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12
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Wu AG, Michejda M, Mazumder A, Meehan KR, Menendez FA, Tchabo JG, Slack R, Johnson MP, Bellanti JA. Analysis and characterization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from fetal bone marrow, adult bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Pediatr Res 1999; 46:163-9. [PMID: 10447109 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199908000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been increasingly used to replace a defective hematopoietic system and to treat various genetic defects as well as malignant diseases. However, the limitations of conventional bone marrow transplantation have stimulated an intense interest in exploring the use of alternative sources of hematopoietic stem cells, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cord blood (CB). A major investigative effort of our laboratory has been focused on evaluating fetal bone marrow (FBM) for transplantation. The current study compares and characterizes the functional and phenotypic characteristics of FBM, CB, adult bone marrow (ABM), and PBMC by clonogenicity assays, immunogenicity, and the quantification of progenitor cells. There was a striking difference in the proportion of CD34+ cells in FBM, ABM, PBMC, and CB (24.6%, 2.1%, 0.5%, and 2.0%, respectively). The clonogenic potential, as measured by colony forming unit in culture (CFU-C) assay, was significantly higher in FBM when compared with ABM, PBMC, and CB (202.5, 73.5, 40.8, and 65.5 colonies/10(5) cells, respectively). There was a significant decrease in proliferative responsiveness in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay of FBM and CB compared with ABM and PBMC. These observations indicate that each source of hematopoietic stem cells has different intrinsic properties closely correlated with ontogenetic age that is a vital determinant for phenotypic characteristics, lineage commitments, immunogenicity, and proliferative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Wu
- International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA
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13
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Abstract
Successful gene transfer into T lymphocytes would provide a useful therapeutic modality for the treatment of various diseases and a valuable way to study T cell functions. Currently, most protocols involving gene transfer into T lymphocytes utilize amphotropic retroviral vectors. However, transduction efficiency using these vectors is relatively low because of the high proportion of resting cells, the concentration-dependent growth manner of T lymphocytes, and the low titer of retroviral vectors. In this article we define conditions that provide high levels of transduction by using IL-2 prestimulation and LipofectAMINE for both mouse and human T lymphocytes. We compared the effects of IL-2 prestimulation on transduction efficiencies at different time points and achieved maximum transfer levels at 72 hr after the incubation. By combining the best prestimulation time and cationic lipids-LipofectAMINE at a dose of 0.8 microM, the transduction efficiencies were increased to 45-75% (62.3 +/- 4.3%) in human T lymphocytes and to 21-33% (27 +/- 1.42%) in murine T lymphocytes as determine by FDG staining and X-Gal visualization, compared with 5% with conventional methods. These results indicate that transduction efficiencies in T lymphocytes can be significantly improved by a prolonged preincubation with IL-2 and by the addition of LipofectAMINE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vincent Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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14
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Michejda M, Bellanti JA, Mazumder A, Verma UN, Wu AG. Comparative study of hemopoietic precursors from fetal and adult bone marrow: utilization of stem cells derived from miscarriages. Fetal Diagn Ther 1996; 11:373-82. [PMID: 9115623 DOI: 10.1159/000264350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemopoietic and immune capacities of fetal bone marrow (FBM) obtained from 2nd-trimester lost pregnancies and adult bone marrow (ABM) were compared. Progenitor cell assays for both sources were also enumerated. Out data showed ontogeny-related functional differences between hemopoietic cells, particularly in the ability to produce CD34+ cells (24.6% in FBM, 3.1% in ABM). The phenotypic composition of FBM and ABM were quite different. The clonogenic/proliferative potentials, as measured by CFU-C assays, were significantly higher in FBM when compared to ABM (202.5 vs. 73.5/10(5) cells). Moreover, FBM had a lower percentage of CD3+ T lymphocytes as compared to ABM (1.47 vs. 7.58), and there was a significantly decreased proliferative responsiveness in mixed lymphocyte reactions of FBM as compared to ABM. Thus, our data clearly showed distinct advantages of FBM over ABM, which include a higher number of stem cells, lower immunological reactivity, and higher clonogenic/proliferative potential. These characteristics provide optimal conditions for successful engraftment without graft-versus-host disease. These data support the possible advantages of FBM from these sources for hemopoietic stem cell reconstitution and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michejda
- International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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15
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Wu AG, Joshi SS, Chan WC, Iversen PL, Jackson JD, Kessinger A, Pirruccello SJ, Sanger WG, Sharp JG, Verbik DJ. Effects of BCR-ABL antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) on human chronic myeloid leukemic cells: AS-ODN as effective purging agents. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 20:67-76. [PMID: 8750625 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509054755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) directed against bcr in exon 3 or exon 2, which are rearranged with exon 2 of abl (B3A2 and B2A2) at t(9;22) of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Since these ODNs are designed to be CML cell specific, we studied their effects on the human CML cell line K562, which is known to have B3A2 rearrangement, and leukemic cells from patients, as well as normal hematopoietic stem cells in vitro. In vitro experiments were performed to determine a potential role of these two ODNs as ex vivo purging agents. Incubation of B3A2 antisense at 40, 80, and 120 micrograms/ml with K562 CML cells for 72 hours at 37 degrees C resulted in 44%, 56%, and 63% reduction of CFU-L as compared to controls. In contrast, B3A2 sense and B2A2 antisense had no significant growth inhibitory effect on K562 cells. Incubation of B3A2 and B2A2 antisense ODNs at concentration of 80 micrograms/ml at 37 degrees C for 36 hours with normal peripheral blood stem/progenitor cells (PBSC) resulted in 124% and 98% CFU-GM formation as compared to untreated controls, respectively. However, incubation of PBSC with B3A2 and B2A2 sense-ODNs resulted in a 22% and 44% reduction in CFU-GM, respectively. In order to determine the ex vivo purging effects of bcr-abl ODNs, the K562 cells were mixed with PBSC from normal donors at a ratio of 1:20 (CML:PBSC). The mixture of cells was then incubated with B3A2 antisense at 80 micrograms/ml for 36 hrs at 37 degrees C. After incubation, no CML cells were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as compared to untreated controls. These results were confirmed by RT-PCR using bcr-abl primers and mRNA isolated from the mixture of cells. Further, these results support the hypothesis that bcr-abl antisense ODNs are potentially effective agents for ex vivo purging of autologous stem cells before transplantation to eliminate/reduce the burden of leukemic cells. No significant toxicity to normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell population by the bcr-abl antisense ODNs was observed. Although unanticipated reductions in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GM) were observed with sense ODNs, no reduction in CFU-GM was observed with unrelated phosphorothioate ODN controls.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Purging/methods
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- DNA Primers
- Exons
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/biosynthesis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Thionucleotides
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3330, USA
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Wu AG. [Effect of hongqi jianzhong decoction and sijunzi decoction on a mouse model of deficiency in the spleen caused by dahuang mixture]. Zhong Yao Tong Bao 1988; 13:39-41, 63. [PMID: 3208399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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