1
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Ahn SH, Kim JH. Factor-specific generative pattern from large-scale drug-induced gene expression profile. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6339. [PMID: 37072452 PMCID: PMC10113368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery is a complex and interdisciplinary field that requires the identification of potential drug targets for specific diseases. In this study, we present FacPat, a novel approach that identifies the optimal factor-specific pattern explaining the drug-induced gene expression profile. FacPat uses a genetic algorithm based on pattern distance to mine the optimal factor-specific pattern for each gene in the LINCS L1000 dataset. We applied Benjamini-Hochberg correction to control the false discovery rate and identified significant and interpretable factor-specific patterns consisting of 480 genes, 7 chemical compounds, and 38 human cell lines. Using our approach, we identified genes that show context-specific effects related to chemical compounds and/or human cell lines. Furthermore, we performed functional enrichment analysis to characterize biological features. We demonstrate that FacPat can be used to reveal novel relationships among drugs, diseases, and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hwan Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Abbas A, Alaa MN. Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors: Past, Present and Future Prospects. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716999201125204643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES), also known as mesenchymal primitive neuroectodermal tumor
(PNET), is a malignant round blue cell tumor (MRBCT) with a varying degree of neuronal differentiation.
PNET arises from the primitive nerve cells of the central nervous system (CNS) but may
also occur in the bones of the extremities, pelvis, vertebral column, and chest wall. Extraskeletal
ES/PNET may affect the various soft tissues, including those of the pelvis, paraspinal region, and
thoracopulmonary region.
Histopathological differentiation between ES, PNET, and other related sarcomas is often difficult.
On light microscopy, the same histopathological appearance of ES has been termed PNET, Askin-
Rosay (A-R) tumor, and malignant neuroepithelioma by various other authors. The immunohistochemical
distinction is also difficult due to poor tissue differentiation and low intake of the various
specific immunohistochemical markers. The most frequent translocation is t (11; 22) (q24; q12), resulting
in the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene detected in nearly 90% of cases and is considered the hallmark
of the diagnosis of ES, PNET, atypical ES, and A-R tumor. Therefore, ES, atypical ES,
PNET, and A-R tumor are currently regarded as one entity grouped together under the Ewing Family
Tumor (EFT) and are treated in an identical way. EFT represents only about 3% of all pediatric
malignancies. The annual incidence is between 2 and 5 cases per million children per year. The
peak prevalence of the tumor is between the ages of 10 and 15 years. The incidence is higher in
males than in females, with a ratio of 1.3:1.
Newer groups of MRBCT that have great similarities to EFT are being recently described. These tumors,
atypical EFT and Ewing’s like Sarcomas (ELS), bear similarities to EFT but have basic morphological
and molecular differences. Optimal treatment requires the use of adjuvant and new-adjuvant
chemotherapy (CTR), radical surgical resection and/or involves field radiotherapy (RT). The
reported disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) range between 45-80% and 36-71%,
respectively. The overall prognosis for the metastatic and recurrent disease remains poor. The use
of newer conventional and targeted medications, improved RT delivery, and surgical techniques
may further improve the outcomes. The past few years have seen advances in genomics-based sarcoma
diagnosis and targeted therapies. In this comprehensive review article, we provide a detailed
report of EFT and discuss the various clinical aspects and the recent advances used in the diagnosis
and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Abbas
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, The Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Setion, Princess Nourah Oncology Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N.S. Alaa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Breakthrough Technologies Reshape the Ewing Sarcoma Molecular Landscape. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040804. [PMID: 32225029 PMCID: PMC7226764 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive round cell mesenchymal neoplasm, most often occurring in children and young adults. At the molecular level, it is characterized by the presence of recurrent chromosomal translocations. In the last years, next-generation technologies have contributed to a more accurate diagnosis and a refined classification. Moreover, the application of these novel technologies has highlighted the relevance of intertumoral and intratumoral molecular heterogeneity and secondary genetic alterations. Furthermore, they have shown evidence that genomic features can change as the tumor disseminates and are influenced by treatment as well. Similarly, next-generation technologies applied to liquid biopsies will significantly impact patient management by allowing the early detection of relapse and monitoring response to treatment. Finally, the use of these novel technologies has provided data of great value in order to discover new druggable pathways. Thus, this review provides concise updates on the latest progress of these breakthrough technologies, underscoring their importance in the generation of key knowledge, prognosis, and potential treatment of Ewing Sarcoma.
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4
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Li DF, Yuan Y, Tu MJ, Hu X, Li YZ, Yi WR, Li PC, Zhao Y, Cheng Z, Yu AM, Jian C, Yu AX. The Optimal Outcome of Suppressing Ewing Sarcoma Growth in vivo With Biocompatible Bioengineered miR-34a-5p Prodrug. Front Oncol 2020; 10:222. [PMID: 32161722 PMCID: PMC7052494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the second most common type of primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents, Ewing Sarcoma (ES) encounters the dilemma of low survival rate with a lack of effective treatments. As an emerging approach to combat cancer, RNA therapeutics may expand the range of druggable targets. Since the genome-derived oncolytic microRNA-34a (miR-34a) is down-regulated in ES, restoration of miR-34a-5p expression or function represents a new therapeutic strategy which is, however, limited to the use of chemically-engineered miRNA mimics. Very recently we have developed a novel bioengineering technology using a stable non-coding RNA carrier (nCAR) to achieve high-yield production of biocompatible miRNA prodrugs, which is a great addition to current tools for the assessment of RNA therapeutics. Herein, for the first time, we investigated the biochemical pharmacology of bioengineered miR-34a-5p prodrug (nCAR/miR-34a-5p) in the control of ES using human ES cells and xenograft mouse models. The bioengineered nCAR/miR-34a-5p was precisely processed to mature miR-34a-5p in ES cells and subsequently suppressed cell proliferation, attributable to the enhancement of apoptosis and induction of G2 cell cycle arrest through downregulation of SIRT-1, BCL-2 and CDK6 protein levels. Furthermore, systemic administration of nCAR/miR-34a-5p dramatically suppressed the ES xenograft tumor growth in vivo while showing biocompatibility. In addition, the antitumor effect of bioengineered nCAR/miR-34a-5p was associated with a lower degree of tumoral cell proliferation and greater extent of apoptosis. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of bioengineered miR-34a-5p prodrug for the treatment of ES and support the development of miRNA therapeutics using biocompatible bioengineered miRNA prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Rong Yi
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Chao Jian
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ai-Xi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Charan M, Dravid P, Cam M, Audino A, Gross AC, Arnold MA, Roberts RD, Cripe TP, Pertsemlidis A, Houghton PJ, Cam H. GD2-directed CAR-T cells in combination with HGF-targeted neutralizing antibody (AMG102) prevent primary tumor growth and metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:3184-3195. [PMID: 31621900 PMCID: PMC7440656 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is the second most common and aggressive type of metastatic bone tumor in adolescents and young adults. There is unmet medical need to develop and test novel pharmacological targets and novel therapies to treat EWS. Here, we found that EWS expresses high levels of a p53 isoform, delta133p53. We further determined that aberrant expression of delta133p53 induced HGF secretion resulting in tumor growth and metastasis. Thereafter, we evaluated targeting EWS tumors with HGF receptor neutralizing antibody (AMG102) in preclinical studies. Surprisingly, we found that targeting EWS tumors with HGF receptor neutralizing antibody (AMG102) in combination with GD2-specific, CAR-reengineered T-cell therapy synergistically inhibited primary tumor growth and establishment of metastatic disease in preclinical models. Furthermore, our data suggested that AMG102 treatment alone might increase leukocyte infiltration including efficient CAR-T access into tumor mass and thereby improves its antitumor activity. Together, our findings warrant the development of novel CAR-T-cell therapies that incorporate HGF receptor neutralizing antibody to improve therapeutic potency, not only in EWS but also in tumors with aberrant activation of the HGF/c-MET pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Charan
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Maren Cam
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Anthony Audino
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Amy C Gross
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael A Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alexander Pertsemlidis
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Hakan Cam
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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6
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Movahedinia S, Shooshtarizadeh T, Mostafavi H. Secondary Malignant Transformation of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Is It a Fate? IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:165-174. [PMID: 31528174 PMCID: PMC6679673 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.14.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of conventional giant cell tumor of bone (GCTOB) is rare and usually occurs with irradiation. Here we report two neglected cases of conventional GCTOB with spontaneous malignant transformation at 11 and 16 years after initial diagnosis. In the former case, the patient refused to receive any treatment following the incisional biopsy, and in the latter, the first recurrence that occurred 5 years after initial treatment, was neglected. Although rare, the occurrence of sarcomatous changes in these cases indicates that secondary malignant transformation may be part of the natural course of this tumor. In addition, in both cases, immunohistochemistry showed diffuse and strong p53 expression in the malignant tumor but not in the primary lesion. It suggests that p53 overexpression may play a key role in the malignant transformation of GCTOB and that investigating for p53 expression in recurred lesions may help in predicting cases of giant cell tumor, prone to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjadeh Movahedinia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,MD-MPH, AP/CP, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tina Shooshtarizadeh
- MD, AP/CP, Department of Pathology, Shafa Yahyaean Orthopedics Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Mostafavi
- MD, Department of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Thoenen E, Curl A, Iwakuma T. TP53 in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 202:149-164. [PMID: 31276706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genomic and functional study of existing and emerging sarcoma targets, such as fusion proteins, chromosomal aberrations, reduced tumor suppressor activity, and oncogenic drivers, is broadening our understanding of sarcomagenesis. Among these mechanisms, the tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) plays significant roles in the suppression of bone and soft tissue sarcoma progression. Although mutations in TP53 were thought to be relatively low in sarcomas, modern techniques including whole-genome sequencing have recently illuminated unappreciated alterations in TP53 in osteosarcoma. In addition, oncogenic gain-of-function activities of missense mutant p53 (mutp53) have been reported in sarcomas. Moreover, new targeting strategies for TP53 have been discovered: restoration of wild-type p53 (wtp53) activity through inhibition of TP53 negative regulators, reactivation of the wtp53 activity from mutp53, depletion of mutp53, and targeting of vulnerabilities in cells with TP53 deletions or mutations. These discoveries enable development of novel therapeutic strategies for therapy-resistant sarcomas. We have outlined nine bone and soft tissue sarcomas for which TP53 plays a crucial tumor suppressive role. These include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma (LPS), angiosarcoma, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thoenen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Amanda Curl
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA; Translational Laboratory Oncology Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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8
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Anderson ND, de Borja R, Young MD, Fuligni F, Rosic A, Roberts ND, Hajjar S, Layeghifard M, Novokmet A, Kowalski PE, Anaka M, Davidson S, Zarrei M, Id Said B, Schreiner LC, Marchand R, Sitter J, Gokgoz N, Brunga L, Graham GT, Fullam A, Pillay N, Toretsky JA, Yoshida A, Shibata T, Metzler M, Somers GR, Scherer SW, Flanagan AM, Campbell PJ, Schiffman JD, Shago M, Alexandrov LB, Wunder JS, Andrulis IL, Malkin D, Behjati S, Shlien A. Rearrangement bursts generate canonical gene fusions in bone and soft tissue tumors. Science 2018; 361:eaam8419. [PMID: 30166462 PMCID: PMC6176908 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are cancers of the bone and soft tissue often defined by gene fusions. Ewing sarcoma involves fusions between EWSR1, a gene encoding an RNA binding protein, and E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors. We explored how and when EWSR1-ETS fusions arise by studying the whole genomes of Ewing sarcomas. In 52 of 124 (42%) of tumors, the fusion gene arises by a sudden burst of complex, loop-like rearrangements, a process called chromoplexy, rather than by simple reciprocal translocations. These loops always contained the disease-defining fusion at the center, but they disrupted multiple additional genes. The loops occurred preferentially in early replicating and transcriptionally active genomic regions. Similar loops forming canonical fusions were found in three other sarcoma types. Chromoplexy-generated fusions appear to be associated with an aggressive form of Ewing sarcoma. These loops arise early, giving rise to both primary and relapse Ewing sarcoma tumors, which can continue to evolve in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Anderson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard de Borja
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrej Rosic
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Simon Hajjar
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Layeghifard
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Novokmet
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Anaka
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Davidson
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Badr Id Said
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Christine Schreiner
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remi Marchand
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Sitter
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ledia Brunga
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Garrett T Graham
- Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony Fullam
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, UK
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Markus Metzler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gino R Somers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary Shago
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Kersting N, Kunzler Souza B, Araujo Vieira I, Pereira Dos Santos R, Brufatto Olguins D, José Gregianin L, Tesainer Brunetto A, Lunardi Brunetto A, Roesler R, Brunetto de Farias C, Schwartsmann G. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Regulation of Ewing Sarcoma Cell Function. Oncology 2018. [PMID: 29539615 DOI: 10.1159/000487143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a type of childhood cancer probably arising from stem mesenchymal or neural crest cells. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) acts as a driver oncogene in many types of solid tumors. However, its involvement in ES remains poorly understood. METHODS Human SK-ES-1 and RD-ES ES cells were treated with EGF, the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin (AG1478), or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Cell proliferation survival, cycle, and senescence were analyzed. The protein content of possible targets of EGFR manipulation was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Cell proliferation and survival were increased by EGF and inhibited by AG1478. The EGFR inhibitor also altered the cell cycle, inducing arrest in G1 and increasing the sub-G1 population, reduced polyploidy and increased the population of senescent cells. In addition, AG1478 reduced the levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), ERK, p-ERK, cyclin D1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while enhancing p53 levels. Cell proliferation was also impaired by inhibitors of PI3K or ERK, alone or combined with AG1478. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal novel aspects of EGFR regulation of ES cells and provide early evidence for antitumor activities of EGFR inhibitors in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Kersting
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Kunzler Souza
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Igor Araujo Vieira
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Dos Santos
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Danielly Brufatto Olguins
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauro José Gregianin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Tesainer Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Algemir Lunardi Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Lv D, Liu J, Guo L, Wu D, Matsumoto K, Huang L. PRAS40 deregulates apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma family tumors by enhancing the insulin receptor/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:486-497. [PMID: 27186418 PMCID: PMC4859675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
EWS expression in Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) is decreased due to the haploinsufficiency elicited by chromosomal translocation. The abnormal expression levels of EWS and its downstream factors contribute to the manifestation of ESFTs. Previously, we reported that increased Proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40), which is encoded by an EWS mRNA target, promotes the development of ESFTs. However, the mechanism remains elusive. To clarify the role of PRAS40 in ESFTs, we silenced PRAS40 expression in ESFT cells using siRNAs and found increased levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Cleaved caspase 3 levels and cytochrome C release were increased simultaneously. Furthermore, with PRAS40 knockdown, the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR downstream factors, i.e., S6K and S6, was attenuated notably. Ectopic expression of PRAS40 increased Akt and S6 phosphorylation. Activation of Akt only partially reversed the apoptosis induced by PRAS40 knockdown, and downregulation of S6 phosphorylation by PRAS40 silencing could not be sufficiently restored via Akt activation. Searching the upstream factors in this pathway, the autophosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) was found to be inhibited significantly by PRAS40 silencing but increased by PRAS40 overexpression. Therefore, PRAS40 may enhance IR phosphorylation to facilitate Akt and mTOR signaling leading to the apoptosis deregulation in ESFTs. Moreover, in vivo results confirmed that PRAS40 deletion suppressed the growth of ESFT xenografts and downregulated IR and S6 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest a novel functioning model for PRAS40, which represents a novel therapeutic target for ESFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Jinye Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University9 South Lvshun Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P. R. China
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11
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Sand LGL, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW. Sequencing Overview of Ewing Sarcoma: A Journey across Genomic, Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Landscapes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16176-215. [PMID: 26193259 PMCID: PMC4519945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm occurring predominantly in adolescent Caucasians. At the genome level, a pathognomonic EWSR1-ETS translocation is present. The resulting fusion protein acts as a molecular driver in the tumor development and interferes, amongst others, with endogenous transcription and splicing. The Ewing sarcoma cell shows a poorly differentiated, stem-cell like phenotype. Consequently, the cellular origin of Ewing sarcoma is still a hot discussed topic. To further characterize Ewing sarcoma and to further elucidate the role of EWSR1-ETS fusion protein multiple genome, epigenome and transcriptome level studies were performed. In this review, the data from these studies were combined into a comprehensive overview. Presently, classical morphological predictive markers are used in the clinic and the therapy is dominantly based on systemic chemotherapy in combination with surgical interventions. Using sequencing, novel predictive markers and candidates for immuno- and targeted therapy were identified which were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens G L Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Pancras C W Hogendoorn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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12
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Variable expression of PIK3R3 and PTEN in Ewing Sarcoma impacts oncogenic phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116895. [PMID: 25603314 PMCID: PMC4300218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma is an aggressive malignancy of bone and soft tissue affecting children and young adults. Ewing Sarcoma is driven by EWS/Ets fusion oncoproteins, which cause widespread alterations in gene expression in the cell. Dysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, particularly involving IGF-1R, also plays an important role in Ewing Sarcoma pathogenesis. However, the basis of this dysregulation, including the relative contribution of EWS/Ets-dependent and independent mechanisms, is not well understood. In the present study, we identify variable expression of two modifiers of PI3K signaling activity, PIK3R3 and PTEN, in Ewing Sarcoma, and examine the consequences of this on PI3K pathway regulation and oncogenic phenotypes. Our findings indicate that PIK3R3 plays a growth-promotional role in Ewing Sarcoma, but suggest that this role is not strictly dependent on regulation of PI3K pathway activity. We further show that expression of PTEN, a well-established, potent tumor suppressor, is lost in a subset of Ewing Sarcomas, and that this loss strongly correlates with high baseline PI3K pathway activity in cell lines. In support of functional importance of PTEN loss in Ewing Sarcoma, we show that re-introduction of PTEN into two different PTEN-negative Ewing Sarcoma cell lines results in downregulation of PI3K pathway activity, and sensitization to the IGF-1R small molecule inhibitor OSI-906. Our findings also suggest that PTEN levels may contribute to sensitivity of Ewing Sarcoma cells to the microtubule inhibitor vincristine, a relevant chemotherapeutic agent in this cancer. Our studies thus identify PIK3R3 and PTEN as modifiers of oncogenic phenotypes in Ewing Sarcoma, with potential clinical implications.
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13
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Guerzoni C, Fiori V, Terracciano M, Manara MC, Moricoli D, Pasello M, Sciandra M, Nicoletti G, Gellini M, Dominici S, Chiodoni C, Fornasari PM, Lollini PL, Colombo MP, Picci P, Cianfriglia M, Magnani M, Scotlandi K. CD99 Triggering in Ewing Sarcoma Delivers a Lethal Signal through p53 Pathway Reactivation and Cooperates with Doxorubicin. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:146-56. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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van der Ent W, Jochemsen AG, Teunisse AFAS, Krens SFG, Szuhai K, Spaink HP, Hogendoorn PCW, Snaar-Jagalska BE. Ewing sarcoma inhibition by disruption of EWSR1-FLI1 transcriptional activity and reactivation of p53. J Pathol 2014; 233:415-24. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wietske van der Ent
- Institute of Biology; Leiden University; The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Amina FAS Teunisse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | | | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
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15
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Pishas KI, Neuhaus SJ, Clayer MT, Schreiber AW, Lawrence DM, Perugini M, Whitfield RJ, Farshid G, Manavis J, Chryssidis S, Mayo BJ, Haycox RC, Ho K, Brown MP, D'Andrea RJ, Evdokiou A, Thomas DM, Desai J, Callen DF, Neilsen PM. Nutlin-3a efficacy in sarcoma predicted by transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling. Cancer Res 2013; 74:921-31. [PMID: 24336067 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutlin-3a is a small-molecule antagonist of p53/MDM2 that is being explored as a treatment for sarcoma. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of sarcomas to Nutlin-3a. In an ex vivo tissue explant system, we found that TP53 pathway alterations (TP53 status, MDM2/MDM4 genomic amplification/mRNA overexpression, MDM2 SNP309, and TP53 SNP72) did not confer apoptotic or cytostatic responses in sarcoma tissue biopsies (n = 24). Unexpectedly, MDM2 status did not predict Nutlin-3a sensitivity. RNA sequencing revealed that the global transcriptomic profiles of these sarcomas provided a more robust prediction of apoptotic responses to Nutlin-3a. Expression profiling revealed a subset of TP53 target genes that were transactivated specifically in sarcomas that were highly sensitive to Nutlin-3a. Of these target genes, the GADD45A promoter region was shown to be hypermethylated in 82% of wild-type TP53 sarcomas that did not respond to Nutlin-3a, thereby providing mechanistic insight into the innate ability of sarcomas to resist apoptotic death following Nutlin-3a treatment. Collectively, our findings argue that the existing benchmark biomarker for MDM2 antagonist efficacy (MDM2 amplification) should not be used to predict outcome but rather global gene expression profiles and epigenetic status of sarcomas dictate their sensitivity to p53/MDM2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I Pishas
- Authors' Affiliations: Sarcoma Research Group, Discipline of Medicine, Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Departments of Orthopaedics and Trauma and Haematology, Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital and University of Adelaide; ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, Division of Tissue Pathology, SA Pathology; Centre for Neurological Diseases, Hanson Institute and SA Pathology; Department of Radiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Department of Haematology and Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute and Queen Elizabeth Hospital; University of Adelaide, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, Adelaide; Sarcoma Genomics and Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; and Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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16
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The oncogenic properties of EWS/WT1 of desmoplastic small round cell tumors are unmasked by loss of p53 in murine embryonic fibroblasts. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:585. [PMID: 24321497 PMCID: PMC4029184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is characterized by the presence of a fusion protein EWS/WT1, arising from the t (11;22) (p13;q12) translocation. Here we examine the oncogenic properties of two splice variants of EWS/WT1, EWS/WT1-KTS and EWS/WT1 + KTS. Methods We over-expressed both EWS/WT1 variants in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) of wild-type, p53+/- and p53-/- backgrounds and measured effects on cell-proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, clonogenicity after serum withdrawal, and sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs and gamma irradiation in comparison to control cells. We examined gene expression profiles in cells expressing EWS/WT1. Finally we validated our key findings in a small series of DSRCT. Results Neither isoform of EWS/WT1 was sufficient to transform wild-type MEFs however the oncogenic potential of both was unmasked by p53 loss. Expression of EWS/WT1 in MEFs lacking at least one allele of p53 enhanced cell-proliferation, clonogenic survival and anchorage-independent growth. EWS/WT1 expression in wild-type MEFs conferred resistance to cell-cycle arrest after irradiation and daunorubicin induced apoptosis. We show DSRCT commonly have nuclear localization of p53, and copy-number amplification of MDM2/MDMX. Expression of either isoform of EWS/WT1 induced characteristic mRNA expression profiles. Gene-set enrichment analysis demonstrated enrichment of WNT pathway signatures in MEFs expressing EWS/WT1 + KTS. Wnt-activation was validated in cell lines with over-expression of EWS/WT1 and in DSRCT. Conclusion In conclusion, we show both isoforms of EWS/WT1 have oncogenic potential in MEFs with loss of p53. In addition we provide the first link between EWS/WT1 and Wnt-pathway signaling. These data provide novel insights into the function of the EWS/WT1 fusion protein which characterize DSRCT.
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17
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Rainusso N, Wang LL, Yustein JT. The adolescent and young adult with cancer: state of the art -- bone tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2013; 15:296-307. [PMID: 23690089 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-013-0321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary malignant bone tumors in the pediatric to young adult populations are relatively uncommon and account for about 6 % of all cancers in those less than 20 years old [1] and 3 % of all cancers in adolescents and young adults (AYA) within the age range of 15 to 29 years [2]. Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing's sarcoma (ES) comprise the majority of malignant bone tumors. The approach to treatment for both tumors consists of local control measures (surgery or radiation) as well as systemic therapy with high-dose chemotherapy. Despite earlier advances, there have been no substantial improvements in outcomes over the past several decades, particularly for patients with metastatic disease. This review summarizes the major advances in the treatment of OS and ES and the standard therapies available today, current active clinical trials, and areas of investigation into molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Rainusso
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1510.00, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Primary malignant bone tumors in the pediatric to young adult populations are relatively uncommon and account for about 6 % of all cancers in those less than 20 years old [1] and 3 % of all cancers in adolescents and young adults (AYA) within the age range of 15 to 29 years [2]. Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing's sarcoma (ES) comprise the majority of malignant bone tumors. The approach to treatment for both tumors consists of local control measures (surgery or radiation) as well as systemic therapy with high-dose chemotherapy. Despite earlier advances, there have been no substantial improvements in outcomes over the past several decades, particularly for patients with metastatic disease. This review summarizes the major advances in the treatment of OS and ES and the standard therapies available today, current active clinical trials, and areas of investigation into molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Rainusso
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1510.00, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Huang L, Kuwahara I, Matsumoto K. EWS represses cofilin 1 expression by inducing nuclear retention of cofilin 1 mRNA. Oncogene 2013; 33:2995-3003. [PMID: 23831569 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs), the proto-oncogene EWS that encodes an RNA-binding protein is fused by chromosomal translocation to the gene encoding one of the E-twenty six (ETS) family of transcription factors, most commonly friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI-1). Although EWS/FLI-1 chimeric proteins are necessary for carcinogenesis, additional events seem to be required for transformation to occur. We have previously reported that a protein product of an EWS mRNA target, whose expression is negatively regulated by EWS but not by EWS/FLI-1, contributes to ESFT development. However, the mechanism by which EWS represses protein expression remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that overexpression of full-length EWS repressed protein expression and induced nuclear retention of reporter mRNAs in a tethering assay. In contrast, when a mutant lacking the EWS C-terminal nuclear localization signal (classified as a PY-NLS) was expressed, reporter protein expression was upregulated, and the number of cells exporting reporter mRNA to the cytoplasm increased. EWS binds to the 3'-untranslated region in another mRNA target, cofilin 1 (CFL1), and negatively regulates the expression of CFL1. Overexpression of EWS induced nuclear retention of CFL1 mRNA. Furthermore, ESFT cell proliferation and metastatic potential were suppressed by small interfering RNA-mediated CFL1 knockdown. Together, our findings suggest that EWS induces nuclear retention of CFL1 mRNA, thereby suppressing expression of CFL1, and that CFL1 promotes development of ESFT. Targeting CFL1 might therefore provide another novel approach for treatment of this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Huang
- 1] Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Japan [2] Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - I Kuwahara
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - K Matsumoto
- 1] Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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20
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Avnet S, Di Pompo G, Lemma S, Salerno M, Perut F, Bonuccelli G, Granchi D, Zini N, Baldini N. V-ATPase is a candidate therapeutic target for Ewing sarcoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1105-16. [PMID: 23579072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of oxidative phosphorylation combined with enhanced aerobic glycolysis and the resulting increased generation of protons are common features of several types of cancer. An efficient mechanism to escape cell death resulting from intracellular acidification is proton pump activation. In Ewing sarcoma (ES), although the tumor-associated chimeric gene EWS-FLI1 is known to induce the accumulation of hypoxia-induced transcription factor HIF-1α, derangements in metabolic pathways have been neglected so far as candidate pathogenetic mechanisms. In this paper, we observed that ES cells simultaneously activate mitochondrial respiration and high levels of glycolysis. Moreover, although the most effective detoxification mechanism of proton intracellular storage is lysosomal compartmentalization, ES cells show a poorly represented lysosomal compartment, but a high sensitivity to the anti-lysosomal agent bafilomycin A1, targeting the V-ATPase proton pump. We therefore investigated the role of V-ATPase in the acidification activity of ES cells. ES cells with the highest GAPDH and V-ATPase expression also showed the highest acidification rate. Moreover, the localization of V-ATPase was both on the vacuolar and the plasma membrane of all ES cell lines. The acidic extracellular pH that we reproduced in vitro promoted high invasion ability and clonogenic efficiency. Finally, targeting V-ATPase with siRNA and omeprazole treatments, we obtained a significant selective reduction of tumor cell number. In summary, glycolytic activity and activation of V-ATPase are crucial mechanisms of survival of ES cells and can be considered as promising selective targets for the treatment of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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21
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Neilsen PM, Pehere AD, Pishas KI, Callen DF, Abell AD. New 26S proteasome inhibitors with high selectivity for chymotrypsin-like activity and p53-dependent cytotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2013. [PMID: 23190346 DOI: 10.1021/cb300549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome has emerged over the past decade as an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of cancers. Here, we report new tripeptide aldehydes that are highly specific for the chymotrypsin-like catalytic activity of the proteasome. These new specific proteasome inhibitors demonstrated high potency and specificity for sarcoma cells, with therapeutic windows superior to those observed for benchmark proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and Bortezomib. Constraining the peptide backbone into the β-strand geometry, known to favor binding to a protease, resulted in decreased activity in vitro and reduced anticancer activity. Using these new proteasome inhibitors, we show that the presence of an intact p53 pathway significantly enhances cytotoxic activity, thus suggesting that this tumor suppressor is a critical downstream mediator of cell death following proteasomal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Neilsen
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ashok D. Pehere
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kathleen I. Pishas
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - David F. Callen
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Abell
- Centre
for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
and ‡School of Chemistry
and Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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22
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DNA-damaging drug-induced apoptosis sensitized by N-myc in neuroblastoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:331-7. [PMID: 21929510 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumours in children (8-10% of all malignancies). Over 22% of cases have N-myc amplification associated with aggressively growing neuroblastomas. Oncogene-induced sensitization of cells to apoptosis is an important mechanism for suppression of tumorigenesis. Tumour suppressors often play a critical role in linking oncogenes to apoptotic machinery. For example, activated p53 then targets both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to promote apoptosis through transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Understanding of the involved mechanisms has important clinical implications. We have employed DNA-damaging drug-induced apoptosis sensitized by oncogene N-myc as a model. DNA damaging drugs trigger high levels of p53, leading to caspase-9 activation in neuroblastoma cells. Inactivation of p53 protects cells from drug-triggered apoptosis sensitized by N-myc. These findings thus define a molecular pathway for mediating DNA-damaging drug-induced apoptosis sensitized by oncogene, and suggest that inactivation of p53 or other components of this apoptotic pathway may confer drug resistance in neuroblastoma cells. The data also suggests that inactivation of apoptotic pathways through co-operating oncogenes may be necessary for the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma with N-myc amplification.
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Huang L, Nakai Y, Kuwahara I, Matsumoto K. PRAS40 is a functionally critical target for EWS repression in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1260-9. [PMID: 22241085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are highly aggressive and highly metastatic tumors caused by a chromosomal fusion between the Ewing sarcoma protein (EWS) with the transcription factor FLI-1. However, expression of the EWS/FLI-1 chimeric oncogene by itself is insufficient for carcinogenesis, suggesting that additional events are required. Here, we report the identification of the Akt substrate PRAS40 as an EWS target gene. EWS negatively regulates PRAS40 expression by binding the 3' untranslated region in PRAS40 mRNA. ESFT cell proliferation was suppressed by treatment with an Akt inhibitor, and ESFT cell proliferation and metastatic growth were suppressed by siRNA-mediated PRAS40 knockdown. Furthermore, PRAS40 knockdown was sufficient to reverse an increased cell proliferation elicited by EWS knockdown. In support of a pathologic role for PRAS40 elevation in EFST, we documented inverse protein levels of EWS and PRAS40 in ESFT cells. Together, our findings suggest that PRAS40 promotes the development of ESFT and might therefore represent a novel therapeutic target in this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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24
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Rodriguez R, Rubio R, Menendez P. Modeling sarcomagenesis using multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Res 2011; 22:62-77. [PMID: 21931359 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their unique properties, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising adult stem cells being used worldwide in a wide array of clinical applications. Overall, compelling evidence supports the long-term safety of ex vivo expanded human MSCs, which do not seem to transform spontaneously. However, experimental data reveal a link between MSCs and cancer, and MSCs have been reported to inhibit or promote tumor growth depending on yet undefined conditions. Interestingly, solid evidence based on transgenic mice and genetic intervention of MSCs has placed these cells as the most likely cell of origin for certain sarcomas. This research area is being increasingly explored to develop accurate MSC-based models of sarcomagenesis, which will be undoubtedly valuable in providing a better understanding about the etiology and pathogenesis of mesenchymal cancer, eventually leading to the development of more specific therapies directed against the sarcoma-initiating cell. Unfortunately, still little is known about the mechanisms underlying MSC transformation and further studies are required to develop bona fide sarcoma models based on human MSCs. Here, we comprehensively review the existing MSC-based models of sarcoma and discuss the most common mechanisms leading to tumoral transformation of MSCs and sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.
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25
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Ognjanovic S, Olivier M, Bergemann TL, Hainaut P. Sarcomas in TP53 germline mutation carriers: a review of the IARC TP53 database. Cancer 2011; 118:1387-96. [PMID: 21837677 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoma is the index diagnosis of Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), a familial predisposition to cancer that also includes brain cancer, breast cancer, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Germline mutations in the TP53 gene are detected in approximately 80% of families that fulfill LFS criteria and in 15% to 25% of families that fulfill criteria for Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome (LFS), a group of related syndromes with broader clinical criteria. METHODS The authors of this report used the International Agency for Research on Cancer TP53 database to analyze the types, age at onset and mutation patterns of sarcoma in TP53 mutation carriers. Those data were compared with sarcoma types in the general population of Caucasians using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. RESULTS Overall, sarcomas represented 25% of tumors in TP53 mutation carriers, and 95.6% occurred before age 50 years compared with 38.3% before age 50 years in the SEER data set. Sarcomas were more likely to be rhabdomyosarcoma in carriers aged <5 years (odds ratio [OR], 11.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-21.9) and osteosarcoma in carriers at any age (aged <20 years: OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02-1.94; age >20 years: OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 2.72-7.83). Early sarcoma (at age <20 years) was associated with missense mutations in exons encoding the DNA-binding domain of p53 protein. Conversely, p53 null mutations (frameshift, splice sites, nonsense) and mutations outside the DNA-binding domain were associated with leiomyosarcoma (OR, 10.1; 95% CI, 3.4-29.9), a type of sarcoma that occurred after age 20 years. CONCLUSIONS The current results further demonstrated genotype-phenotype correlations and age-dependent variations in sarcoma types in carriers of germline TP53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ognjanovic
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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