1
|
Amack JD. Cellular dynamics of EMT: lessons from live in vivo imaging of embryonic development. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:79. [PMID: 34294089 PMCID: PMC8296657 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) refers to a process in which epithelial cells lose apical-basal polarity and loosen cell-cell junctions to take on mesenchymal cell morphologies and invasive properties that facilitate migration through extracellular matrix. EMT-and the reverse mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)-are evolutionarily conserved processes that are used throughout embryonic development to drive tissue morphogenesis. During adult life, EMT is activated to close wounds after injury, but also can be used by cancers to promote metastasis. EMT is controlled by several mechanisms that depend on context. In response to cell-cell signaling and/or interactions with the local environment, cells undergoing EMT make rapid changes in kinase and adaptor proteins, adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, and gene expression. Many of these changes modulate localization, activity, or expression of cytoskeletal proteins that mediate cell shape changes and cell motility. Since cellular changes during EMT are highly dynamic and context-dependent, it is ideal to analyze this process in situ in living organisms. Embryonic development of model organisms is amenable to live time-lapse microscopy, which provides an opportunity to watch EMT as it happens. Here, with a focus on functions of the actin cytoskeleton, I review recent examples of how live in vivo imaging of embryonic development has led to new insights into mechanisms of EMT. At the same time, I highlight specific developmental processes in model embryos-gastrulation in fly and mouse embryos, and neural crest cell development in zebrafish and frog embryos-that provide in vivo platforms for visualizing cellular dynamics during EMT. In addition, I introduce Kupffer's vesicle in the zebrafish embryo as a new model system to investigate EMT and MET. I discuss how these systems have provided insights into the dynamics of adherens junction remodeling, planar cell polarity signaling, cadherin functions, and cytoskeletal organization during EMT, which are not only important for understanding development, but also cancer progression. These findings shed light on mechanisms of actin cytoskeletal dynamics during EMT, and feature live in vivo imaging strategies that can be exploited in future work to identify new mechanisms of EMT and MET. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. .,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maya-Maldonado K, Cime-Castillo J, Maya-Lucas O, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Transcriptome analysis uncover differential regulation in cell cycle, immunity, and metabolism in Anopheles albimanus during immune priming with Plasmodium berghei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 120:104046. [PMID: 33600838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, "immunological priming" is considered as the ability to acquire a protective (adaptive) immune response against a pathogen due to previous exposure to the same organism. To date, the mechanism by which this type of adaptive immune response originates in insects is not well understood. In the Anopheles albimanus - Plasmodium berghei model, a DNA synthesis that probably indicates an endoreplication process during priming induction has been evidenced. This work aimed to know the transcriptomic profile in the midguts of An. albimanus after priming induction. Our analysis indicates the participation of regulatory elements of the cell cycle in the immunological priming and points out the importance of the cell cycle regulation in the mosquito midgut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Maya-Lucas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research. University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rocio Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fulford AD, Holder MV, Frith D, Snijders AP, Tapon N, Ribeiro PS. Casein kinase 1 family proteins promote Slimb-dependent Expanded degradation. eLife 2019; 8:e46592. [PMID: 31567070 PMCID: PMC6768662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signalling integrates diverse stimuli related to epithelial architecture to regulate tissue growth and cell fate decisions. The Hippo kinase cascade represses the growth-promoting transcription co-activator Yorkie. The FERM protein Expanded is one of the main upstream Hippo signalling regulators in Drosophila as it promotes Hippo kinase signalling and directly inhibits Yorkie. To fulfil its function, Expanded is recruited to the plasma membrane by the polarity protein Crumbs. However, Crumbs-mediated recruitment also promotes Expanded turnover via a phosphodegron-mediated interaction with a Slimb/β-TrCP SCF E3 ligase complex. Here, we show that the Casein Kinase 1 (CKI) family is required for Expanded phosphorylation. CKI expression promotes Expanded phosphorylation and interaction with Slimb/β-TrCP. Conversely, CKI depletion in S2 cells impairs Expanded degradation downstream of Crumbs. In wing imaginal discs, CKI loss leads to elevated Expanded and Crumbs levels. Thus, phospho-dependent Expanded turnover ensures a tight coupling of Hippo pathway activity to epithelial architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fulford
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Maxine V Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David Frith
- ProteomicsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paulo S Ribeiro
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li P, Zhou C, Yan Y, Li J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu P. Crumbs protein homolog 3 (CRB3) expression is associated with oestrogen and progesterone receptor positivity in breast cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:837-844. [PMID: 31087799 PMCID: PMC6772053 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The crumbs protein homolog 3 (CRB3) regulates the tight junction to help maintain epithelial polarity. Altered CRB3 expression was associated with carcinogenesis of epithelial cells. This study detected CRB3 expression in 192 cases of breast cancer tissues and in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (Metabric) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets for association with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) phenotypes. The in vitro experiments confirm the ex vivo data. The data showed that levels of both CRB3 mRNA and protein were associated with TNBC phenotypes, ie, 41.1% (39/95) of ER+ breast cancer was CRB3-positive, whereas 26.9% (25/93) ER- tumour was CRB3-positive (P = 0.046). Moreover, 47.6% (30/63) of PR+ breast cancer was CRB3-positive vs 28.4% (33/116) PR- tumours positive for CRB3 (P = 0.013). In addition, 40.1% (27/66) of ER+/PR+ tumour was CRB3-positive, but only 22.4% (19/85) of TNBC showed CRB3 expression (P = 0.048). Indeed, levels of CRB3 mRNA were higher in non-TNBC than TNBC in both Metabric (P = 3.682e-10) and TCGA datasets (P = 2.501e-07). The in vitro data showed that CRB3 expression was higher in luminal (MCF7 and T47D) than in HER2 (MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3) and basal (MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) breast cancer cell lines. More interestingly, ERα regulated expression of CRB3 protein in MCF7 and BT-549 cells and ERα expression was associated with CRB3 expression in breast cancer tissues specimens. This study demonstrated that ERα could be a novel regulator for CRB3 expression in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi ProvinceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi ProvinceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi ProvinceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi ProvinceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi ProvinceThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das S, Knust E. A dual role of the extracellular domain of Drosophila Crumbs for morphogenesis of the embryonic neuroectoderm. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/1/bio031435. [PMID: 29374056 PMCID: PMC5829512 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are highly polarised tissues and several highly conserved polarity protein complexes serve to establish and maintain polarity. The transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb), the central component of the Crb protein complex, is required, among others, for the maintenance of polarity in most epithelia in the Drosophila embryo. However, different epithelia exhibit different phenotypic severity upon loss of crb. Using a transgenomic approach allowed us to more accurately define the role of crb in different epithelia. In particular, we provide evidence that the loss of epithelial tissue integrity in the ventral epidermis of crb mutant embryos is due to impaired actomyosin activity and an excess number of neuroblasts. We demonstrate that the intracellular domain of Crb could only partially rescue this phenotype, while it is able to completely restore tissue integrity in other epithelia. Based on these results we suggest a dual role of the extracellular domain of Crb in the ventral neuroectoderm. First, it is required for apical enrichment of the Crb protein, which in turn regulates actomyosin activity and thereby ensures tissue integrity; and second, the extracellular domain of Crb stabilises the Notch receptor and thereby ensures proper Notch signalling and specification of the correct number of neuroblasts. Summary: Using a transgenomic approach we determine specific roles of the intra- and extracellular domain of the Crumbs protein for the maintenance of apico-basal epithelial polarity and epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Das
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samman FS, Elaidy SM, Essawy SS, Hassan MS. New insights on the modulatory roles of metformin or alpha-lipoic acid versus their combination in dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:488-496. [PMID: 29653414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is the most widely used model that resembles ulcerative colitis (UC) in human with challenging chronic mechanistic oxidative stress-inflammatory/immunological cascades. In models of acute colitis, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory burdens beside manipulation of many transcriptional factors were achieved by metformin or alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA). Currently, in vivo DSS-induced chronic colitis was conducted and the possible therapeutic roles of metformin and/or α-LA were explored. METHODS Chronic UC was induced by adding 5% DSS orally in drinking water for 7days followed by 3% DSS in drinking water for 14days in adult male albino Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of α-LA (25mg/kg, twice/day) and/or metformin (100mg/kg/day) were set at day 7 of DSS administration and continued for 14days. Body weights, survival rates, disease activity index (DAI), colonic oxidative stress markers, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, colonic nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) immunohistochemical expression, and the colonic histopathological changes were observed. RESULTS Metformin or/and α-LA attenuated the severity of the DSS-induced colitis through improving the reductions in body weights, the DAI, the colonic oxidative stress markers, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels, and the morphological mucosal damage scores. Significant synergetic therapeutic effects were observed with combined therapeutic regimens. CONCLUSION Therapeutically, metformin and α-LA could be administered in chronic colitis. The combination of currently used pharmaceutics with natural and synthetic potent antioxidant compounds will become a therapeutic strategy of choice for UC to improve the quality of life if sufficient clinical trials are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma S Samman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Samah M Elaidy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
| | - Soha S Essawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peyer SM, Heath-Heckman EAC, McFall-Ngai MJ. Characterization of the cell polarity gene crumbs during the early development and maintenance of the squid-vibrio light organ symbiosis. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:375-387. [PMID: 28105525 PMCID: PMC5519459 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-017-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein Crumbs is a determinant of apical-basal cell polarity and plays a role in apoptosis of epithelial cells and their protection against photodamage. Using the squid-vibrio system, a model for development of symbiotic partnerships, we examined the modulation of the crumbs gene in host epithelial tissues during initiation and maintenance of the association. The extracellular luminous symbiont Vibrio fischeri colonizes the apical surfaces of polarized epithelia in deep crypts of the Euprymna scolopes light organ. During initial colonization each generation, symbiont harvesting is potentiated by the biochemical and biophysical activity of superficial ciliated epithelia, which are several cell layers from the crypt epithelia where the symbionts reside. Within hours of crypt colonization, the symbionts induce the cell death mediated regression of the remote superficial ciliated fields. However, the crypt cells directly interacting with the symbiont are protected from death. In the squid host, we characterized the gene and encoded protein during light organ morphogenesis and in response to symbiosis. Features of the protein sequence and structure, phylogenetic relationships, and localization patterns in the eye supported assignment of the squid protein to the Crumbs family. In situ hybridization revealed that the crumbs transcript shows opposite expression at the onset of symbiosis in the two different regions of the light organ: elevated levels in the superficial epithelia were attenuated whereas low levels in the crypt epithelia were turned up. Although a rhythmic association in which the host controls the symbiont population over the day-night cycle begins in the juvenile upon colonization, cycling of crumbs was evident only in the adult organ with peak expression coincident with maximum symbiont population and luminescence. Our results provide evidence that crumbs responds to symbiont cues that induce developmental apoptosis and to symbiont population dynamics correlating with luminescence-based stress throughout the duration of the host-microbe association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Peyer
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A C Heath-Heckman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret J McFall-Ngai
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bazellières E, Aksenova V, Barthélémy-Requin M, Massey-Harroche D, Le Bivic A. Role of the Crumbs proteins in ciliogenesis, cell migration and actin organization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:13-20. [PMID: 29056580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell organization relies on a set of proteins that interact in an intricate way and which are called polarity complexes. These complexes are involved in the determination of the apico-basal axis and in the positioning and stability of the cell-cell junctions called adherens junctions at the apico-lateral border in invertebrates. Among the polarity complexes, two are present at the apical side of epithelial cells. These are the Par complex including aPKC, PAR3 and PAR6 and the Crumbs complex including, CRUMBS, PALS1 and PATJ/MUPP1. These two complexes interact directly and in addition to their already well described functions, they play a role in other cellular processes such as ciliogenesis and polarized cell migration. In this review, we will focus on these aspects that involve the apical Crumbs polarity complex and its relation with the cortical actin cytoskeleton which might provide a more comprehensive hypothesis to explain the many facets of Crumbs cell and tissue properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bazellières
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Veronika Aksenova
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | | | | | - André Le Bivic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nemetschke L, Knust E. Drosophila Crumbs prevents ectopic Notch activation in developing wings by inhibiting ligand-independent endocytosis. Development 2016; 143:4543-4553. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.141762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many signalling components are apically restricted in epithelial cells, and receptor localisation and abundance is key for morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Hence, controlling apicobasal epithelial polarity is crucial for proper signalling. Notch is a ubiquitously expressed, apically localised receptor, which performs a plethora of functions; therefore, its activity has to be tightly regulated. Here, we show that Drosophila Crumbs, an evolutionarily conserved polarity determinant, prevents Notch endocytosis in developing wings through direct interaction between the two proteins. Notch endocytosis in the absence of Crumbs results in the activation of the ligand-independent, Deltex-dependent Notch signalling pathway, and does not require the ligands Delta and Serrate or γ-secretase activity. This function of Crumbs is not due to general defects in apicobasal polarity, as localisation of other apical proteins is unaffected. Our data reveal a mechanism to explain how Crumbs directly controls localisation and trafficking of the potent Notch receptor, and adds yet another aspect of Crumbs regulation in Notch pathway activity. Furthermore, our data highlight a close link between the apical determinant Crumbs, receptor trafficking and tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nemetschke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen MB, Vuong LT, Choi KW. Ebi modulates wing growth by ubiquitin-dependent downregulation of Crumbs in Drosophila. Development 2016; 143:3506-3513. [PMID: 27702784 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling at the dorsoventral (DV) boundary is essential for patterning and growth of wings in Drosophila The WD40 domain protein Ebi has been implicated in the regulation of Notch signaling at the DV boundary. Here we show that Ebi regulates wing growth by antagonizing the function of the transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb). Ebi physically binds to the extracellular domain of Crb (Crbext), and this interaction is specifically mediated by WD40 repeats 7-8 of Ebi and a laminin G domain of Crbext Wing notching resulting from reduced levels of Ebi is suppressed by decreasing the Crb function. Consistent with this antagonistic genetic relationship, Ebi knockdown in the DV boundary elevates the Crb protein level. Furthermore, we show that Ebi is required for downregulation of Crb by ubiquitylation. Taken together, we propose that the interplay of Crb expression in the DV boundary and ubiquitin-dependent Crb downregulation by Ebi provides a mechanism for the maintenance of Notch signaling during wing development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Binh Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Linh Thuong Vuong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Hebshi NN, Li S, Nasher AT, El-Setouhy M, Alsanosi R, Blancato J, Loffredo C. Exome sequencing of oral squamous cell carcinoma in users of Arabian snuff reveals novel candidates for driver genes. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:363-72. [PMID: 26934577 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study sought to identify genetic aberrations driving oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development among users of shammah, an Arabian preparation of smokeless tobacco. Twenty archival OSCC samples, 15 of which with a history of shammah exposure, were whole-exome sequenced at an average depth of 127×. Somatic mutations were identified using a novel, matched controls-independent filtration algorithm. CODEX and Exomedepth coupled with a novel, Database of Genomic Variant-based filter were employed to call somatic gene-copy number variations. Significantly mutated genes were identified with Oncodrive FM and the Youn and Simon's method. Candidate driver genes were nominated based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. The observed mutational spectrum was similar to that reported by the TCGA project. In addition to confirming known genes of OSCC (TP53, CDKNA2, CASP8, PIK3CA, HRAS, FAT1, TP63, CCND1 and FADD) the analysis identified several candidate novel driver events including mutations of NOTCH3, CSMD3, CRB1, CLTCL1, OSMR and TRPM2, amplification of the proto-oncogenes FOSL1, RELA, TRAF6, MDM2, FRS2 and BAG1, and deletion of the recently described tumor suppressor SMARCC1. Analysis also revealed significantly altered pathways not previously implicated in OSCC including Oncostatin-M signalling pathway, AP-1 and C-MYB transcription networks and endocytosis. There was a trend for higher number of mutations, amplifications and driver events in samples with history of shammah exposure particularly those that tested EBV positive, suggesting an interaction between tobacco exposure and EBV. The work provides further evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of oral cancer and suggests shammah-associated OSCC is characterized by extensive amplification of oncogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Oncology and Pharmacogenomics, Beijing Genome Institute (BGI), Shenzhen, Republic of China
| | - Akram Thabet Nasher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Substance Abuse Research Center (SARC), Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad Alsanosi
- Substance Abuse Research Center (SARC), Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Blancato
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Loffredo
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sollier K, Gaudé HM, Chartier FJM, Laprise P. Rac1 controls epithelial tube length through the apical secretion and polarity pathways. Biol Open 2015; 5:49-54. [PMID: 26700724 PMCID: PMC4728308 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphometric parameters of epithelial tubes are critical to the physiology and homeostasis of most organs. In addition, many human diseases are associated with tube-size defects. Here, we show that Rac1 limits epithelial tube elongation in the developing fly trachea by promoting Rab5-dependent endocytosis of the apical determinant Crumbs. Rac1 is also involved in a positive feedback loop with the septate junction protein Coracle. Thereby, Rac1 precludes paracellular diffusion and contributes to the septate junction-dependent secretion of the chitin-modifying enzymes Vermiform and Serpentine, which restrict epithelial tube length independently of Crumbs. Thus, Rac1 is a critical component of two important pathways controlling epithelial tube morphogenesis. Summary: Epithelial tube size regulation sustains organ physiology. Rac1 limits tube elongation in the fly trachea through restriction of apical membrane growth, and by supporting luminal secretion of chitin modifying enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Sollier
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada CRCHU de Québec, axe oncologie, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3,Canada
| | - Helori-Mael Gaudé
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada CRCHU de Québec, axe oncologie, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3,Canada
| | - François J-M Chartier
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada CRCHU de Québec, axe oncologie, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3,Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada CRCHU de Québec, axe oncologie, 9 McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3,Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Charrier LE, Loie E, Laprise P. Mouse Crumbs3 sustains epithelial tissue morphogenesis in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17699. [PMID: 26631503 PMCID: PMC4668553 DOI: 10.1038/srep17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human apical protein CRB3 (Crb3 in mouse) organizes epithelial cell polarity. Loss of CRB3 expression increases the tumorogenic potential of cultured epithelial cells and favors metastasis formation in nude mice. These data emphasize the need of in vivo models to study CRB3 functions. Here, we report the phenotypic analysis of a novel Crb3 knockout mouse model. Crb3-deficient newborn mice show improper clearance of airways, suffer from respiratory distress and display perinatal lethality. Crb3 is also essential to maintain apical membrane identity in kidney epithelial cells. Numerous kidney cysts accompany these polarity defects. Impaired differentiation of the apical membrane is also observed in a subset of cells of the intestinal epithelium. This results in improper remodeling of adhesive contacts in the developing intestinal epithelium, thereby leading to villus fusion. We also noted a strong increase in cytoplasmic β-catenin levels in intestinal epithelial cells. β-catenin is a mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, which is overactivated in the majority of colon cancers. In addition to clarifying the physiologic roles of Crb3, our study highlights that further functional analysis of this protein is likely to provide insights into the etiology of diverse pathologies, including respiratory distress syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie E. Charrier
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie/Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CRCHU de Québec-axe oncologie, Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Loie
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie/Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CRCHU de Québec-axe oncologie, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie/Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CRCHU de Québec-axe oncologie, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
CRB3A Controls the Morphology and Cohesion of Cancer Cells through Ehm2/p114RhoGEF-Dependent Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26217016 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00673-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein CRB3A controls epithelial cell polarization. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of CRB3A function is essential as this protein prevents the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to tumor progression. To investigate the functional impact of altered CRB3A expression in cancer cells, we expressed CRB3A in HeLa cells, which are devoid of endogenous CRB3A. While control HeLa cells display a patchy F-actin distribution, CRB3A-expressing cells form a circumferential actomyosin belt. This reorganization of the cytoskeleton is accompanied by a transition from an ameboid cell shape to an epithelial-cell-like morphology. In addition, CRB3A increases the cohesion of HeLa cells. To perform these functions, CRB3A recruits p114RhoGEF and its activator Ehm2 to the cell periphery using both functional motifs of its cytoplasmic tail and increases RhoA activation levels. ROCK1 and ROCK2 (ROCK1/2), which are critical effectors of RhoA, are also essential to modulate the cytoskeleton and cell shape downstream of CRB3A. Overall, our study highlights novel roles for CRB3A and deciphers the signaling pathway conferring to CRB3A the ability to fulfill these functions. Thereby, our data will facilitate further investigation of CRB3A functions and increase our understanding of the cellular defects associated with the loss of CRB3A expression in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ganti K, Broniarczyk J, Manoubi W, Massimi P, Mittal S, Pim D, Szalmas A, Thatte J, Thomas M, Tomaić V, Banks L. The Human Papillomavirus E6 PDZ Binding Motif: From Life Cycle to Malignancy. Viruses 2015; 7:3530-51. [PMID: 26147797 PMCID: PMC4517114 DOI: 10.3390/v7072785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins are characterized by the presence of a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at their extreme carboxy terminus. It was long thought that this region of E6 had a sole function to confer interaction with a defined set of cellular substrates. However, more recent studies have shown that the E6 PBM has a complex pattern of regulation, whereby phosphorylation within the PBM can regulate interaction with two classes of cellular proteins: those containing PDZ domains and the members of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. In this review, we explore the roles that the PBM and its ligands play in the virus life cycle, and subsequently how these can inadvertently contribute towards the development of malignancy. We also explore how subtle alterations in cellular signal transduction pathways might result in aberrant E6 phosphorylation, which in turn might contribute towards disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Ganti
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Justyna Broniarczyk
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Wiem Manoubi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Suruchi Mittal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - David Pim
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Anita Szalmas
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Jayashree Thatte
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Miranda Thomas
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin WH, Asmann YW, Anastasiadis PZ. Expression of polarity genes in human cancer. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:15-28. [PMID: 25991909 PMCID: PMC4390136 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity protein complexes are crucial for epithelial apical–basal polarity and directed cell migration. Since alterations of these processes are common in cancer, polarity proteins have been proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenic promoters. Here, we review the current understanding of polarity protein functions in epithelial homeostasis, as well as tumor formation and progression. As most previous studies focused on the function of single polarity proteins in simplified model systems, we used a genomics approach to systematically examine and identify the expression profiles of polarity genes in human cancer. The expression profiles of polarity genes were distinct in different human tissues and classified cancer types. Additionally, polarity expression profiles correlated with disease progression and aggressiveness, as well as with identified cancer types, where specific polarity genes were commonly altered. In the case of Scribble, gene expression analysis indicated its common amplification and upregulation in human cancer, suggesting a tumor promoting function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ribeiro P, Holder M, Frith D, Snijders AP, Tapon N. Crumbs promotes expanded recognition and degradation by the SCF(Slimb/β-TrCP) ubiquitin ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1980-9. [PMID: 24778256 PMCID: PMC4024906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315508111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial tissues, growth control depends on the maintenance of proper architecture through apicobasal polarity and cell-cell contacts. The Hippo signaling pathway has been proposed to sense tissue architecture and cell density via an intimate coupling with the polarity and cell contact machineries. The apical polarity protein Crumbs (Crb) controls the activity of Yorkie (Yki)/Yes-activated protein, the progrowth target of the Hippo pathway core kinase cassette, both in flies and mammals. The apically localized Four-point-one, Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin domain protein Expanded (Ex) regulates Yki by promoting activation of the kinase cascade and by directly tethering Yki to the plasma membrane. Crb interacts with Ex and promotes its apical localization, thereby linking cell polarity with Hippo signaling. We show that, as well as repressing Yki by recruiting Ex to the apical membrane, Crb promotes phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Ex. We identify Skp/Cullin/F-box(Slimb/β-transducin repeats-containing protein) (SCF(Slimb/β-TrCP)) as the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex responsible for Ex degradation. Thus, Crb is part of a homeostatic mechanism that promotes Ex inhibition of Yki, but also limits Ex activity by inducing its degradation, allowing precise tuning of Yki function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ribeiro
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom;Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maxine Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - David Frith
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Herts EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Herts EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rewiring cell polarity signaling in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:939-50. [PMID: 24632617 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted cell polarity is a feature of epithelial cancers. The Crumbs, Par and Scribble polarity complexes function to specify and maintain apical and basolateral membrane domains, which are essential to organize intracellular signaling pathways that maintain epithelial homeostasis. Disruption of apical-basal polarity proteins facilitates rewiring of oncogene and tumor suppressor signaling pathways to deregulate proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, apical-basal polarity integrates intracellular signaling with the microenvironment by regulating metabolic signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling and tissue level organization. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how polarity proteins regulate diverse signaling pathways throughout cancer progression from initiation to metastasis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Luz M, Knust E. Fluorescently tagged Lin7c is a dynamic marker for polarity maturation in the zebrafish retinal epithelium. Biol Open 2013; 2:867-71. [PMID: 24143272 PMCID: PMC3773332 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of epithelial cell polarity is a highly dynamic process, and often established by the sequential recruitment of conserved protein complexes, such as the Par or the Crumbs (Crb) complex. However, detailed insights into the refinement of polarity and the formation of the complexes are still lacking. Here, we established fluorescently tagged Lin7c, a core member of the Crb complex, as an ideal tool to follow development of polarity in zebrafish epithelia. We find that in gastrula stages, RFP-Lin7c is found in the cytosol of the enveloping layer, while Pard3-GFP is already polarized at this stage. During development of the retinal epithelium, RFP-Lin7c localization is refined from being cytosolic at 14 hours post fertilization (hpf) to almost entirely apical in cells of the eye cup at 28 hpf. This apical Lin7c localization depends on the Crb complex members Oko meduzy and Nagie oko. Thus, fluorescently tagged Lin7c can be used in a broad range of epithelia to follow polarity maturation in vivo and specifically to elucidate the sequence of events determining Crb complex-mediated polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luz
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li Y, Zhou B, Dai J, Liu R, Han ZG. Aberrant upregulation of LRRC1 contributes to human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4543-51. [PMID: 23645086 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of apico-basal polarity often results in a malignant phenotype in epithelial tissues. Aberrant expression of polarity mediator proteins is closely associated with this process. LRRC1/LANO, a putative cell polarity regulator, was previously screened from our gene expression profiling in which its expression was significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we provide evidences that LRRC1 plays a potential oncogenic function in HCC. Consistent with the microarray data, quantitative real-time PCR results showed LRRC1 was aberrantly upregulated in 37/56 (66.1 %, more than twofolds) of HCC specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous livers. Furthermore, the cellular expression of LRRC1 in all HCC cell lines examined exhibited much higher level than that in normal adult liver tissue. Functional analyses revealed that overexpression of LRRC1 promoted, while knockdown of LRRC1 by RNA interference inhibited the growth and colony formation of HCC cells. Importantly, enhanced expression of LRRC1 conferred NIH3T3 cells the ability of cell transformation. In a xenograft tumor model, we found LRRC1 overexpression increased the tumorigenicity of HCC cells. Thus, our collective findings suggest that LRRC1 contributes to HCC development, and may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin II Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Polarity protein complex Scribble/Lgl/Dlg and epithelial cell barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:149-70. [PMID: 23397623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble polarity complex or module is one of the three polarity modules that regulate cell polarity in multiple epithelia including blood-tissue barriers. This protein complex is composed of Scribble, Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) and Discs large (Dlg), which are well conserved across species from fruitflies and worms to mammals. Originally identified in Drosophila and C. elegans where the Scribble complex was found to work with the Par-based and Crumbs-based polarity modules to regulate apicobasal polarity and asymmetry in cells and tissues during embryogenesis, their mammalian homologs have all been identified in recent years. Components of the Scribble complex are known to regulate multiple cellular functions besides cell polarity, which include cell proliferation, assembly and maintenance of adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ), and they are also tumor suppressors. Herein, we provide an update on the Scribble polarity complex and how this protein complex modulates cell adhesion with some emphasis on its role in Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier (BTB) function. It should be noted that this is a rapidly developing field, in particular the role of this protein module in blood-tissue barriers, and this short chapter attempts to provide the information necessary for investigators studying reproductive biology and blood-tissue barriers to design future studies. We also include results of recent studies from flies and worms since this information will be helpful in planning experiments for future functional studies in the testis to understand how Scribble-based proteins regulate BTB dynamics and spermatogenesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dextran sodium sulphate colitis mouse model: traps and tricks. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:718617. [PMID: 22665990 PMCID: PMC3361365 DOI: 10.1155/2012/718617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex multifactorial disease of unknown etiology. Thus, dozens of different animal models of IBD have been developed in past decades. Animal models of IBD are valuable and indispensable tools that provide a wide range of options for investigating involvement of various factors into the pathogenesis of IBD and to evaluate different therapeutic options. However, the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS-) induced colitis model has some advantages when compared to other animal models of colitis. It is well appreciated and widely used model of inflammatory bowel disease because of its simplicity. It has many similarities to human IBD, which are mentioned in the paper. In spite of its simplicity and wide applicability, there are also traps that need to be taken into account when using DSS model. As demonstrated in the present paper, various factors may affect susceptibility to DSS-induced lesions and modify results.
Collapse
|