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Tzara O, Amalie Simonsen S, Sode West A, Asser Karsdal M, Klingenberg Iversen H, Henriksen K. Quantification of Tau-A in serum after brain injury: a comparison of two analytical platforms, ELISA and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Brain Inj 2022; 36:792-799. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2022.2048692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ourania Tzara
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Sode West
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Morten Asser Karsdal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Helle Klingenberg Iversen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
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Finelli MJ. Redox Post-translational Modifications of Protein Thiols in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Conditions-Focus on S-Nitrosation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:254. [PMID: 33088270 PMCID: PMC7497228 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) are by-products of aerobic metabolism. RONS trigger a signaling cascade that can be transduced through oxidation-reduction (redox)-based post-translational modifications (redox PTMs) of protein thiols. This redox signaling is essential for normal cellular physiology and coordinately regulates the function of redox-sensitive proteins. It plays a particularly important role in the brain, which is a major producer of RONS. Aberrant redox PTMs of protein thiols can impair protein function and are associated with several diseases. This mini review article aims to evaluate the role of redox PTMs of protein thiols, in particular S-nitrosation, in brain aging, and in neurodegenerative diseases. It also discusses the potential of using redox-based therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattéa J Finelli
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Gan ZS, Stein SC, Swanson R, Guan S, Garcia L, Mehta D, Smith DH. Blood Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Quantitative Assessment of Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:446. [PMID: 31105646 PMCID: PMC6498532 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood biomarkers have been explored for their potential to provide objective measures in the assessment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is not clear which biomarkers are best for diagnosis and prognosis in different severities of TBI. Here, we compare existing studies on the discriminative abilities of serum biomarkers for four commonly studied clinical situations: detecting concussion, predicting intracranial damage after mild TBI (mTBI), predicting delayed recovery after mTBI, and predicting adverse outcome after severe TBI (sTBI). We conducted a literature search of publications on biomarkers in TBI published up until July 2018. Operating characteristics were pooled for each biomarker for comparison. For detecting concussion, 4 biomarker panels and creatine kinase B type had excellent discriminative ability. For detecting intracranial injury and the need for a head CT scan after mTBI, 2 biomarker panels, and hyperphosphorylated tau had excellent operating characteristics. For predicting delayed recovery after mTBI, top candidates included calpain-derived αII-spectrin N-terminal fragment, tau A, neurofilament light, and ghrelin. For predicting adverse outcome following sTBI, no biomarker had excellent performance, but several had good performance, including markers of coagulation and inflammation, structural proteins in the brain, and proteins involved in homeostasis. The highest-performing biomarkers in each of these categories may provide insight into the pathophysiologies underlying mild and severe TBI. With further study, these biomarkers have the potential to be used alongside clinical and radiological data to improve TBI diagnostics, prognostics, and evidence-based medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe S Gan
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sherman C Stein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Randel Swanson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shaobo Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lizette Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Devanshi Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Grand J, Kjaergaard J, Nielsen N, Friberg H, Cronberg T, Bro-Jeppesen J, Karsdal MA, Nielsen HB, Frydland M, Henriksen K, Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hassager C. Serum tau fragments as predictors of death or poor neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Biomarkers 2019; 24:584-591. [PMID: 31017476 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1609580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Anoxic brain injury is the primary cause of death after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and prognostication is challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of two fragments of tau as serum biomarkers for neurological outcome. Methods: Single-center sub-study of 171 patients included in the Target Temperature Management (TTM) Trial randomly assigned to TTM at 33 °C or TTM at 36 °C for 24 h after OHCA. Fragments (tau-A and tau-C) of the neuronal protein tau were measured in serum 24, 48 and 72 h after OHCA. The primary endpoint was neurological outcome. Results: Median (quartile 1 - quartile 3) tau-A (ng/ml) values were 58 (43-71) versus 51 (43-67), 72 (57-84) versus 71 (59-82) and 76 (61-92) versus 75 (64-89) for good versus unfavourable outcome at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively (pgroup = 0.95). Median tau C (ng/ml) values were 38 (29-50) versus 36 (29-49), 49 (38-58) versus 48 (33-59) and 48 (39-59) versus 48 (36-62) (pgroup = 0.95). Tau-A and tau-C did not predict neurological outcome (area under the receiver-operating curve at 48 h; tau-A: 0.51 and tau-C: 0.51). Conclusions: Serum levels of tau fragments were unable to predict neurological outcome after OHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Grand
- a Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jesper Kjaergaard
- a Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Niklas Nielsen
- b Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital , Helsingborg , Sweden
| | - Hans Friberg
- c Department of Clinical Sciences, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
| | | | - John Bro-Jeppesen
- a Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Frydland
- a Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kim Henriksen
- e Biomarkers & Research, Nordic Bioscience , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- f Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden.,g Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- h Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden.,i Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,j UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL , London , UK.,k Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Christian Hassager
- a Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Inekci D, Jonesco DS, Kennard S, Karsdal MA, Henriksen K. The potential of pathological protein fragmentation in blood-based biomarker development for dementia - with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:90. [PMID: 26029153 PMCID: PMC4426721 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of dementia is challenging and early stages are rarely detected limiting the possibilities for early intervention. Another challenge is the overlap in the clinical features across the different dementia types leading to difficulties in the differential diagnosis. Identifying biomarkers that can detect the pre-dementia stage and allow differential diagnosis could provide an opportunity for timely and optimal intervention strategies. Also, such biomarkers could help in selection and inclusion of the right patients in clinical trials of both Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia treatment candidates. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been the most investigated source of biomarkers and several candidate proteins have been identified. However, looking solely at protein levels is too simplistic to provide enough detailed information to differentiate between dementias, as there is a significant crossover between the proteins involved in the different types of dementia. Additionally, CSF sampling makes these biomarkers challenging for presymptomatic identification. We need to focus on disease-specific protein fragmentation to find a fragment pattern unique for each separate dementia type – a form of protein fragmentology. Targeting protein fragments generated by disease-specific combinations of proteins and proteases opposed to detecting the intact protein could reduce the overlap between diagnostic groups as the extent of processing as well as which proteins and proteases constitute the major hallmark of each dementia type differ. In addition, the fragments could be detectable in blood as they may be able to cross the blood–brain barrier due to their smaller size. In this review, the potential of the fragment-based biomarker discovery for dementia diagnosis and prognosis is discussed, especially highlighting how the knowledge from CSF protein biomarkers can be used to guide blood-based biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Inekci
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark ; Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | | | - Sophie Kennard
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark
| | | | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research , Herlev , Denmark
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Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, Grodstein F, Henriksen K, Jeromin A, Lovestone S, Mielke MM, O'Bryant S, Sarasa M, Sjøgren M, Soares H, Teeling J, Trushina E, Ward M, West T, Bain LJ, Shineman DW, Weiner M, Fillit HM. Developing novel blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:109-14. [PMID: 24365657 PMCID: PMC4769619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the public health crisis of the 21st century. There is a clear need for a widely available, inexpensive and reliable method to diagnosis Alzheimer's disease in the earliest stages, track disease progression, and accelerate clinical development of new therapeutics. One avenue of research being explored is blood based biomarkers. In April 2012, the Alzheimer's Association and the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation convened top scientists from around the world to discuss the state of blood based biomarker development. This manuscript summarizes the meeting and the resultant discussion, including potential next steps to move this area of research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Snyder
- Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Biomarker and Research Division, Nordic Biosciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Lovestone
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sid O'Bryant
- Internal Medicine Department, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim West
- C2N Diagnostics, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael Weiner
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Henriksen K, O'Bryant SE, Hampel H, Trojanowski JQ, Montine TJ, Jeromin A, Blennow K, Lönneborg A, Wyss-Coray T, Soares H, Bazenet C, Sjögren M, Hu W, Lovestone S, Karsdal MA, Weiner MW. The future of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:115-31. [PMID: 23850333 PMCID: PMC4128378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly hampered by the lack of easily accessible biomarkers that can detect disease presence and predict disease risk reliably. Fluid biomarkers of AD currently provide indications of disease stage; however, they are not robust predictors of disease progression or treatment response, and most are measured in cerebrospinal fluid, which limits their applicability. With these aspects in mind, the aim of this article is to underscore the concerted efforts of the Blood-Based Biomarker Interest Group, an international working group of experts in the field. The points addressed include: (1) the major challenges in the development of blood-based biomarkers of AD, including patient heterogeneity, inclusion of the "right" control population, and the blood-brain barrier; (2) the need for a clear definition of the purpose of the individual markers (e.g., prognostic, diagnostic, or monitoring therapeutic efficacy); (3) a critical evaluation of the ongoing biomarker approaches; and (4) highlighting the need for standardization of preanalytical variables and analytical methodologies used by the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Goteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden
| | | | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Chantal Bazenet
- King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | | | - William Hu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Departments of Medicine, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Henriksen K, Wang Y, Sørensen MG, Barascuk N, Suhy J, Pedersen JT, Duffin KL, Dean RA, Pajak M, Christiansen C, Zheng Q, Karsdal MA. An enzyme-generated fragment of tau measured in serum shows an inverse correlation to cognitive function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64990. [PMID: 23717682 PMCID: PMC3661565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disease characterized by pathological proteolytic cleavage of tau protein, which appears to initiate death of the neurons. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a proteolytic fragment of the tau protein could serve as blood-based biomarker of cognitive function in AD. METHODS We developed a highly sensitive ELISA assay specifically detecting an A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10)-generated fragment of tau (Tau-A). We characterized the assay in detail with to respect specificity and reactivity in healthy human serum. We used samples from the Tg4510 tau transgenic mice, which over-express the tau mutant P301L and exhibit a tauopathy with similarities to that observed in AD. We used serum samples from 21 well-characterized Alzheimer's patients, and we correlated the Tau-A levels to cognitive function. RESULTS The Tau-A ELISA specifically detected the cleavage sequence at the N-terminus of a fragment of tau generated by ADAM10 with no cross-reactivity to intact tau or brain extracts. In brain extracts from Tg4510 mice compared to wt controls we found 10-fold higher levels of Tau-A (p<0.001), which indicates a pathological relevance of this marker. In serum from healthy individuals we found robust and reproducible levels of Tau-A, indicating that the analyte is present in serum. In serum from AD patients an inverse correlation (R² = 0.46, p<0.001) between the cognitive assessment score (Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS)) and Tau-A levels was observed. CONCLUSION Based on the hypothesis that tau is cleaved proteolytically and then released into the blood, we here provide evidence for the presence of an ADAM10-generated tau fragment (Tau-A) in serum. In addition, the levels of Tau-A showed an inverse correlation to cognitive function, which could indicate that this marker is a serum marker with pathological relevance for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark.
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