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Punetha A, Kotiya D. Advancements in Oncoproteomics Technologies: Treading toward Translation into Clinical Practice. Proteomes 2023; 11:2. [PMID: 36648960 PMCID: PMC9844371 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics continues to forge significant strides in the discovery of essential biological processes, uncovering valuable information on the identity, global protein abundance, protein modifications, proteoform levels, and signal transduction pathways. Cancer is a complicated and heterogeneous disease, and the onset and progression involve multiple dysregulated proteoforms and their downstream signaling pathways. These are modulated by various factors such as molecular, genetic, tissue, cellular, ethnic/racial, socioeconomic status, environmental, and demographic differences that vary with time. The knowledge of cancer has improved the treatment and clinical management; however, the survival rates have not increased significantly, and cancer remains a major cause of mortality. Oncoproteomics studies help to develop and validate proteomics technologies for routine application in clinical laboratories for (1) diagnostic and prognostic categorization of cancer, (2) real-time monitoring of treatment, (3) assessing drug efficacy and toxicity, (4) therapeutic modulations based on the changes with prognosis and drug resistance, and (5) personalized medication. Investigation of tumor-specific proteomic profiles in conjunction with healthy controls provides crucial information in mechanistic studies on tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review provides an overview of proteomics technologies that assist the discovery of novel drug targets, biomarkers for early detection, surveillance, prognosis, drug monitoring, and tailoring therapy to the cancer patient. The information gained from such technologies has drastically improved cancer research. We further provide exemplars from recent oncoproteomics applications in the discovery of biomarkers in various cancers, drug discovery, and clinical treatment. Overall, the future of oncoproteomics holds enormous potential for translating technologies from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Punetha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Deepak Kotiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Wong GYM, Diakos C, Hugh TJ, Molloy MP. Proteomic Profiling and Biomarker Discovery in Colorectal Liver Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116091. [PMID: 35682769 PMCID: PMC9181741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are the leading cause of death among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). As part of multimodal therapy, liver resection is the mainstay of curative-intent treatment for select patients with CRLM. However, effective treatment of CRLM remains challenging as recurrence occurs in most patients after liver resection. Proposed clinicopathologic factors for predicting recurrence are inconsistent and lose prognostic significance over time. The rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies and decreasing DNA sequencing costs have accelerated the genomic profiling of various cancers. The characterisation of genomic alterations in CRC has significantly improved our understanding of its carcinogenesis. However, the functional context at the protein level has not been established for most of this genomic information. Furthermore, genomic alterations do not always result in predicted changes in the corresponding proteins and cancer phenotype, while post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation may alter synthesised protein levels, affecting phenotypes. More recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based technology enable accurate protein quantitation and comprehensive proteomic profiling of cancers. Several studies have explored proteomic biomarkers for predicting CRLM after oncologic resection of primary CRC and recurrence after curative-intent resection of CRLM. The current review aims to rationalise the proteomic complexity of CRC and explore the potential applications of proteomic biomarkers in CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Yuet Mun Wong
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Connie Diakos
- Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Hugh
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - Mark P. Molloy
- Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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Gonzalez-Valdivieso J, Garcia-Sampedro A, Hall AR, Girotti A, Arias FJ, Pereira SP, Acedo P. Smart Nanoparticles as Advanced Anti-Akt Kinase Delivery Systems for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55790-55805. [PMID: 34788541 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers partly due to late diagnosis, poor drug delivery to the target site, and acquired resistance to therapy. Therefore, more effective therapies are urgently needed to improve the outcome of patients. In this work, we have tested self-assembling genetically engineered polymeric nanoparticles formed by elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs), carrying a small peptide inhibitor of the protein kinase Akt, in both PANC-1 and patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells (PDX models). Nanoparticle cell uptake was measured by flow cytometry, and subcellular localization was determined by confocal microscopy, which showed a lysosomal localization of these nanoparticles. Furthermore, metabolic activity and cell viability were significantly reduced after incubation with nanoparticles carrying the Akt inhibitor in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Self-assembling 73 ± 3.2 nm size nanoparticles inhibited phosphorylation and consequent activation of Akt protein, blocked the NF-κB signaling pathway, and triggered caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo assays showed that ELR-based nanoparticles were suitable devices for drug delivery purposes with long circulating time and minimum toxicity. Hence, the use of these smart nanoparticles could lead to the development of more effective treatment options for pancreatic cancer based on the inhibition of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gonzalez-Valdivieso
- Smart Biodevices for NanoMed Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Hall
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Arias
- Smart Biodevices for NanoMed Group, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Benchmark of site- and structure-specific quantitative tissue N-glycoproteomics for discovery of potential N-glycoprotein markers: a case study of pancreatic cancer. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:213-231. [PMID: 33835347 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor of the digestive tract that is difficult to diagnose and treat. It is more common in developed countries and has become one of the main causes of death in some countries and regions. Currently, pancreatic cancer generally has a poor prognosis, partly due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, most cases are diagnosed at advanced stage. With the continuous in-depth research of glycoproteomics in precision medical diagnosis, there have been some reports on quantitative analysis of cancer-related cells, plasma or tissues to find specific biomarkers for targeted therapy. This research is based on the developed complete N-linked glycopeptide database search engine GPSeeker, combined with liquid-mass spectrometry and stable diethyl isotope labeling, providing a benchmark of site- and structure-specific quantitative tissue N-glycoproteomics for discovery of potential N-glycoprotein markers. With spectrum-level FDR ≤1%, 20,038 intact N-Glycopeptides corresponding to 4518 peptide backbones, 228 N-glycan monosaccharide compositions 1026 N-glycan putative structures, 4460 N-glycosites and 3437 intact N-glycoproteins were identified. With the criteria of ≥1.5-fold change and p value<0.05, 52 differentially expressed intact N-glycopeptides (DEGPs) were found in pancreatic cancer tussues relative to control, where 38 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated, respectively.
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The Role of Lysosomes in the Cancer Progression: Focus on the Extracellular Matrix Degradation. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2021. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2020-5.6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Basu S, Cheriyamundath S, Gavert N, Brabletz T, Haase G, Ben-Ze'ev A. Increased expression of cathepsin D is required for L1-mediated colon cancer progression. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5217-5228. [PMID: 31497251 PMCID: PMC6718269 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of Wnt/β-catenin target genes is considered a key step in human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We previously identified the immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion receptor L1 as a target gene of β-catenin/TCF transactivation that is localized at the invasive edge of CRC tissue. Using gene arrays, we discovered a number of downstream target genes and signaling pathways conferred by L1 overexpression during colon cancer progression. Here, we have used a proteomic approach to identify proteins in the secretome of L1-overexpressing CRC cells and studied the role of the increase in the aspartate protease cathepsin D (CTSD) in L1-mediated colon cancer development. We found that in addition to the increase in CTSD in the secretome, the RNA and protein levels of CTSD were also induced by L1 in CRC cells. CTSD overexpression resulted in elevated proliferation under stress and increased motility, tumorigenesis and liver metastasis, although to a lesser extent than after L1-transfection. The suppression of endogenous CTSD in L1-expressing cells blocked the increase in the proliferative, motile, tumorigenic and metastatic ability of CRC cells. Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling by the inhibition of GSK3β resulted in increased endogenous CTSD levels, suggesting the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in CTSD expression. In human CRC tissue, CTSD was detected in epithelial cells and in the stromal compartment at the more invasive areas of the tumor, but not in the normal mucosa, indicating that CTSD plays an essential role in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Basu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sanith Cheriyamundath
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nancy Gavert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Gal Haase
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avri Ben-Ze'ev
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Gonzalez-Valdivieso J, Girotti A, Muñoz R, Rodriguez-Cabello JC, Arias FJ. Self-Assembling ELR-Based Nanoparticles as Smart Drug-Delivery Systems Modulating Cellular Growth via Akt. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1996-2007. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gonzalez-Valdivieso
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Muñoz
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Rodriguez-Cabello
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - F. Javier Arias
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Pappa KI, Kontostathi G, Makridakis M, Lygirou V, Zoidakis J, Daskalakis G, Anagnou NP. High Resolution Proteomic Analysis of the Cervical Cancer Cell Lines Secretome Documents Deregulation of Multiple Proteases. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:507-521. [PMID: 29109100 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic infection by HPV, eventually leads to cervical carcinogenesis, associated by deregulation of specific pathways and protein expression at the intracellular and secretome level. Thus, secretome analysis can elucidate the biological mechanisms contributing to cervical cancer. In the present study we systematically analyzed its constitution in four cervical cell lines employing a highly sensitive proteomic technology coupled with bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC/MS-MS proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were performed in the secretome of four informative cervical cell lines SiHa (HPV16+), HeLa (HPV18+), C33A (HPV-) and HCK1T (normal). RESULTS The proteomic pattern of each cancer cell line compared to HCK1T was identified and a detailed bioinformatics analysis disclosed inhibition of matrix metalloproteases in cancer cell lines. This prediction was further confirmed via zymography for MMP-2 and MMP-9, western blot analysis for ADAM10 and by MRM for TIMP1. The differential expression of important secreted proteins such as CATD, FUCA1 and SOD2 was also confirmed by western blot analysis. MRM-targeted proteomics analysis confirmed the differential expression of CATD, CATB, SOD2, QPCT and NEU1. CONCLUSION High resolution proteomics analysis of cervical cancer secretome revealed significantly deregulated biological processes and proteins implicated in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi I Pappa
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece .,First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kontostathi
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - George Daskalakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P Anagnou
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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9
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Mehrotra S, Wickremesekera SK, Brasch HD, Van Schaijik B, Marsh RW, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression and Localization of Cathepsins B, D and G in Cancer Stem Cells in Liver Metastasis From Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Surg 2018; 5:40. [PMID: 30177970 PMCID: PMC6110174 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We have previously identified and characterized cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations in liver metastasis from colon adenocarcinoma (LMCA). In this study we investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D and G, in relation to these CSCs. Methods 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cathepsins B, D and G was performed on 4μm-thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded LMCA sections from nine patients. Immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining was performed on three representative samples of LMCA from the original cohort of nine patients, to determine the localization of these cathepsins in relation to the CSC subpopulations. NanoString mRNA analysis and Western Blotting (WB) were used to examine the transcript and protein expression of these cathepsins, respectively. Enzyme activity assays were utilized to determine their functional activity. Data acquired from counting of cells staining positively of the cathepsins on the DAB IHC-stained slides and from Nanostring mRNA analysis were subjected to statistical analyses to determine significance. Results DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D and G within LMCA. IF IHC staining demonstrated the expression of both cathepsin B and cathepsin D by the OCT4− cells within the tumor nests and the OCT4+ CSC subpopulation within the peritumoral stroma. NanoString mRNA analysis showed significantly greater transcript expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D, compared to cathepsin G. WB confirmed expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D proteins, while cathepsin G was below detectable levels. Enzyme activity assays showed functional activity of cathepsin B and cathepsin D. Conclusion Our study demonstrated novel finding of the expression of cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and possibly cathepsin G by the putative CSC subpopulations within LMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susrutha K Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Section, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Reginald W Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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Kitazawa S, Nishizawa S, Nakagawa H, Funata M, Nishimura K, Soga T, Hara T. Cancer with low cathepsin D levels is susceptible to vacuolar (H + )-ATPase inhibition. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1185-1193. [PMID: 28317223 PMCID: PMC5480082 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar (H+)‐ATPases (V‐ATPases) have important roles in the supply of nutrients to tumors by mediating autophagy and the endocytic uptake of extracellular fluids. Accordingly, V‐ATPases are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer. However, the clinical use of V‐ATPase inhibitors as anticancer drugs has not been realized, possibly owing to their high toxicity in humans. Inhibition of V‐ATPase may be an appropriate strategy in highly susceptible cancers. In this study, we explored markers of V‐ATPase inhibitor sensitivity. V‐ATPase inhibitors led to pH impairment in acidic intracellular compartments, suppression of macropinocytosis, and decreased intracellular amino acid levels. The sensitivity of cells to V‐ATPase inhibitors was correlated with low cathepsin D expression, and cancer cells showed increased sensitivity to V‐ATPase inhibitors after pretreatment with a cathepsin D inhibitor and siRNA targeting the cathepsin D gene (CTSD). In addition, V‐ATPase inhibitor treatment led to the induction of the amino acid starvation response, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, and suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in cells expressing low levels of cathepsin D. Some colorectal cancer patients showed the downregulation of cathepsin D in tumor tissues compared with matched normal tissues. These findings indicate that V‐ATPase inhibitors are promising therapeutic options for cancers with downregulated cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitazawa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishizawa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Funata
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazuho Nishimura
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Hara
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Cai M, Li W, Gao JJ, Wang Z, Zhou ZX, Han Y, Sun YL, Zhao XH. Significance of detection of urinary cathepsin D in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2170-2177. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i14.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To find a more economical method for monitoring colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis by detecting whether cathepsin D can be used as a urinary biomarker of colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis.
METHODS: Random mid-stream urine samples were collected from patients with colorectal carcinoma with or without liver metastasis. The urine protein was enriched on NC membrane through pumping filtration, and Western blot was used to detect the concentration of cathepsin D after elution. Urine creatine was used to normalise the result.
RESULTS: The enriched protein showed a good quality and Western blot results indicated that the concentration of cathepsin D in urine of patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis was significantly higher than those of healthy controls and CRC patients without metastasis.
CONCLUSION: The method of urine protein enrichment allows to obtain high quality urine protein quickly, and urinary cathepsin D may serve as a potential biomarker of colorectal carcinoma liver metastasis.
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Increased cathepsin D protein expression is a biomarker for osteosarcomas, pulmonary metastases and other bone malignancies. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26203049 PMCID: PMC4599286 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer proteomics provide a powerful approach to identify biomarkers for personalized medicine. Particularly, biomarkers for early detection, prognosis and therapeutic intervention of bone cancers, especially osteosarcomas, are missing. Initially, we compared two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)-based protein expression pattern between cell lines of fetal osteoblasts, osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastasis derived from osteosarcoma. Two independent statistical analyses by means of PDQuest® and SameSpot® software revealed a common set of 34 differentially expressed protein spots (p < 0.05). 17 Proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis resulting in one high-ranked network associated with Gene Expression, Cell Death and Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction. Ran/TC4-binding protein (RANBP1) and Cathepsin D (CTSD) were further validated by Western Blot in cell lines while the latter one showed higher expression differences also in cytospins and in clinical samples using tissue microarrays comprising osteosarcomas, metastases, other bone malignancies, and control tissues. The results show that protein expression patterns distinguish fetal osteoblasts from osteosarcomas, pulmonary metastases, and other bone diseases with relevant sensitivities between 55.56% and 100% at ≥87.50% specificity. Particularly, CTSD was validated in clinical material and could thus serve as a new biomarker for bone malignancies and potentially guide individualized treatment regimes.
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Zhang J, Jin Y, Xu S, Zheng J, Zhang QI, Wang Y, Chen J, Huang Y, He X, Zhao Z. AGR2 is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor survival. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2075-2083. [PMID: 26998125 PMCID: PMC4774612 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) has been reported as a novel biomarker with a potential oncogenic role. However, its association with the prognosis and survival rate of gastric cancer (GC) has not yet been determined. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the expression and prognostic significance of AGR2 in patients with GC. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze AGR2 and cathepsin D (CTSD) protein expression in 436 clinicopathologically characterized GC cases and 92 noncancerous tissue samples. AGR2 and CTSD expression were both elevated in GC lesions compared with noncancerous tissues. In 204/436 (46.8%) GC patients, high expression of AGR2 was positively correlated with the expression of CTSD (r=0.577, P<0.01). Furthermore, several clinicopathological parameters were significantly associated with AGR2 expression level, including tumor size, depth of invasion and TNM stage (P<0.05). Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, it was determined that the mean survival time of patients with low levels of AGR2 expression was significantly longer than those with high ARG2 expression (in stages I, II and III; P<0.05). For stage IV disease, no significant difference in survival time was identified. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that AGR2 was an independent prognostic factor and was associated in the progression of GC. The findings of the present study indicate that AGR2 expression is significantly associated with location and size of GC, depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymphatic metastasis, vessel invasion, distant metastasis, Lauren's classification, high CTSD expression and poor prognosis. Thus, AGR2 may be a novel GC marker and may present a potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Shaonan Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiayin Zheng
- Department of Probability and Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Q I Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yazeng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xujun He
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Vezenkov LL, Sanchez CA, Bellet V, Martin V, Maynadier M, Bettache N, Lisowski V, Martinez J, Garcia M, Amblard M, Hernandez JF. Structure-Activity Relationships of JMV4463, a Vectorized Cathepsin D Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Properties: The Unique Role of the AMPA-Based Vector. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir L. Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Clément A. Sanchez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Virginie Bellet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marie Maynadier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marcel Garcia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-François Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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15
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Pereira H, Oliveira CSF, Castro L, Preto A, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Yeast as a tool to explore cathepsin D function. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:225-234. [PMID: 28357298 PMCID: PMC5349170 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D has garnered increased attention in recent years, mainly since it has been associated with several human pathologies. In particular, cathepsin D is often overexpressed and hypersecreted in cancer cells, implying it may constitute a therapeutic target. However, cathepsin D can have both anti- and pro-survival functions depending on its proteolytic activity, cellular context and stress stimulus. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of cathepsin D regulation and how to modulate its apoptotic functions is clearly needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of cathepsin D in physiological and pathological scenarios. We then focus on the opposing functions of cathepsin D in apoptosis, particularly relevant in cancer research. Emphasis is given to the role of the yeast protease Pep4p, the vacuolar counterpart of cathepsin D, in life and death. Finally, we discuss how insights from yeast cathepsin D and its role in regulated cell death can unveil novel functions of mammalian cathepsin D in apoptosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pereira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - C S F Oliveira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. ; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Castro
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Preto
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - S R Chaves
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Côrte-Real
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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16
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Cathepsin D protects colorectal cancer cells from acetate-induced apoptosis through autophagy-independent degradation of damaged mitochondria. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1788. [PMID: 26086961 PMCID: PMC4669836 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid secreted by Propionibacteria from the human intestine, known to induce mitochondrial apoptotic death in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We previously established that acetate also induces lysosome membrane permeabilization in CRC cells, associated with release of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CatD), which has a well-established role in the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. Unexpectedly, we showed that CatD has an antiapoptotic role in this process, as pepstatin A (a CatD inhibitor) increased acetate-induced apoptosis. These results mimicked our previous data in the yeast system showing that acetic acid activates a mitochondria-dependent apoptosis process associated with vacuolar membrane permeabilization and release of the vacuolar protease Pep4p, ortholog of mammalian CatD. Indeed, this protease was required for cell survival in a manner dependent on its catalytic activity and for efficient mitochondrial degradation independently of autophagy. In this study, we therefore assessed the role of CatD in acetate-induced mitochondrial alterations. We found that, similar to acetic acid in yeast, acetate-induced apoptosis is not associated with autophagy induction in CRC cells. Moreover, inhibition of CatD with small interfering RNA or pepstatin A enhanced apoptosis associated with higher mitochondrial dysfunction and increased mitochondrial mass. This effect seems to be specific, as inhibition of CatB and CatL with E-64d had no effect, nor were these proteases significantly released to the cytosol during acetate-induced apoptosis. Using yeast cells, we further show that the role of Pep4p in mitochondrial degradation depends on its protease activity and is complemented by CatD, indicating that this mechanism is conserved. In summary, the clues provided by the yeast model unveiled a novel CatD function in the degradation of damaged mitochondria when autophagy is impaired, which protects CRC cells from acetate-induced apoptosis. CatD inhibitors could therefore enhance acetate-mediated cancer cell death, presenting a novel strategy for prevention or therapy of CRC.
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17
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Aptamers Selected to Postoperative Lung Adenocarcinoma Detect Circulating Tumor Cells in Human Blood. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1486-96. [PMID: 26061649 PMCID: PMC4817883 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are rare cells and valuable clinical markers of prognosis of metastasis formation and prediction of patient survival. Most CTC analyses are based on the antibody-based detection of a few epithelial markers; therefore miss an important portion of mesenchymal cancer cells circulating in blood. In this work, we selected and identified DNA aptamers as specific affinity probes that bind to lung adenocarcinoma cells derived from postoperative tissues. The unique feature of our selection strategy is that aptamers are produced for lung cancer cell biomarkers in their native state and conformation without previous knowledge of the biomarkers. The aptamers did not bind to normal lung cells and lymphocytes, and had very low affinity to A549 lung adenocarcinoma culture. We applied these aptamers to detect CTCs, apoptotic bodies, and microemboli in clinical samples of peripheral blood of lung cancer and metastatic lung cancer patients. We identified aptamer-associated protein biomarkers for lung cancer such as vimentin, annexin A2, annexin A5, histone 2B, neutrophil defensin, and clusterin. Tumor-specific aptamers can be produced for individual patients and synthesized many times during anticancer therapy, thereby opening up the possibility of personalized diagnostics.
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18
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Segal E, Prestwood TR, van der Linden WA, Carmi Y, Bhattacharya N, Withana N, Verdoes M, Habtezion A, Engleman EG, Bogyo M. Detection of intestinal cancer by local, topical application of a quenched fluorescence probe for cysteine cathepsins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:148-58. [PMID: 25579207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of colonic polyps can prevent up to 90% of colorectal cancer deaths. Conventional colonoscopy readily detects the majority of premalignant lesions, which exhibit raised morphology. However, lesions that are flat and depressed are often undetected using this method. Therefore, there is a need for molecular-based contrast agents to improve detection rates over conventional colonoscopy. We evaluated a quenched fluorescent activity-based probe (qABP; BMV109) that targets multiple cysteine cathepsins that are overexpressed in intestinal dysplasia in a genetic model of spontaneous intestinal polyp formation and in a chemically induced model of colorectal carcinoma. We found that the qABP selectively targets cysteine cathepsins, resulting in high sensitivity and specificity for intestinal tumors in mice and humans. Additionally, the qABP can be administered by either intravenous injection or by local delivery to the colon, making it a highly valuable tool for improved detection of colorectal lesions using fluorescence-guided colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Segal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wouter A van der Linden
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nimali Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Mortato M, Argentiere S, De Gregorio GL, Gigli G, Blasi L. Enzyme-responsive multifunctional surfaces for controlled uptake/release of (bio)molecules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:89-95. [PMID: 25280608 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current trend in the development of biomaterials is towards bioactive and biodegradable systems. In particular, enzyme-responsive structures are useful tools to realize biodegradable surfaces for the controlled delivery of biomolecules/drugs through a triggered surface erosion process. Up to now, enzyme-responsive structures have been designed by covalent linkage between synthetic polymers and biodegradable functionalities that are responsive to chemical and biological cues (i.e. proteases or pH) [1-4]. Here, we present a novel approach to achieve enzyme-responsive surface-attached networks by exploiting the non-covalent interaction between streptavidin and biotin. The functional component of this three-dimensional (3D) structure is a layer of biotinylated peptides that are degraded by the action of specific proteases. The system was stable under typical physiological conditions; however, it was efficiently degraded upon enzyme exposure. Further, the controlled release of biomolecules and drugs--previously entrapped into the surface-attached network--was demonstrated to occur as a consequence of the enzymatic cleavage. This versatile approach does not require complex chemical procedures. Interestingly, it can be easily adapted to different enzyme-peptide partners and therefore is very attractive for tissue replacement, drug delivery and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Mortato
- University of Salento, Superior School ISUFI, Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; CNR-Institute of Nanoscience, NNL-Lecce, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Gian Luca De Gregorio
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- University of Salento, Superior School ISUFI, Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; CNR-Institute of Nanoscience, NNL-Lecce, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano Lecce, Italy
| | - Laura Blasi
- CNR-Institute of Nanoscience, NNL-Lecce, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Shin IY, Sung NY, Lee YS, Kwon TS, Si Y, Lee YS, Oh ST, Lee IK. The expression of multiple proteins as prognostic factors in colorectal cancer: cathepsin D, p53, COX-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, C-erbB-2, and Ki-67. Gut Liver 2013; 8:13-23. [PMID: 24516696 PMCID: PMC3916682 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2014.8.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A single gene mutation alone cannot explain the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. This study aimed to establish a correlation between the expression of six proteins and the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. METHODS Tissue samples were collected from 266 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer at our institution from January 2006 to December 2007. The expression of six proteins were determined using immunohistochemical staining of specimens. RESULTS Cathepsin D, p53, COX-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-erbB-2, and Ki-67 expression were detected in 38.7%, 60.9%, 37.6%, 35.7%, 30.1%, and 74.4% of the samples, respectively. The expression of cathepsin D was significantly correlated with reduced cancer-free survival (p=0.036) and colorectal cancer-specific survival (p=0.003), but the other expression levels were not. In a multivariate analysis, cathepsin D expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poorer colorectal cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio, 8.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 68.49). Furthermore, patients with tumors expressing four or more of the proteins had a significantly decreased cancer-free survival rate (p=0.006) and colorectal cancer-specific survival rate (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Patients with cathepsin D positivity had a poorer outcome than patients who were cathepsin D-negative. Thus, cathepsin D may provide an indicator for appropriate intensive follow-up and adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Yong Shin
- Department of Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Young Sung
- Department of Biostatistics and Computing, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taek Soo Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Si
- Department of Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seong Taek Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sun H, Lou X, Shan Q, Zhang J, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xie Y, Xu N, Liu S. Proteolytic characteristics of cathepsin D related to the recognition and cleavage of its target proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65733. [PMID: 23840360 PMCID: PMC3688724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD) plays an important role in both biological and pathological processes, although the cleavage characteristics and substrate selection of CD have yet to be fully explored. We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the CD cleavage sites in bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that the hydrophobic residues at P1 were not only a preferential factor for CD cleavage but that the hydrophobicity at P1’ also contributed to CD recognition. The concept of hydrophobic scores of neighbors (HSN) was proposed to describe the hydrophobic microenvironment of CD recognition sites. The survey of CD cleavage characteristics in several proteins suggested that the HSN was a sensitive indicator for judging the favorable sites in peptides for CD cleavage, with HSN values of 0.5–1.0 representing a likely threshold. Ovalbumin (OVA), a protein resistant to CD cleavage in its native state, was easily cleaved by CD after denaturation, and the features of the cleaved peptides were quite similar to those found in BSA, where a higher HSN value indicated greater cleavability. We further conducted two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) to find more proteins that were insensitive to CD cleavage in CD-knockdown cells. Based on an analysis of secondary and three-dimensional structures, we postulated that intact proteins with a structure consisting of all α-helices would be relatively accessible to CD cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
| | - Siqi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
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Effects of Rab27a on proliferation, invasion, and anti-apoptosis in human glioma cell. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2195-203. [PMID: 23553027 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between Rab27a and the characteristics of glioma cell U251 such as proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion and to provide an experimental basis for future therapy in human glioma. Recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.1-Rab27a was constructed and transfected into U251 cells with the help of Lipofectamine™2000. The expression of Rab27a was detected by Western blot. Cell viability, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and cell migration were analyzed, respectively, by (3-(4,5)-dimethylthi-azol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell invasion chamber methods. Meanwhile, the effect of Rab27a on secretion of cathepsin D in U251 cells was also examined. With the help of luciferase reporter assay system, the relationship between miR-124 and gene Rab27a expression was explored. Western blot showed that the expression of Rab27a was significantly increased in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group (p < 0.01) and that was significantly decreased in Rab27a-shRNA transfection group (p < 0.01) compared with control group. MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell invasion chamber experiment indicated that cell viability (p < 0.01), proliferation index (p < 0.05), and invasion ability (p < 0.01) were improved significantly in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group compared with control group and that cell viability (p < 0.01), proliferation index (p < 0.05), and invasion ability (p < 0.01) were reduced markedly in Rab27a-shRNA transfection group compared with control group. The apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that the ratio of apoptosis in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group was significantly lower than that in control group (p < 0.05) and the ratio was notably higher in Rab27a-shRNAtransfection group than that in the control group. Cathepsin D activity assay indicated that the release of cathepsin D was enhanced in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). Rab27a could increase the glioma cell ability, promote proliferation and invasion, and suppress cell apoptosis. The above-stated effects of Rab27a possibly were exerted by increasing the secretion of cathepsin D and regulated by miR-124. In addition, the inhibition of expression of Rab27a perhaps benefited the therapy for glioma patients.
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