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Fatima M, Dar MA, Dhanavade MJ, Abbas SZ, Bukhari MN, Arsalan A, Liao Y, Wan J, Shah Syed Bukhari J, Ouyang Z. Biosynthesis and Pharmacological Activities of the Bioactive Compounds of White Mulberry ( Morus alba): Current Paradigms and Future Challenges. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:506. [PMID: 39056699 PMCID: PMC11274221 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Traditional natural products have been the focus of research to explore their medicinal properties. One such medicinally important plant is the white mulberry, Morus alba, widely distributed in the Asian subcontinent. It is one of the most cultivated species of mulberry tree and has attracted more focus from researchers because of its abundance in phytochemicals as well as multipurpose uses. The leaves, fruits and other parts of the white mulberry plant act as a source of valuable bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These secondary metabolites have manifold healthy uses as they possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, neutrotrophic, and anticancer properties. Despite the increasing scientific interest in this plant, there are very few reviews that highlight the phytochemistry and biological potential of white mulberry for biomedical research. To this end, this review elaborates the phytochemistry, biosynthetic pathways and pharmacological activities of the glycoside flavonoids of Morus alba. A comprehensive analysis of the available literature indicates that Morus alba could emerge as a promising natural agent to combat diverse conditions including diabetes, cancer, inflammation and infectious diseases. To achieve such important objectives, it is crucial to elucidate the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of the bioactive compounds in white mulberry as well as the multifaceted pharmacological effects attributed to this plant resource. The present review paper is intended to present a summary of existing scientific data and a guide for further research in the phytochemistry and pharmacology of white mulberry. Further, a biosynthetic pathway analysis of the glycoside flavonoid in mulberry is also given. Lastly, we discuss the pros and cons of the current research to ensure the prudent and effective therapeutic value of mulberry for promoting human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fatima
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.F.)
| | - Mudasir A. Dar
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuel Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Maruti J. Dhanavade
- Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Dr Patangrao Kadam Mahavidyalaya, Sangli 416416, India
| | - Syed Zaghum Abbas
- College of Engineering, Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Kajang-Puchong, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdullah Arsalan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yangzhen Liao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jingqiong Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.F.)
| | | | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.F.)
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Rangseekajee P, Piyavhatkul N, Wattanathorn J, Thukham-mee W, Paholpak P. Positive effects of anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk on mental health problems in the working population: an open-label study. Nutr Res Pract 2024; 18:110-118. [PMID: 38352214 PMCID: PMC10861345 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Depression and anxiety are common mental health problems. Anthocyanins from berries might have an inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes and alleviate various mood and anxiety symptoms. This study examined the effects of a daily supplement of an anthocyanin-rich product on mental health problems. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study was a secondary analysis from a randomized, 6-week, open-label trial in 300 healthy participants aged 18-60 years who consumed 1 or 2 servings of anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk daily. The General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to monitor mental health problems. In addition, the saliva activity levels of MAO-A, MAO-B, and cortisol were examined at the baseline and after 6 weeks. RESULTS The total scores of the GHQ-28 and HADS and all their subscales decreased in both groups (all P < 0.05). The cortisol, MAO-A, and MAO-B activities decreased significantly (all P <0.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups (all P > 0.05). Significant correlations were noted between the decreased activity level of MAO-A enzyme and decreased scores from the GHQ-28 somatic subscale and the HADS depression subscale (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk possibly improves mental health problems by reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in the working population. The suppression of MAO-A activity is a possible underlying mechanism. Trial Registration Thai Clinical Trial Registration: #TCTR20201031002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonsri Rangseekajee
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Brain and Mind Wellness Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Nawanant Piyavhatkul
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Brain and Mind Wellness Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukham-mee
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Pongsatorn Paholpak
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Brain and Mind Wellness Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
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Sood P, Singh V, Shri R. Morus Alba Fruit Extract and its Fractions Ameliorate Streptozotocin Induced Cognitive Deficit in Mice via Modulating Oxidative and Cholinergic Systems. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:52-65. [PMID: 37597050 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity are key pathological characters contributing to the memory disorders. Thus, drugs targeting both oxidative stress and AChE are being explored for the management of cognitive dysfunction. Morus alba fruits (commonly consumed for its high nutritious value) are known to have antioxidant and AChE inhibitory effects. However, the role of Morus alba fruits in the management of memory disorders has not reported yet. This investigation was conducted to assess the antioxidant and AChE inhibitory potential of Morus alba fruit extracts in-vitro and to identify the components responsible for such effects. Further, the obtained bioactive component was studied for possible memory improvement effects against streptozotocin (STZ) induced dementia. To isolate the bioactive component in-vitro DPPH and AChE assays guided fractionation was performed. Memory functions in mice were determined using Morris Water Maze test while brain biochemical parameters were measured to understand the mechanism of action. In-vitro assays revealed strong AChE and DPPH inhibitory potential of methanol extract (ME), therefore, it was further fractionated. Among various fractions obtained, ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) was found to possess marked AChE and DPPH inhibitory activities. On subsequent fractionation of EAF, bioactivity of obtained sub-fractions was found to be inferior to EAF. Further, both ME and EAF improved STZ (intracerebroventricular) induced cognitive dysfunction in animals by restoring endogenous antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) and reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive species and nitric oxide levels along with brain AChE and myeloperoxidase activity. TLC densitometric studies showed appreciable levels of phenolic acids and quercetin in both EAF and ME. It can be concluded that Morus alba fruit extract has the ability to modulate cholinergic and oxidative system due to presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and hence, could aid in the management of memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Sood
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| | - Richa Shri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Wattanathorn J, Tong-un T, Thukham-mee W, Paholpak P, Rangseekhajee P. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of an Anthocyanin-Rich Functional Ingredient on Cognitive Function and Eye Dryness in Late Adulthood Volunteers: Roles of Epigenetic and Gut Microbiome Modulations. Nutrients 2023; 15:3499. [PMID: 37630690 PMCID: PMC10459889 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the rising demand for supplements targeting cognitive enhancement and dry eye together with the health benefits of anthocyanins, we have developed a functional soup containing an anthocyanin-rich functional ingredient, or "Anthaplex," and assessed the effects on cognitive function and eye dryness together with the possible mechanisms. A total of 69 male and female health volunteers were randomized and divided into placebo, D2, and D4 groups. All subjects consumed 120 mL of placebo or functional soup containing "Anthaplex" either at 2 or 4 g per serving per day within 5 min in the morning for eight weeks. The cognitive function, working memory, dry eye, AChE, MAO, MAO-A, MAO-B, and GABA-T activities, BDNF, HAC, HDAC, and DNMT activities, pH, and amount of lactic acid-producing bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in feces, were determined before intervention and after eight weeks of consumption. Subjects who consumed the "Anthaplex" soup had improved cognitive function, working memory, eye dryness, histone acetylation, ACh E suppression, and BDNF with increased Bifidobacterium spp. but decreased pH in feces. These data suggest that "Anthaplex" improves cognitive function and eye dryness via the modulations of the histone acetylation process, gut microbiome, and cholinergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (T.T.-u.); (W.T.-m.)
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Terdthai Tong-un
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (T.T.-u.); (W.T.-m.)
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukham-mee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (T.T.-u.); (W.T.-m.)
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pongsatorn Paholpak
- Department Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Poonsri Rangseekhajee
- Department Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.P.); (P.R.)
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Wu Q, Naeem A, Zou J, Yu C, Wang Y, Chen J, Ping Y. Isolation of Phenolic Compounds from Raspberry Based on Molecular Imprinting Techniques and Investigation of Their Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27206893. [PMID: 36296486 PMCID: PMC9611113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. Raspberry fruits contain polyphenols which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we used molecular imprinting technology to efficiently isolate phenolic components from the raspberry ethyl acetate extracts. Six phenolic components (ellagic acid, tiliroside, kaempferol-3-o-rutoside, gallic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Molecular docking was used to predict the anti-inflammatory effects and anti-Alzheimer's potential of these isolated compounds, which showed a good binding ability to diseases and related proteins. However, the binding energy and docking fraction of ellagic acid, tiliroside, and kaempferol-3-o-rutoside were better than those of gallic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid. Additionally, by studying the effects of these six phenolic components on the LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory mediators in murine microglial (BV2) cells, it was further demonstrated that they were all capable of inhibiting the secretion of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β to a certain extent. However, ellagic acid, tiliroside, and kaempferol-3-o-rutoside have better inhibitory effects compared to others. The results obtained suggest that the phenolic components extracted from ethyl acetate extracts of raspberry by molecularly imprinted polymers have the potential to inhibit the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jiamei Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Chengqun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Impairment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuhui Ping
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
- Correspondence:
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Discovering the Effects of Fisetin on NF-κB/NLRP-3/NRF-2 Molecular Pathways in a Mouse Model of Vascular Dementia Induced by Repeated Bilateral Carotid Occlusion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061448. [PMID: 35740470 PMCID: PMC9221103 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading cause of dementia. The majority of VaD patients have cognitive abnormalities, which are caused by cerebral hypoperfusion-induced ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Natural products are receiving increasing attention for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular pathways underlying the protective effects of fisetin, a flavonoid present in many fruits and vegetables, in a mouse model of VaD induced by repeated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) of the total bilateral carotid artery. Here, we found that VaD caused brain injury, lipid peroxidation, and neuronal death in the hippocampus, as well as astrocyte and microglial activation, and reduced BDNF neurotrophic factor expression together with behavioral alterations. In addition, VaD induced the activation of inflammasome components (NLRP-3, ASC, and caspase 1), and their downstream products (IL-1β and IL-18) release and promote activation of apoptotic cell death. Fisetin attenuated histological injury, malondialdehyde levels, inflammasome pathway activation, apoptosis, as well as increased BDNF expression, reduced astrocyte, microglial activation, and cognitive deficits. In conclusion, the protective effects of fisetin could be due to the inhibition of the ROS-induced activation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome together with the activation of antioxidant Nrf2/HO-1, suggesting a possible crosstalk between these molecular pathways.
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Guo P, Zhang B, Zhao J, Wang C, Wang Z, Liu A, Du G. Medicine-Food Herbs against Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Their Traditional Functional Features, Substance Basis, Clinical Practices and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030901. [PMID: 35164167 PMCID: PMC8839204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that currently has reached epidemic proportions among elderly populations around the world. In China, available traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) that organically combine functional foods with medicinal values are named “Medicine Food Homology (MFH)”. In this review, we focused on MFH varieties for their traditional functional features, substance bases, clinical uses, and mechanisms of action (MOAs) for AD prevention and treatment. We consider the antiAD active constituents from MFH species, their effects on in vitro/in vivo AD models, and their drug targets and signal pathways by summing up the literature via a systematic electronic search (SciFinder, PubMed, and Web of Science). In this paper, several MFH plant sources are discussed in detail from in vitro/in vivo models and methods, to MOAs. We found that most of the MFH varieties exert neuroprotective effects and ameliorate cognitive impairments by inhibiting neuropathological signs (Aβ-induced toxicity, amyloid precursor protein, and phosphorylated Tau immunoreactivity), including anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, antiautophagy, and antiapoptosis, etc. Indeed, some MFH substances and their related phytochemicals have a broad spectrum of activities, so they are superior to simple single-target drugs in treating chronic diseases. This review can provide significant guidance for people’s healthy lifestyles and drug development for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (G.D.)
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The Positive Modulation Effect of a 6-Week Consumption of an Anthocyanin-Rich Mulberry Milk on Working Memory, Cholinergic, and Monoaminergic Functions in Healthy Working-Age Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5520059. [PMID: 34484562 PMCID: PMC8416394 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5520059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increase of stress-related memory impairment accompanying with the COVID-19 pandemic and financial crisis, the prevention of cognitive decline induced by stress has gained much attention. Based on the evidence that an anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk demonstrated the cognitive enhancing effect, we hypothesized that it should be able to enhance memory in working-age volunteers who are exposed to working stress. This study is an open-label, two-arm randomized study. Both men and women volunteers at age between 18 and 60 years old were randomly assigned to consume the tested product either 1 or 2 servings daily for 6 weeks. All subjects were assessed for cortisol, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A), and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) in saliva, and their working memory was determined both at baseline and at a 6-week period. The results showed that the working memory of subjects in both groups was enhanced at the end of the study period together with the reduction of saliva cortisol. The suppression of AChE, MAO, and MAO-A was also observed in subjects who consumed the tested product 2 servings daily. Therefore, we suggest the memory enhancing effect of an anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk. The possible mechanism may occur primarily via the suppression of cortisol. In addition, the high dose of mulberry milk also suppresses AChE, MAO, and MAO-A.
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Fan W, Zhang Y, Li X, Xu C. S-oxiracetam Facilitates Cognitive Restoration after Ischemic Stroke by Activating α7nAChR and the PI3K-Mediated Pathway. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:888-904. [PMID: 33481205 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
S-oxiracetam (S-ORC), a nootropic drug, was used to protect against ischemic stroke by lessening the blood brain barrier dysfunction and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. However, the potential effects of S-ORC in the recovery of cognitive functions after ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) in rats was used as the animal model. By using Y-maze test, Morris water maze, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (dUTp) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical staining and western blot to evaluate the protective effect of S-ORC on cognitive recovery, we were able to confirm that S-ORC ameliorated spatial learning impairment, tissue loss, and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and injury induced by MCAO/R in rats. These cognitive effects were achieved by restoring the normal function of synaptophysin and increasing PSD95 expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that methyllycaconitine, the antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), and LY294002, the inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), were able to block the cognitive effects of S-ORC after MCAO/R in rats. In conclusion, α7nAChR and PI3K are key molecules that mediated the signaling pathway leading to S-ORC-induced cognitive restoration after MCAO/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Tam DNH, Nam NH, Elhady MT, Tran L, Hassan OG, Sadik M, Tien PTM, Elshafei GA, Huy NT. Effects of Mulberry on The Central Nervous System: A Literature Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:193-219. [PMID: 32379591 PMCID: PMC8033976 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200507081531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mulberry, including several species belonging to genus Morus, has been widely used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Extracts and active components of mulberry have many positive neurological and biological effects and can become potential candidates in the search for new drugs for neurological disorders. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the medical literature for evidence of mulberry effects on the central nervous system. Methods We conducted a systematic search in nine databases. We included all in vivo studies investigating the effect of mulberry on the central nervous system with no restrictions. Results We finally included 47 articles for quality synthesis. Our findings showed that mulberry and its components possessed an antioxidant effect, showed a reduction in the cerebral infarct volume after stroke. They also improved the cognitive function, learning process, and reduced memory impairment in many animal models. M. alba and its extracts ameliorated Parkinson's disease-like behaviors, limited the complications of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, possessed anti-convulsant, anti-depressive, and anxiolytic effects. Conclusion Mulberry species proved beneficial to many neurological functions in animal models. The active ingredients of each species, especially M. alba, should be deeper studied for screening potential candidates for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Department of General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Mohamed Sadik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
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Paul A, Shakya A, Zaman MK. Assessment of acute and sub-chronic neurotoxicity of Morus alba L. fruits in rodents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Morus alba L. fruits are consumed since long for their nutritional and medicinal values. Although there were studies on the neuroprotective activity of the fruit extract, safety profile of the fruit extract is not yet explored as per the recommended standard guidelines over the central nervous system (CNS). The present work was aimed to assess the neurotoxicity profile of chemically characterized extract of M. alba L. fruits (MA) using validated OECD guidelines, i.e., 425 and 424 in rodents.
Results
Neurobehavioural parameters were examined for motor, sensory and behavioural responses using actophotometer, hot plate and light and dark box test, respectively as per OECD 424. Interestingly, no sign of mortality and/or adversity on mice treated per-orally with MA (2000 mg/kg) was observed during the limit test as per OECD 425. Further, rats treated with MA (1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days, showed insignificant (p < 0.05) changes in body weight, food consumption, neurobehavioural responses, organ weights and biochemical, haematological and histopathological features when compared with vehicle-treated animals.
Conclusion
The outcome of findings suggests that MA is safe in acute oral as well as sub-chronic (28 days) administration in mice and rats respectively. MA (1000 mg/kg) did not pose any toxic sign and symptoms on neurobehavioural responses in rats even after 28 days repeated treatment in compliance with OECD 424.
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Wattanathorn J, Palachai N, Thukham-mee W, Muchimapura S. Memory-Enhancing Effect of a Phytosome Containing the Combined Extract of Mulberry Fruit and Ginger in an Animal Model of Ischemic Stroke with Metabolic Syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3096826. [PMID: 32802263 PMCID: PMC7411500 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3096826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia following cerebral ischemia in metabolic syndrome (MetS) condition is increasing, and most of the cases are often severe. Unfortunately, no effective strategy for treating this condition is available. Based on the positive modulation effect of a polyphenol-rich substance on dementia and the improvement in bioavailability and stability of polyphenols induced by the phytosome technique together with the use of the synergistic concept, we hypothesized that a phytosome containing the combined extract of mulberry fruit and ginger (PMG) should mitigate dementia and memory impairment following ischemic stroke in MetS. MetS was induced in male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g by exposure to a 16-week feeding period of high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. MetS rats were orally given PMG at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg·kg-1 BW 21 days before and 21 days after the occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (Rt. MCAO). Then, their spatial memory was determined and the possible underlying mechanisms explored via the alterations of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neuron density, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and signal transduction via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. It was found that PMG significantly enhanced memory. It also decreased AChE, IL-6, and MDA but increased SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, neuron density, and phosphorylation of ERK. These data suggested the cognitive enhancing effect of PMG. The possible underlying mechanisms might occur partly via the improvement of cholinergic function via the ERK pathway together with the decrease in neurodegeneration induced by the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. However, a subchronic toxicity study is also required to assure the safety of PMG consumption before moving forward to a clinical trial study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - Nut Palachai
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - Wipawee Thukham-mee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - Supaporn Muchimapura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
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Palachai N, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Thukham-mee W. Phytosome Loading the Combined Extract of Mulberry Fruit and Ginger Protects against Cerebral Ischemia in Metabolic Syndrome Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5305437. [PMID: 32774678 PMCID: PMC7397413 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5305437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of ischemic stroke in metabolic syndrome (MetS) is continually increasing and produces a great impact on both qualities of life and annual healthcare budget. Due to the efficiency limitation of the current therapeutic strategy, the poor availability of polyphenol substances induced by the first pass effect and the beneficial effects of mulberry fruit and ginger on brain and MetS-related diseases together with the synergistic concept, the neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke in MetS condition of phytosome containing the combined extract of mulberry fruit and ginger (PMG) has been considered. To explore the neuroprotective effect and possible underlying mechanism of PMG on brain damage in cerebral ischemic rat with MetS, male Wistar rats were induced MetS by high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF) for 16 weeks and subjected to the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) at the right middle cerebral artery (Rt. MCAO). PMG at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg were orally fed with for 21 days, and they were assessed brain damage, neurological deficit score, and the changes of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, PPARγ expression, and epigenetic modification via DNMT-1 were performed. All doses of PMG significantly improved brain infarction, brain edema, and neurological deficit score. In addition, the reduction in DNMT-1, MDA level, NF-κB, TNFα, and C-reactive protein together with the increase in SOD, CAT, and GPH-Px activities, and PPARγ expression in the lesion brain were also observed. The current data clearly revealed the neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia with MetS condition. The possible underlying mechanism might occur partly via the suppression of DNMT-1 giving rise to the improvement of signal transduction via PPARγ resulting in the decreasing of inflammation and oxidative stress. In conclusion, PMG is the potential neuroprotectant candidate against ischemic stroke in the MetS condition. However, the clinical trial is still essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nut Palachai
- Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center in Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center in Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - Supaporn Muchimapura
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center in Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
| | - Wipawee Thukham-mee
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center in Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002
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Effect of Single Administration of Mulberry Milk on the Cognitive Function of 6-12-Year-Old Children: Results from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6123759. [PMID: 32685097 PMCID: PMC7336245 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, cognitive enhancers are considered necessary because they play a critical role in daily and social behaviors. The cognitive-enhancing effect of mulberry milk has gained attention due to the cognitive-enhancing effect of this anthocyanin-rich substance and the cognitive-enhancing effect of mulberry fruit in animal models. However, the effect of anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk in clinical trials especially in children is still unknown. This study was a randomized double-blind crossover intervention. A total of forty-six healthy, normal, cognitive subjects aged 6–12 years old were provided mulberry milk (containing mulberry 10 g) or placebo milk (50 mL). Attention and cognitive function were assessed using the auditory odd ball paradigm of event-related potential, whereas working memory was assessed using a computerized battery test. The assessment was performed at baseline and then at 1.5 and 3 hours postdosing. At the end of study period, the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) together with that of saliva cortisol were determined. Following mulberry milk intervention, the decreased N100 latency and the increased P300 amplitude were increased both at 1.5 and 3 hours after dosing. The decreased response time of digit updating was observed both at 1.5 and 3 hours after dosing, whereas the decreased response time of picture updating was observed at 3 hours after dosing. In addition, the reduction of saliva cortisol was also observed at both periods. The improvement of attention and cognitive processing capabilities together with the working memory suggests the cognitive-enhancing potential of mulberry milk for school-age children. The possible underlying mechanism may be associated partly with the reduction of cortisol, a stress hormone.
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Abstract
Fruits come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and flavors. This chapter will cover selected fruits that are known to be healthy and highly nutritious. These fruits were chosen due to their common usage and availability. Since it is not possible to cover all health benefits or essential nutrients and important phytochemicals of the fruit composition, this chapter will focus on the key valuable constituents and their potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan G Mohammed
- Qatar Research Leadership Program (QRLP), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Department, World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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Shin SK, Yoo JM, Li FY, Baek SY, Kim MR. Mulberry fruit improves memory in scopolamine-treated mice: role of cholinergic function, antioxidant system, and TrkB/Akt signaling. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:940-950. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1696613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Kyung Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Ohjeong Agricultural Products Inspection Office, Division of Food and Drug Research, Institute of Health and Environment in Daejeon, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Yoo
- Korean Medicine-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine R&D Team 1, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu Yi Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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The Combined Extract of Black Sticky Rice and Dill Improves Poststroke Cognitive Impairment in Metabolic Syndrome Condition. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9089035. [PMID: 30937145 PMCID: PMC6413387 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9089035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increase in cognitive deficit following stroke in metabolic syndrome (MetS) condition, the therapeutic strategy is still limited. Since oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play the crucial roles on the pathophysiology of aforementioned conditions, the cognitive enhancing effect of the combined extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens was considered based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective effects together with the synergistic effect concept. Male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were induced metabolic syndrome-like condition by using a high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF diet). Then, reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia was induced by the occlusion of right middle cerebral artery and treated with the combined extract of O. sativa and A. graveolens (OA extract) at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg BW once daily for 21 days. Spatial memory was assessed every 7 days throughout the experimental period. At the end of the study, neuron and glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP-) positive cell densities, the oxidative stress status, AChE, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) in the hippocampus were determined. The results showed that OA extract at all doses used in this study significantly improved memory together with the reductions of MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, AChE, and density of GFAP-positive cell but increased neuron density in the hippocampus. Taken together, OA is the potential cognitive enhancer in memory impairment following stroke in MetS condition. The possible underlying mechanism may occur partly via the reductions of oxidative stress status, GFAP-positive cell density, and neuroinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 together with the suppression of AChE activity in the hippocampus. This study suggests that OA is the potential functional ingredient to improve the cognitive enhancer. However, further clinical research is required.
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Wattanathorn J, Ohnon W, Thukhammee W, Muchmapura S, Wannanon P, Tong-un T. Cerebroprotective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia of the Combined Extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens in Metabolic Syndrome Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9658267. [PMID: 31827714 PMCID: PMC6885298 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9658267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel strategy against ischemic stroke in metabolic syndrome (MetS) targeting at oxidative stress and inflammation has gained attention due to the limitation of the current therapy. Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammation of the combined extract of Oryza sativa and Anethum graveolens, the cerebroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia in MetS condition has been focused. Since no data were available, this study was set up to determine the effects of the combined extract of Oryza sativa L. and Anethum graveolens Linn. against ischemic stroke in the animal model of metabolic syndrome. The possible underlying mechanism was also further investigated. Male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were fed with high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF diet) to induce metabolic syndrome-like condition. Then, MetS rats were subjected to reperfusion injury at the right middle cerebral artery. The combined extract of O. sativa and A. graveolens (OA extract) at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg BW was fed once daily for 21 days. Neurological assessment was performed every 7 days throughout the experimental period. At the end of study, brain infarction volume, neuron and glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP-) positive cell density, the oxidative stress status, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-6), and eNOS in the cortical area together with the expression of VCAM-1 and the histological changes of common carotid artery were determined. It was found that OA extract decreased brain infarction, neurological score, oxidative stress status, and inflammatory mediators but increased eNOS expression in the cortical area; the increased VCAM-1 and intima-media thickness together with the reduction of lumen diameter of common carotid artery of MetS eats with MCAO were also mitigated by OA extract. These data suggest the cerebroprotective effect of OA, and the underlying mechanism may occur partly via the improvement of oxidative stress status, inflammation, and brain blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Warin Ohnon
- 4Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukhammee
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Muchmapura
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panakaporn Wannanon
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Terdthai Tong-un
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 2Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- 3Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Boyina HK, Jerald MK, Bharatraj DK, Diwan PV. Influence of fisetin combined with hesperidin on chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in wistar rats. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ben-Azu B, Aderibigbe AO, Omogbiya IA, Ajayi AM, Owoeye O, Olonode ET, Iwalewa EO. Probable mechanisms involved in the antipsychotic-like activity of morin in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:1079-1090. [PMID: 30021344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence derived from preliminary studies suggests that morin, a neuroactive flavonoid with proven antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties possess antipsychotic-like activity. The present study was designed to evaluate the probable mechanisms involve in the antipsychotic-like activity of morin in ketamine model of schizophrenia. The effects of morin, haloperidol and risperidone on neurobehavioral and anti-schizophrenia-like effects were evaluated in mice (n = 7) following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of morin (25-100 mg/kg), haloperidol (1 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with ketamine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days. Neurobehavioral and schizophrenia-like activities consisting of open-field (positive symptoms), Y-maze, novel-object recognition (cognitive symptoms), social interaction (negative symptoms) tests were assessed. Also, wood-block catalepsy and rota-rod tests were employed to evaluate extrapyramidal side effects of morin. Thereafter, brain levels of biomarkers of oxidative, nitrergic and acetylcholinesterase alterations as well as histomorphological changes in the striatum and prefrontal-cortex were determined. Administration of morin and risperidone alone but not haloperidol significantly (p > 0.05) prevented ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, social withdrawal and cognitive impairments relative to controls, and were devoid of extrapyramidal side effects. Morin alone or in combination with ketamine significantly increased glutathione concentration, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities compared with saline- or ketamine-treated mice. Moreover, morin alone or in combination with ketamine also significantly decreased malondialdehyde, nitrite and acetylcholinesterase alterations in mice brains. Furthermore, morin prevented ketamine-induced brain neuronal alterations in the striatum and prefrontal-cortex. Together, our findings suggest that morin may demonstrate antipsychotic-like therapeutic effect via modulation of oxidative/nitrergic, cholinergic actions and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Adegbuyi Oladele Aderibigbe
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Itivere Adrian Omogbiya
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Owoeye
- Neurotrauma & Neuroregeneration Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Toyin Olonode
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel O Iwalewa
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Yuan Q, Zhao L. The Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit-A Review of Characteristic Components and Health Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10383-10394. [PMID: 29129054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit has a high yield in one fruiting season in many countries, especially in Asia, and a long history of use as an edible fruit and traditional medicine. A great diversity of nutritive compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and polysaccharides have been found in mulberry fruit depending on the cultivars and maturity stages. Furthermore, the extracts and active components of mulberry fruit have demonstrated numerous biological activities, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiatherosclerosis, immunomodulative, antitumor, antihyperglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities in in vitro and in vivo studies, and they have received increasing interest from researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Although some mechanistic studies further substantiate these potential health benefits of mulberry fruit, a need exists to make a better understanding of the roles of these compounds in traditional medicine and the diet. This review provides recent findings regarding the chemical constituents and biological activities of mulberry fruit, which may be useful for stimulating deep research of mulberry fruit and for predicting their uses as important and safe contributors to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Longyan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Neuroprotective and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Microencapsulation of Mulberry Fruit Extract in Animal Model of Menopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2962316. [PMID: 29158872 PMCID: PMC5660785 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2962316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the neuroprotectant and memory-enhancing agent for menopausal women with metabolic syndrome is required. Based on the advantages of polyphenolics on numerous changes observed in menopause with metabolic syndrome and the encapsulation method, we hypothesized that microencapsulated mulberry fruit extract (MME) could protect brain damage and improve memory impairment in an animal model of menopause with metabolic syndrome. To test this hypothesis, MME at doses of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg was given to female Wistar rats which were induced experimental menopause with metabolic syndrome by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and fed with high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet for 8 weeks. Spatial memory together with neuron density, oxidative stress status, acetylcholinesterase, and phosphorylation of Erk in the hippocampus was assessed at the end of the study. It was found that MME decreased memory impairment, oxidative stress status, and AChE activity but increased neuron density and Erk phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Therefore, the neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects of MME might partly involve the enhanced cholinergic function and Erk phosphorylation but decreased oxidative stress status in hippocampus. Therefore, MME is the potential novel neuroprotectant and memory-enhancing agent for menopause with metabolic syndrome. However, further research especially clinical trial is still necessary.
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Borai IH, Ezz MK, Rizk MZ, Aly HF, El-Sherbiny M, Matloub AA, Fouad GI. Therapeutic impact of grape leaves polyphenols on certain biochemical and neurological markers in AlCl 3-induced Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:837-851. [PMID: 28715867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a grave and prevailing neurodegenerative disease, characterized by slow and progressive neurodegeneration in different brain regions. Aluminum (Al) is a potent and widely distributed neurotoxic metal, implicated in the neuropathogenesis of AD. This study aimed to evaluate the possible neurorestorative potential of Vitis vinifera Leaves Polyphenolic (VLP) extract in alleviating aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity in male rats. AlCl3 neurotoxicity induced a significant decrease in brain/serum acetylcholine (ACh) contents and serum dopamine (DA) levels, along with a significant increment of brain/serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. In addition, Al treatment resulted in significantly decreased serum levels of both total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and significantly increased serum levels of both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and total homocysteine (tHcy), as compared to control. Behavioral alterations, assessed by the T-maze test, showed impaired cognitive function. Furthermore, AD-brains revealed an increase in DNA fragmentation as evidenced by comet assay. AlCl3 induction also caused histopathological alterations in AD-brain. Treatment of AD-rats with VLP extract (100mg/kg body weight/day) improved neurobehavioral changes, as evidenced by the improvement in brain function, as well as, modulation of most biochemical markers, and confirmed by T-maze test, the histopathological study of the brain and comet assay. The current work indicates that the VLP extract has neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amnesic activities against AlCl3-induced cerebral damages and neurocognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H Borai
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Magda K Ezz
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maha Z Rizk
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hanan F Aly
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud El-Sherbiny
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Azza A Matloub
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ghadha I Fouad
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Kirisattayakul W, Wattanathorn J, Iamsaard S, Jittiwat J, Suriharn B, Lertrat K. Neuroprotective and Memory-Enhancing Effect of the Combined Extract of Purple Waxy Corn Cob and Pandan in Ovariectomized Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5187102. [PMID: 28770022 PMCID: PMC5523472 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5187102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotectant and memory enhancer supplement for menopause is required due to the side effects of hormone replacement therapy. Since purple waxy corn cob and pandan leaves exert antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) effects, we hypothesized that the combined extract of both plants (PCP) might provide synergistic effect leading to the improved brain damage and memory impairment in experimental menopause. To test this hypothesis, female Wistar rats were ovariectomized bilaterally and orally given various doses of the functional drink at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg for 28 days. The animals were assessed nonspatial memory using object recognition test every 7 days throughout the study period. At the end of study, they were assessed with oxidative stress status, AChEI, neuron density, and ERK1/2 signal in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Interestingly, all doses of PCP increased object recognition memory and neuron density but decreased oxidative stress status in PFC. Low dose of PCP also decreased AChE activity while medium dose of PCP increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in PFC. Therefore, the improved oxidative stress status and cholinergic function together with signal transduction via ERK in PFC might be responsible for the neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects of PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Kirisattayakul
- Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sittichai Iamsaard
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jinatta Jittiwat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Bhalang Suriharn
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kamol Lertrat
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Hemanth Kumar B, Arun Reddy R, Mahesh Kumar J, Dinesh Kumar B, Diwan PV. Effects of fisetin on hyperhomocysteinemia-induced experimental endothelial dysfunction and vascular dementia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:32-42. [PMID: 27901381 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of fisetin (FST) on hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-induced experimental endothelial dysfunction (ED) and vascular dementia (VaD) in rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: control, vehicle control, l-methionine, FST (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, p.o.), FST-per se (25 mg/kg, p.o.), and donepezil (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.). l-Methionine administration (1.7 g/kg, p.o.) for 32 days induced HHcy. ED and VaD induced by HHcy were determined by vascular reactivity measurements, behavioral analysis using Morris water maze and Y-maze, along with a biochemical and histological evaluation of thoracic aorta and brain tissues. Administration of l-methionine developed behavioral deficits; triggered brain lipid peroxidation (LPO); compromised brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE); and reduced the levels of brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), brain catalase (CAT), brain reduced glutathione (GSH), and serum nitrite; and increased serum homocysteine and cholesterol levels. These effects were accompanied by decreased vascular NO bioavailability, marked intimal thickening of the aorta, and multiple necrotic foci in brain cortex. HHcy-induced alterations in the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH, AChE, LPO, behavioral deficits, ED, and histological aberrations were significantly attenuated by treatment with fisetin in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that fisetin exerts endothelial and neuroprotective effects against HHcy-induced ED and VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyina Hemanth Kumar
- a Department of Pharmacology, Anurag Group of Institutions (Formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,b Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research and Development Cell, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravula Arun Reddy
- a Department of Pharmacology, Anurag Group of Institutions (Formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,c Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- d Animal House Facility, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - B Dinesh Kumar
- e National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Food & Drug Toxicology Research Centre (FDTRC), Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Prakash V Diwan
- a Department of Pharmacology, Anurag Group of Institutions (Formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,f Maratha Mandal Central Research Laboratory, Belagavi-590010, Karnataka, India
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The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:126-39. [PMID: 26260546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The projected increase in the incidence of dementia in the population highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular exercise and diet, may affect neural function and consequent cognitive performance throughout the life course. In this regard, flavonoids, found in a variety of fruits, vegetables and derived beverages, have been identified as a group of promising bioactive compounds capable of influencing different aspects of brain function, including cerebrovascular blood flow and synaptic plasticity, both resulting in improvements in learning and memory in mammalian species. However, the precise mechanisms by which flavonoids exert these actions are yet to be fully established, although accumulating data indicate an ability to interact with neuronal receptors and kinase signaling pathways which are key to neuronal activation and communication and synaptic strengthening. Alternatively or concurrently, there is also compelling evidence derived from human clinical studies suggesting that flavonoids can positively affect peripheral and cerebrovascular blood flow, which may be an indirect effective mechanism by which dietary flavonoids can impact on brain health and cognition. The current review examines the beneficial effects of flavonoids on both human and animal brain function and attempts to address and link direct and indirect actions of flavonoids and their derivatives within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Kim HG, Park G, Lim S, Park H, Choi JG, Jeong HU, Kang MS, Lee MK, Oh MS. Mori Fructus improves cognitive and neuronal dysfunction induced by beta-amyloid toxicity through the GSK-3β pathway in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 171:196-204. [PMID: 26068423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A growing body of literature supports the concept that antiaging herbs may be potential candidates for use in treating age-related neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). Mori Fructus is a well-known traditional herbal medicine, food, and dietary supplement. This study employed models of amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced AD to investigate the protective effects of Mori Fructus ethanol extract (ME) against age-related disease and cognitive deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS To examine the protective effect of ME, we measured cell viability, cytotoxicity, and survival in rat primary hippocampal cultures. We performed behavioral tests and histological analysis in mouse models of AD induced by Aβ(25-35) toxicity. To investigate the mechanism underlying the protective effect, we performed western blotting using antibodies against apoptotic markers as well as the nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and tau. We also measured apoptotic marker fluorescence intensity. RESULTS ME significantly attenuated Aβ-induced cell damage, enhanced Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, and reduced tau phosphorylation. ME reduced apoptotic markers that were activated by GSK-3β, and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Further, ME decreased the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X expression ratio, mitochondria depolarization, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and caspase-3 activation. We confirmed that ME treatment improved cognitive impairment and neuronal cell death induced by Aβ(25-35) toxicity in the mouse hippocampus via its antiapoptotic activity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ME protects cognition and neurons in AD-like models induced by Aβ via reduction of tau phosphorylation and apoptosis through GSK-3β inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Geun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhyuk Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Lim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyu Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Mori folium and mori fructus mixture attenuates high-fat diet-induced cognitive deficits in mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:379418. [PMID: 25945108 PMCID: PMC4405289 DOI: 10.1155/2015/379418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global health problem, contributing to various diseases including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and dementia. Increasing evidence suggests that obesity can also cause neuronal damage, long-term memory loss, and cognitive impairment. The leaves and the fruits of Morus alba L., containing active phytochemicals, have been shown to possess antiobesity and hypolipidemic properties. Thus, in the present study, we assessed their effects on cognitive functioning in mice fed a high-fat diet by performing immunohistochemistry, using antibodies against c-Fos, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic density protein 95 and a behavioral test. C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet for 21 weeks exhibited increased body weight, but mice coadministered an optimized Mori Folium and Mori Fructus extract mixture (2 : 1; MFE) for the final 12 weeks exhibited significant body weight loss. Additionally, obese mice exhibited not only reduced neural activity, but also decreased presynaptic and postsynaptic activities, while MFE-treated mice exhibited recovery of these activities. Finally, cognitive deficits induced by the high-fat diet were recovered by cotreatment with MFE in the novel object recognition test. Our findings suggest that the antiobesity effects of MFE resulted in recovery of the cognitive deficits induced by the high-fat diet by regulation of neural and synaptic activities.
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Han L, Ji Z, Chen W, Yin D, Xu F, Li S, Chen F, Zhu G, Peng D. Protective effects of tao-Hong-si-wu decoction on memory impairment and hippocampal damage in animal model of vascular dementia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:195835. [PMID: 25821478 PMCID: PMC4363643 DOI: 10.1155/2015/195835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction (TSD) as a traditional chinese medicine (TCM) has been developed to treat thrombotic diseases for hundreds of years, and vascular dementia (VD) is a cognitive dysfunction syndrome caused by cerebral embolism. In this study, the protective effect of TSD on memory impairment and brain damage in rat model of VD induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. The study showed that rats in MCAO treatment with TSD for 14 days significantly improved behavioral function, increased densities of neuron, and induced angiogenesis in the brain compared with model rats. TSD also adjusted the neurotransmitter levels, reduced the content of endothelin-1 (ET-1), and induced the activities of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in hippocampus. Moreover, the immunohistochemical staining and western blotting results also revealed that TSD decreased apoptosis via upregulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) ratio. These results demonstrated TSD possesses neuroprotective and antidementia properties by preventing the loss of neural cells, adjusting brain neurotransmitter, promoting cerebral blood circulation, and decreasing apoptosis. These results suggested that TSD might be developed as an effective drug for the prevention of VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Zhaojie Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Maanshan Central Hospital, No. 27, Hudong Bei Road, Maanshan 243000, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangshan Road, Hefei 230012, China
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Pribis P, Shukitt-Hale B. Cognition: the new frontier for nuts and berries. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100 Suppl 1:347S-52S. [PMID: 24871475 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of nuts in the diet is associated with a decreased risk of coronary artery disease, hypertension, gallstones, diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and visceral obesity. Frequent consumption of berries seems to be associated with improved cardiovascular and cancer outcomes, improved immune function, and decreased recurrence of urinary tract infections; the consumption of nuts and berries is associated with reduction in oxidative damage, inflammation, vascular reactivity, and platelet aggregation, and improvement in immune functions. However, only recently have the effects of nut and berry consumption on the brain, different neural systems, and cognition been studied. There is growing evidence that the synergy and interaction of all of the nutrients and other bioactive components in nuts and berries can have a beneficial effect on the brain and cognition. Regular nut consumption, berry consumption, or both could possibly be used as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in the treatment and prevention of several neurodegenerative diseases and age-related brain dysfunction. A number of animal and a growing number of human studies show that moderate-duration dietary supplementation with nuts, berry fruit, or both is capable of altering cognitive performance in humans, perhaps forestalling or reversing the effects of neurodegeneration in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pribis
- From the Department of Public Health and Wellness, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI (PP), and Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (BS-H)
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- From the Department of Public Health and Wellness, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI (PP), and Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (BS-H)
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Lee JS, Kim YR, Park JM, Ha SJ, Kim YE, Baek NI, Hong EK. Mulberry fruit extract protects pancreatic β-cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis via antioxidative activity. Molecules 2014; 19:8904-15. [PMID: 24972274 PMCID: PMC6270680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19078904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many environmental stresses, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuring oxidative stress are known to cause significant cellular damage. This has clinical implications in the onset of type 1 diabetes, which is triggered by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and is associated with oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the protective and antioxidative effects of mulberry extract (ME) in insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. We found that ME protects pancreatic β-cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and the associated apoptotic cell death. ME treatment significantly reduced the levels of H2O2-induced 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and lipid peroxidation and intracellular ROS accumulation. In addition, ME inhibited DNA condensation and/or fragmentation induced by H2O2. These results suggest that ME protects pancreatic β-cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200701, Korea.
| | - Young Rae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200701, Korea.
| | - Jun Myoung Park
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200701, Korea.
| | - Suk-Jin Ha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200701, Korea.
| | - Young Eon Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463746, Korea.
| | - Nam In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 446701, Korea.
| | - Eock Kee Hong
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200701, Korea.
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Cerebroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera against focal ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:951415. [PMID: 24367723 PMCID: PMC3866794 DOI: 10.1155/2013/951415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protection against ischemic stroke is still required due to the limitation of therapeutic efficacy. Based on the role of oxidative stress in stroke pathophysiology, we determined whether Moringa oleifera, a plant possessing potent antioxidant activity, protected against brain damage and oxidative stress in animal model of focal stroke. M. oleifera leaves extract at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg·kg(-1) was orally given to male Wistar rats (300-350 g) once daily at a period of 2 weeks before the occlusion of right middle cerebral artery (Rt.MCAO) and 3 weeks after Rt.MCAO. The determinations of neurological score and temperature sensation were performed every 7 days throughout the study period, while the determinations of brain infarction volume, MDA level, and the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were performed 24 hr after Rt.MCAO. The results showed that all doses of extract decreased infarction volume in both cortex and subcortex. The protective effect of medium and low doses of extract in all areas occurred mainly via the decreased oxidative stress. The protective effect of the high dose extract in striatum and hippocampus occurred via the same mechanism, whereas other mechanisms might play a crucial role in cortex. The detailed mechanism required further exploration.
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KIM YOUNGRAE, LEE JONGSEOK, LEE KIRIM, KIM YOUNGEON, BAEK NAMIN, HONG EOCKKEE. Effects of mulberry ethanol extracts on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:128-34. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Sarikaphuti A, Nararatwanchai T, Hashiguchi T, Ito T, Thaworanunta S, Kikuchi K, Oyama Y, Maruyama I, Tancharoen S. Preventive effects of Morus alba L. anthocyanins on diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:689-695. [PMID: 24137248 PMCID: PMC3786992 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mulberry plant (Morus alba L.) contains abundant anthocyanins (ANCs), which are natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the ANC composition of Thai Morus alba L. fruits and to assess the effect of an ANC extract on blood glucose and insulin levels in male leptin receptor-deficient Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The major components of the ANC extract were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. ZDF and lean rats were treated with 125 or 250 mg ANCs/kg body weight, or 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) twice daily for 5 weeks. Neither ANC dose had an effect on body weight. Following 5 weeks of treatment, glucose levels were observed to increase from 105.5±8.7 to 396.25±21 mg/dl (P<0.0001) in the CMC-treated ZDF rats; however, the glucose levels were significantly lower in the rats treated with 125 or 250 mg/kg ANCs (228.25±45 and 131.75±10 mg/dl, respectively; P<0.001 versus CMC). The administration of 250 mg/kg ANCs normalized glucose levels in the ZDF rats towards those of the lean littermates. Insulin levels were decreased significantly in the ZDF rats treated with CMC or 125 mg/kg ANCs (P<0.0001), but not in the rats treated with 250 mg/kg ANCs. Histologically, 250 mg/kg ANCs was observed to prevent islet degeneration compared with the islets in CMC-treated rats. This study, demonstrated that ANCs extracted from Morus alba L. were well tolerated and exhibited effective anti-diabetic properties in ZDF rats. ANCs represent a promising class of therapeutic compounds that may be useful in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariya Sarikaphuti
- School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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