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Elseweidy MM, Elnagar GM, Elsawy MM, Zein N. Azelastine a potent antihistamine agent, as hypolipidemic and modulator for aortic calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1611-1618. [PMID: 32615812 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1786129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our study aimed to illustrate the effect of the antihistaminic drug azelastine on aortic calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic (DH) rats along with the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats were categorised into four groups. One group received normal rodent chow (normal group), while the other groups were rendered diabetic and hyperlipidemic; one received no drugs and served as a positive control while the other two groups received either azelastine (4 mg/kg) or 10-dehydrogingerdione (10 mg/kg) orally and daily for 8 weeks. RESULTS Azelastine significantly reduced blood glucose, HbA1c and serum ALP, OCN, downregulated apo B, improved the lipid profile (LDL-c decrease and HDL-c increase), attenuated calcium deposition and aortic calcification as compared to control group. 10-DHGD showed comparatively lower effect. CONCLUSION Anti-calcifying effect of azelastine might be related to upregulation of apo A (HDL-c) and downregulation of apo B mRNA expression indeed good modulator of aortic calcification. IMPACT STATEMENT Many studies have indicated that high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) is inversely correlated with atherosclerotic plaque progression and could reduce cardiovascular disease risk. An anti-calcifying effect of HDL-c has been reported and targeting this lipoprotein may therefore be a valuable approach to vascular calcification control. Azelastine is a selective H1 antagonist that was identified to increase mRNA expression of apolipoprotein A. This encouraged us to investigate the effect of azelastine on lipid profile and markers of aortic calcification in DH rats. Our findings showed that azelastine ameliorated aortic calcification and increased apoA expression along with a decline in apo B. This may represent the underlying mechanism while the histopathological findings offered a significant support to the collected biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elseweidy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gehad M Elnagar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Elsawy
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nabila Zein
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Mast Cell Degranulation Decreases Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Aortic Gene Expression and Systemic Levels of Interleukin-6 In Vivo. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3856360. [PMID: 31780858 PMCID: PMC6855011 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3856360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in immunomodulation and in the maintenance of vascular integrity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the key biomarkers and therapeutic target in systemic vasculitis. The objective of the current study is to describe the role of mast cells in arterial IL-6 homeostasis. Eight- to ten-week-old male C57BL/6 (wild-type) mice were injected with either (a) saline, (b) compound 48/80 (a systemic mast cell degranulating agent), (c) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or (d) a combination of C48/80 and LPS. Twenty-four hours after the injections, mice were sacrificed and serum samples and aortic tissues were analyzed for determining inflammatory response and cytokine expression profile. The results revealed that induction of mast cell degranulation significantly lowers serum IL-6 levels and aortic expression of IL-6 in LPS-treated mice. Significantly higher aortic expression of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TNF-α was seen in the LPS and LPS+C48/80 groups of mice compared to controls. Aortic expression of TLR-4 was significantly decreased in LPS+C48/80 compared to C48/80 alone. LPS+C48/80-treated mice presented with a 3-fold higher aortic expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1) compared to saline-injected groups. The inhibition of LPS-induced increase in serum IL-6 levels by mast cell degranulation was not seen in H1R knockout mice which suggests that mast cell-derived histamine acting through H1R may participate in the regulatory process. To examine whether the mast cell-mediated downregulation of LPS-induced IL-6 production is transient or cumulative in nature, wild-type mice were injected serially over a period of 10 days (5 injections) and serum cytokine levels were quantified. We found no significant differences in serum IL-6 levels between any of the groups. While mice injected with C48/80 or LPS had higher IL-10 compared to vehicle-injected mice, there was no difference between C48/80- and LPS+C48/80-injected mice. In conclusion, in an in vivo setting, mast cells appear to partially and transiently regulate systemic IL-6 homeostasis. This effect may be regulated through increased systemic IL-10 and/or aortic overexpression of SOCS-1.
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Kim M, Park Y, Kwon Y, Kim Y, Byun J, Jeong MS, Kim HU, Jung HS, Mun JY, Jeoung D. MiR-135-5p-p62 Axis Regulates Autophagic Flux, Tumorigenic Potential, and Cellular Interactions Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles During Allergic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:738. [PMID: 31024564 PMCID: PMC6460569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between autophagy and allergic inflammation. In vitro allergic inflammation was accompanied by an increased autophagic flux in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL2H3) cells. 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagic processes, negatively regulated allergic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. The role of p62, a selective receptor of autophagy, in allergic inflammation was investigated. P62, increased by antigen stimulation, mediated in vitro allergic inflammation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). P62 mediated cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. It also mediated tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells enhanced by PSA. TargetScan analysis predicted that miR-135-5p was a negative regulator of p62. Luciferase activity assay showed that miR-135-5p directly regulated p62. MiR-135-5p mimic negatively regulated features of allergic inflammation and inhibited tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells enhanced by PSA. MiR-135-5p mimic also inhibited cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. Extracellular vesicles mediated allergic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extracellular vesicles were also necessary for cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. Transmission electron microscopy showed p62 within extracellular vesicles of antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL2H3). Extracellular vesicles isolated from antigen-stimulated RBL2H3 cells induced activation of macrophages and enhanced invasion and migration potential of B16F1 mouse melanoma cells in a p62-dependent manner. Extracellular vesicles isolated from PSA-activated BALB/C mouse enhanced invasion and migration potential of B16F1 cells, and induced features of allergic inflammation in RBL2H3 cells. Thus, miR-135-5p-p62 axis might serve as a target for developing anti-allergy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeongseo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yoojung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Byun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Chuncheon Center, Korean Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Han-Ul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Lambert M, Boet A, Rucker-Martin C, Mendes-Ferreira P, Capuano V, Hatem S, Adão R, Brás-Silva C, Hautefort A, Michel JB, Dorfmuller P, Fadel E, Kotsimbos T, Price L, Jourdon P, Montani D, Humbert M, Perros F, Antigny F. Loss of KCNK3 is a hallmark of RV hypertrophy/dysfunction associated with pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:880-893. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lambert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Angèle Boet
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
- Réanimation des Cardiopathies Congénitales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Catherine Rucker-Martin
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Pedro Mendes-Ferreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Véronique Capuano
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Stéphane Hatem
- Département de Cardiologie, INSERM UMR_S1166, ICAN, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière 75013, France
| | - Rui Adão
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aurélie Hautefort
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- INSERM UMR_S1148, Paris7, Denis Diderot University, Xavier Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Peter Dorfmuller
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Elie Fadel
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Tom Kotsimbos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Laura Price
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Philippe Jourdon
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - David Montani
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
- Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
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Prevalence of abdominal artery calcification in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 49:2061-2069. [PMID: 28936714 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically determine the prevalence of abdominal artery calcification (AAC) in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and identify reasons for heterogeneity. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science from database inception to March 2017. Cross-sectional or cohort (only used baseline data) studies reporting estimates of AAC prevalence in dialysis adult patients with ESRD were included. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis to generate pooled prevalence estimates. Subgroup analyses were used to compare differences within categorical variables (geographic region, AAC detection instruments, dialysis methods, study design, and sample size), and meta-regression analyses to assess the impact of continuous variables (participants' age, duration of dialysis, and male proportion). RESULTS A total of 44 studies with 9883 dialysis patients were included. The pooled prevalence for AAC was 68.5% (95% CI 63-73.9%). Subgroup analyses suggested that AAC prevalence varied significantly by geographical region and AAC detection instruments, not by dialysis methods, study design and sample size. Meta-regression analysis suggested that positive correlations were found between AAC prevalence and the age of participants as well as the male proportion (r = 1.01477, P = 0.002 and r = 2.034413, P = 0.01, respectively), but not with the duration of dialysis (P = 0.576). CONCLUSION The pooled and nearest estimate of AAC prevalence among dialysis patients was as high as 65%. Geographical region, AAC detection instruments, age of participants, and male proportion potentially lead to the high variance of the reported prevalence. Considering the high AAC prevalence, effective treatment for preventing vascular calcification in these patients is badly needed.
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Springer JM, Raveendran VV, Gierer SA, Maz M, Dileepan KN. Protective Role of Mast Cells in Primary Systemic Vasculitis: A Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:990. [PMID: 28878769 PMCID: PMC5572344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important cells of the immune system. Although traditionally considered as key players in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, emerging evidence suggests that mast cells have many complex roles in vascular disease. These include regulation of vasodilation, angiogenesis, activation of matrix metalloproteinases, apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, and activation of the renin angiotensin system. Mast cells are also known to play an immunomodulatory role via modulation of regulatory T-cell (Treg), macrophage and endothelial cell functions. This dual role of the mast cells is evident in myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-mouse model of glomerulonephritis in which mast cell deficiency worsens glomerulonephritis, whereas inhibition of mast cell degranulation is effective in abrogating the development of glomerulonephritis. Our previous work demonstrated that mast cell degranulation inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in mice. This effect was not seen in histamine-1-receptor knockout (H1R-/-) mice suggesting a role for histamine in IL-6 homeostasis. In addition, mast cell degranulation-mediated decrease in IL-6 production was associated with an upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 protein in the aorta. We propose that mast cells regulate large artery inflammation through T-cells, shifting a primarily Th1 and Th17 toward a Th2 response and leading to enhanced IL-10 production, activation Treg cells, and the inhibition of macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Springer
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vineesh V Raveendran
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Selina A Gierer
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mehrdad Maz
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Kottarappat N Dileepan
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Shin HJ, Kim DH, Park HK, Park YH. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan attenuates bioprosthetic valve leaflet calcification in a rabbit intravascular implant model. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 50:1045-1052. [PMID: 27261074 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is evidence that angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (ARB) could reduce structural valve deterioration. However, the anticalcification effect on the bioprosthetic heart valve (BHV) has not been investigated. Thus, we investigated the effects of losartan (an ARB) on calcification of implanted bovine pericardial tissue in a rabbit intravascular implant model. METHODS A total of 16 male New Zealand White rabbits (20 weeks old, 2.98-3.34 kg) were used in this study. Commercially available BHV leaflet of bovine pericardium was trimmed to the shape of a 3-mm triangle and implanted to both external jugular veins of the rabbit. The ARB group (n = 8) was given 25 mg/kg of powdered losartan daily until 6 weeks after surgery by direct administration in the buccal pouch of the animals. The control group (n = 8) was given 5 ml of normal saline by the same method. After 6 weeks, quantitative calcium determination, histological evaluation and western blot analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), osteopontin and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) were performed to investigate the mechanisms of the anticalcification effect of losartan. RESULTS No deaths or complications such as infection or haematoma were recorded during the experiment. All animals were euthanized on the planned date. The calcium measurement level in the ARB group (2.28 ± 0.65 mg/g) was significantly lower than that in the control group (3.68 ± 1.00 mg/g) (P = 0.0092). Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that BMP-2-positive reactions were significantly attenuated in the ARB group. Western blot analysis showed that losartan suppressed the expression of IL-6, osteopontin and BMP-2. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that losartan significantly attenuates postimplant degenerative calcification of a bovine pericardial bioprosthesis in a rabbit intravascular implant model. Further studies are required to assess the effects of ARBs on BHV tissue in orthotopic implantations using a large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ju Shin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Ki Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Waern I, Karlsson I, Pejler G, Wernersson S. IL-6 and IL-17A degradation by mast cells is mediated by a serglycin:serine protease axis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 4:70-9. [PMID: 27042303 PMCID: PMC4768062 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells contain large amounts of fully active proteases that are stored in complex with serglycin proteoglycan in their secretory granules. Upon degranulation, such serglycin:protease complexes are released to the extracellular space and can potentially have an impact on the local inflammatory reaction, either through direct effects of serglycin proteoglycan or through effects mediated by its bound proteases. The objective of this study was to address this scenario by investigating the possibility that serglycin‐associated proteases can regulate levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, we show here that activated cultured peritoneal mast cells from wild type mice efficiently reduced the levels of exogenously administered IL‐6 and IL‐17A, whereas serglycin‐deficient mast cells lacked this ability. Furthermore, our data suggest that the reduction of IL‐6 and IL‐17A concentrations is due to proteolytic degradation mediated by serglycin‐dependent serine proteases. Moreover, we show that activated mast cells have the capacity to release IL‐6 and that the levels of this cytokine in supernatants were markedly higher in cultures of serglycin‐deficient versus serglycin‐sufficient mast cells, suggesting that serglycin‐dependent serine proteases also participate in the regulation of endogenously produced IL‐6. In summary, although the general consensus is that mast cells have a pathogenic impact on inflammatory settings, this study identifies a role for a mast cell‐derived serglycin:serine protease axis in down‐regulating levels of major inflammatory cytokines. These findings support the notion that mast cells could have a dual role in inflammatory settings, by both being able to secrete pathogenic compounds and being able to regulate their levels after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Iulia Karlsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and BiochemistrySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSE-75007Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE-75123Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
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Abstract
Mast cells are increasingly being recognized as effector cells in many cardiovascular conditions. Many mast-cell-derived products such as tryptase and chymase can, through their enzymic action, have detrimental effects on blood vessel structure while mast cell-derived mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can perpetuate vascular inflammation. Mice lacking mast cells have been developed and these are providing an insight into how mast cells are involved in cardiovascular diseases and, as knowledge increase, mast cells may become a viable therapeutic target to slow progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Srivastava T, Sharma M, Yew KH, Sharma R, Duncan RS, Saleem MA, McCarthy ET, Kats A, Cudmore PA, Alon US, Harrison CJ. LPS and PAN-induced podocyte injury in an in vitro model of minimal change disease: changes in TLR profile. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 7:49-60. [PMID: 23161414 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal change disease (MCD), the most common idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children, is characterized by proteinuria and loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cell (podocyte) ultrastructure. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) are used to study podocyte injury in models of MCD in vivo and in vitro. We hypothesized that LPS and PAN influence components of the innate immune system in podocytes such as the Toll-Like Receptor (TLRs), TLR adapter molecules, and associated cytokines. Our results show that cultured human podocytes constitutively express TLRs 1-6 and TLR-10, but not TLRs 7-9. LPS (25 μg/ml) or PAN (60 μg/ml) caused comparable derangement of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis show that LPS differentially up-regulated the expression of genes for TLRs (1 > 4 ≥ 2 > 3 > 6 > 5), the adapter molecule, MyD88, and transcription factor NF-κB within one hour. LPS also caused increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP1 without exerting any effect on TNF-α, IFN-α or TGF-β1 at 24 h. Immunofluorescence intensity analysis of confocal microscopy images showed that LPS induced a significant increase in nuclear translocation of NF-κB by 6 h. In contrast, PAN-induced only small changes in the expression of TLRs 2-6 that included a persistent increase in TLRs 2 and 5, a transient increase in TLR-4, and a gradual increase in TLRs 3 and 6 between 1 and 6 h. Correspondingly, it did not alter pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in podocytes. However, PAN induced a low but significant increase in NF-κB nuclear translocation within one hour that remained unchanged up to 6 h. In summary, these novel findings show that LPS, a known TLR-4 ligand, induced the gene expression of multiple TLRs with maximum effect on the expression of TLR-1 suggesting a loss of receptor selectivity and induction of receptor interactions in podocytes. A comparable derangement of the podocyte cytoskeleton and significant increase in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by PAN suggest that disparate but complementary mechanisms may contribute to the development of podocytopathy in MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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