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Rissone A, Burgess SM. Rare Genetic Blood Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. Front Genet 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 30233640 PMCID: PMC6127601 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis results in the correct formation of all the different blood cell types. In mammals, it starts from specific hematopoietic stem and precursor cells residing in the bone marrow. Mature blood cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to every cell of the organism and for the protection against pathogens. Therefore, inherited or de novo genetic mutations affecting blood cell formation or the regulation of their activity are responsible for numerous diseases including anemia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, hyper- or hypo-inflammation, and cancer. By definition, an animal disease model is an analogous version of a specific clinical condition developed by researchers to gain information about its pathophysiology. Among all the model species used in comparative medicine, mice continue to be the most common and accepted model for biomedical research. However, because of the complexity of human diseases and the intrinsic differences between humans and other species, the use of several models (possibly in distinct species) can often be more helpful and informative than the use of a single model. In recent decades, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become increasingly popular among researchers, because it represents an inexpensive alternative compared to mammalian models, such as mice. Numerous advantages make it an excellent animal model to be used in genetic studies and in particular in modeling human blood diseases. Comparing zebrafish hematopoiesis to mammals, it is highly conserved with few, significant differences. In addition, the zebrafish model has a high-quality, complete genomic sequence available that shows a high level of evolutionary conservation with the human genome, empowering genetic and genomic approaches. Moreover, the external fertilization, the high fecundity and the transparency of their embryos facilitate rapid, in vivo analysis of phenotypes. In addition, the ability to manipulate its genome using the last genome editing technologies, provides powerful tools for developing new disease models and understanding the pathophysiology of human disorders. This review provides an overview of the different approaches and techniques that can be used to model genetic diseases in zebrafish, discussing how this animal model has contributed to the understanding of genetic diseases, with a specific focus on the blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rissone
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Mizgirev IV, Safina DR, Demidyuk IV, Kostrov SV. Organism-Level Tumor Models in Zebrafish Danio rerio. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:24-29. [PMID: 30116612 PMCID: PMC6087818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and implementation of adequate organism-level models is one of the key elements in biomedical research that focuses on experimental oncology. Over the last decade, studies using Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have gained in popularity in this area of research. This review describes the various approaches that have been used in developing highly effective models for oncological (clinical term, better cancer or tumor) studies based on D. rerio. Priority is given to transplantation models of cancer and their application to optically transparent D. rerio lines, including clonal ones, and utilization tumors of various origins bearing fluorescent labels. The combination of tumor transplantation at organism-level models in transparent clonal D. rerio lines with fluorescent microscopy, FACS-fractionation of tumor cell subsets, and transcription analysis can result in one of the most promising research approaches in providing new information on tumor formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Mizgirev
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Leningradskaya Str., 68, Pesochnyy Settlement, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - D. R. Safina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq., 2, Moscow, 123182 , Russia
| | - I. V. Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq., 2, Moscow, 123182 , Russia
| | - S. V. Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq., 2, Moscow, 123182 , Russia
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Abstract
The process of entering the bloodstream, intravasation, is a necessary step in the development of distant metastases. The focus of this review is on the pathways and molecules that have been identified as being important based on current in vitro and in vivo assays for intravasation. Properties of the vasculature which are important for intravasation include microvessel density and also diameter of the vasculature, with increased intravasation correlating with increased vessel diameter in some tumors. TGFB signaling can enhance intravasation at least in part through induction of EMT, and we discuss other TGFB target genes that are important for intravasation. In addition to TGFB signaling, a number of studies have demonstrated that activation of EGF receptor family members stimulates intravasation, with downstream signaling through PI3K, N-WASP, RhoA, and WASP to induce invadopodia. With respect to proteases, there is strong evidence for contributions by uPA/uPAR, while the roles of MMPs in intravasation may be more tumor specific. Other cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and platelets can also play a role in enhancing tumor cell intravasation. The technology is now available to interrogate the expression patterns of circulating tumor cells, which will provide an important reality check for the model systems being used. With a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying intravasation, the goal is to provide new opportunities for improving prognosis as well as potentially developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena P H Chiang
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ramon M Cabrera
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Tang Q, Abdelfattah NS, Blackburn JS, Moore JC, Martinez SA, Moore FE, Lobbardi R, Tenente IM, Ignatius MS, Berman JN, Liwski RS, Houvras Y, Langenau DM. Optimized cell transplantation using adult rag2 mutant zebrafish. Nat Methods 2014; 11:821-4. [PMID: 25042784 PMCID: PMC4294527 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation into adult zebrafish has lagged behind mouse due to the lack of immune compromised models. Here, we have created homozygous rag2E450fs mutant zebrafish that have reduced numbers of functional T and B cells but are viable and fecund. Mutant fish engraft zebrafish muscle, blood stem cells, and cancers. rag2E450fs mutant zebrafish are the first immune compromised zebrafish model that permits robust, long-term engraftment of multiple tissues and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tang
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5]
| | - Nouran S Abdelfattah
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5]
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5]
| | - John C Moore
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah A Martinez
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Finola E Moore
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Riadh Lobbardi
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Inês M Tenente
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myron S Ignatius
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason N Berman
- Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert S Liwski
- Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yariv Houvras
- 1] Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- 1] Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5]
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