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Ito Y, Sun T, Tanaka H, Yamaguchi M, Kinashi H, Sakata F, Kunoki S, Sakai Y, Ishimoto T. Tissue Sodium Accumulation Induces Organ Inflammation and Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098329. [PMID: 37176037 PMCID: PMC10179540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt intake is a primary cause of over-hydration in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Inflammatory markers are predictors of CKD mortality; however, the pathogenesis of inflammation remains unclear. Sodium storage in tissues has recently emerged as an issue of concern. The binding of sodium to tissue glycosaminoglycans and its subsequent release regulates local tonicity. Many cell types express tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP), which is activated in a tonicity-dependent or tonicity-independent manner. Macrophage infiltration was observed in the heart, peritoneal wall, and para-aortic tissues in salt-loading subtotal nephrectomized mice, whereas macrophages were not prominent in tap water-loaded subtotal nephrectomized mice. TonEBP was increased in the heart and peritoneal wall, leading to the upregulation of inflammatory mediators associated with cardiac fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction, respectively. Reducing salt loading by a diuretic treatment or changing to tap water attenuated macrophage infiltration, TonEBP expression, and inflammatory marker expression. The role of TonEBP may be crucial during the cardiac fibrosis and peritoneal deterioration processes induced by sodium overload. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy improved cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction. Further studies are necessary to establish a strategy to regulate organ dysfunction induced by TonEBP activation in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroya Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sakata
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-0813, Japan
| | - Shunnosuke Kunoki
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yukinao Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
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Laban H, Siegmund S, Zappe M, Trogisch FA, Heineke J, Torre CDL, Fisslthaler B, Arnold C, Lauryn J, Büttner M, Mogler C, Kato K, Adams RH, Kuk H, Fischer A, Hecker M, Kuebler WM, Korff T. NFAT5/TonEBP Limits Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in the Hypoxic Lung by Controlling Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123293. [PMID: 34943801 PMCID: PMC8699676 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia increases the resistance of pulmonary arteries by stimulating their contraction and augmenting their coverage by smooth muscle cells (SMCs). While these responses require adjustment of the vascular SMC transcriptome, regulatory elements are not well defined in this context. Here, we explored the functional role of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5/TonEBP) in the hypoxic lung. Regulatory functions of NFAT5 were investigated in cultured artery SMCs and lungs from control (Nfat5fl/fl) and SMC-specific Nfat5-deficient (Nfat5(SMC)−/−) mice. Exposure to hypoxia promoted the expression of genes associated with metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in Nfat5(SMC)−/− versus Nfat5fl/fl lungs. In vitro, hypoxia-exposed Nfat5-deficient pulmonary artery SMCs elevated the level of OXPHOS-related transcripts, mitochondrial respiration, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Right ventricular functions were impaired while pulmonary right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was amplified in hypoxia-exposed Nfat5(SMC)−/− versus Nfat5fl/fl mice. Scavenging of mitochondrial ROS normalized the raise in RVSP. Our findings suggest a critical role for NFAT5 as a suppressor of OXPHOS-associated gene expression, mitochondrial respiration, and ROS production in pulmonary artery SMCs that is vital to limit ROS-dependent arterial resistance in a hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatullah Laban
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V. (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Siegmund
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Maren Zappe
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Felix A. Trogisch
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.T.); (J.H.)
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Heineke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.T.); (J.H.)
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany;
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Jonathan Lauryn
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany; (J.L.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Michael Büttner
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.K.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.K.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Hanna Kuk
- The Ottawa Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Andreas Fischer
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V. (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany; (J.L.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Thomas Korff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-544131; Fax: +49-6221-544038
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NFAT5-Mediated Signalling Pathways in Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094872. [PMID: 34064510 PMCID: PMC8124654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) is well known for its sensitivity to cellular osmolarity changes, such as in the kidney medulla. Accumulated evidence indicates that NFAT5 is also a sensitive factor to stress signals caused by non-hypertonic stimuli such as heat shock, biomechanical stretch stress, ischaemia, infection, etc. These osmolality-related and -unrelated stimuli can induce NFAT5 upregulation, activation and nuclear accumulation, leading to its protective role against various detrimental effects. However, dysregulation of NFAT5 expression may cause pathological conditions in different tissues, leading to a variety of diseases. These protective or pathogenic effects of NFAT5 are dictated by the regulation of its target gene expression and activation of its signalling pathways. Recent studies have found a number of kinases that participate in the phosphorylation/activation of NFAT5 and related signal proteins. Thus, this review will focus on the NFAT5-mediated signal transduction pathways. As for the stimuli that upregulate NFAT5, in addition to the stresses caused by hyperosmotic and non-hyperosmotic environments, other factors such as miRNA, long non-coding RNA, epigenetic modification and viral infection also play an important role in regulating NFAT5 expression; thus, the discussion in this regard is another focus of this review. As the heart, unlike the kidneys, is not normally exposed to hypertonic environments, studies on NFAT5-mediated cardiovascular diseases are just emerging and rapidly progressing. Therefore, we have also added a review on the progress made in this field of research.
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Snuggs JW, Tessier S, Bunning RAB, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV, Le Maitre CL. TonEBP regulates the hyperosmotic expression of aquaporin 1 and 5 in the intervertebral disc. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3164. [PMID: 33542263 PMCID: PMC7862284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The central region of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is rich in proteoglycans, leading to a hyperosmotic environment, which fluctuates with daily loading. The cells of the nucleus pulposus (NP cells) have adapted to this environment via the function of tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), and NP cells have been shown to express several water channels known as aquaporins (AQP). We have previously shown that AQP1 and 5 decrease during IVD degeneration. Here, the regulation of AQP1 and 5 by hyperosmotic conditions and the role of TonEBP in this regulation was investigated. AQP1 and 5 gene expression was upregulated by hyperosmotic conditions mimicking the osmolality of the healthy IVD, which was abrogated by TonEBP knockdown. Furthermore, AQP1 and 5 immunopositivity was significantly reduced in TonEBPΔ/Δ E17.5 mice when compared with wildtype controls, indicating in vivo expression of AQP1 and 5 is controlled at least in part by TonEBP. This hyperosmotic regulation of AQP1 and 5 could help to explain the decreased AQP1 and 5 expression during degeneration, when the osmolality of the NP decreases. Together this data suggests that TonEBP-regulated osmo-adaptation may be disrupted during IVD degeneration when the expression of both AQPs is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Snuggs
- grid.5884.10000 0001 0303 540XBiomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
| | - S. Tessier
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - R. A. B. Bunning
- grid.5884.10000 0001 0303 540XBiomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
| | - I. M. Shapiro
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - M. V. Risbud
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - C. L. Le Maitre
- grid.5884.10000 0001 0303 540XBiomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK
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Helmke A, Hüsing AM, Gaedcke S, Brauns N, Balzer MS, Reinhardt M, Hiss M, Shushakova N, de Luca D, Prinz I, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S. Peritoneal dialysate-range hypertonic glucose promotes T-cell IL-17 production that induces mesothelial inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:354-367. [PMID: 32926407 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) employs hypertonic glucose to remove excess water and uremic waste. Peritoneal membrane failure limits its long-term use. T-cell cytokines promote this decline. T-cell differentiation is critically determined by the microenvironment. We here study how PD-range hypertonic glucose regulates T-cell polarization and IL-17 production. In the human peritoneal cavity, CD3+ cell numbers increased in PD. Single cell RNA sequencing detected expression of T helper (Th) 17 signature genes RORC and IL23R. In vitro, PD-range glucose stimulated spontaneous and amplified cytokine-induced Th17 polarization. Osmotic controls l-glucose and d-mannose demonstrate that induction of IL-17A is a substance-independent, tonicity dose-dependent process. PD-range glucose upregulated glycolysis and increased the proportion of dysfunctional mitochondria. Blockade of reactive-oxygen species (ROS) prevented IL-17A induction in response to PD-range glucose. Peritoneal mesothelium cultured with IL-17A or IL17F produced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, CCL2, and CX3CL1. In PD patients, peritoneal IL-17A positively correlated with CX3CL1 concentrations. PD-range glucose-stimulated, but neither identically treated Il17a-/- Il17f-/- nor T cells cultured with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine enhanced mesothelial CX3CL1 expression. Our data delineate PD-range hypertonic glucose as a novel inducer of Th17 polarization in a mitochondrial-ROS-dependent manner. Modulation of tonicity-mediated effects of PD solutions may improve membrane survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Helmke
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne M Hüsing
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Gaedcke
- German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brauns
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael S Balzer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Reinhardt
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcus Hiss
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelli Shushakova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David de Luca
- German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Immunology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Cen L, Xing F, Xu L, Cao Y. Potential Role of Gene Regulator NFAT5 in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:6927429. [PMID: 33015193 PMCID: PMC7512074 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6927429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), a Rel/nuclear factor- (NF-) κB family member, is the only known gene regulator of the mammalian adaptive response to osmotic stress. Exposure to elevated glucose increases the expression and nuclear translocation of NFAT5, as well as NFAT5-driven transcriptional activity in vivo and in vitro. Increased expression of NFAT5 is closely correlated with the progression of diabetes in patients. The distinct structure of NFAT5 governs its physiological and pathogenic roles, indicating its opposing functions. The ability of NFAT5 to maintain cell homeostasis and proliferation is impaired in patients with diabetes. NFAT5 promotes the formation of aldose reductase, pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, and insulin resistance. Additionally, NFAT5 activates inflammation at a very early stage of diabetes and induces persistent inflammation. Recent studies revealed that NFAT5 is an effective therapeutic target for diabetes. Here, we describe the current knowledge about NFAT5 and its relationship with diabetes, focusing on its diverse regulatory functions, and highlight the importance of this protein as a potential therapeutic target in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Cen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengling Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Youdian Rd. 54th, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Yang XL, Wang X, Peng BW. NFAT5 Has a Job in the Brain. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:289-300. [PMID: 30391952 DOI: 10.1159/000493789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) has recently been classified as a new member of the Rel family. In addition, there are 5 more well-defined members (NF-κB and NFAT1-4) in the Rel family, which participate in regulating the expression of immune and inflammatory response-related genes. NFAT5 was initially identified in renal medullary cells where it regulated the expression of osmoprotective-related genes during the osmotic response. Many studies have demonstrated that NFAT5 is highly expressed in the nuclei of neurons in fetal and adult brains. Additionally, its expression is approximately 10-fold higher in fetal brains. With the development of detection technologies (laser scanning confocal microscopy, transgene technology, etc.), recent studies suggest that NFAT5 is also expressed in glial cells and plays a more diverse functional role. This article aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the expression of NFAT5, its regulation of activation, and varied biological functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Liang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
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Huang T, Dong Z. Osthole protects against inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney failure via suppression of nuclear factor-κB, transforming growth factor-β1 and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4915-4921. [PMID: 28765904 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple pharmacological applications of osthole have been previously recognized, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti‑platelet and estrogenic effects, and resistance to pain. The present study investigated the protective effects of osthole against inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney failure (CRF) and the underlying mechanisms. Osthole treatment with significantly reversed CRF‑induced changes in serum creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen levels in CRF rats. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats (age, 8 weeks) received 200 mg/kg 2% adenine suspension to induce CRF in the model group. In the osthole‑treated group, rats received 200 mg/kg 2% adenine suspension + osthole (40 mg/kg, intravenously). The results revealed that treatment with osthole significantly inhibited CRF‑induced tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑8 and IL‑6 expression, and suppressed nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) protein expression in CRF rats. Osthole treatment significantly attenuated the protein expression of transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1), reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 activity and increased the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) ratio in CRF rats. These results suggested that osthole protects against inflammation in a rat model of CRF via suppression of NF‑κB and TGF‑β1, and activation of PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor (erythroid‑derived 2)‑like 2 signaling. Therefore, osthole may represent a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Zhou H, Fu X, Hu G. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammatory factors and pannexin-1. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2179-2184. [PMID: 28656267 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) has wide applications due to the unique biological effects of anti‑hyperlipidemia, inhibition of platelet aggregation, anti‑inflammation, anti‑cancer, anti‑lipid oxidation and the promotion of brain tissue development. The present study investigated whether EET ameliorates cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury (CIRI) by inhibiting inflammatory factors and pannexin. Specific pathogen‑free 7‑week‑old male Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, CIRI and EET. Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume and cerebral edema were assessed in CIRI rats. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑6, nuclear factor‑κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, and western blot analysis was performed also used to assess cleaved caspase‑3, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase‑2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) protein expression levels. EET ameliorated cerebral injury and CIRI‑induced cleaved caspase‑3 protein expression levels in rats. EET additionally suppressed CIRI‑induced inflammation reactions and iNOS protein expression in rats. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of PLA2, PGE2 and pannexin‑1 in CIRI rats were inhibited by treatment with EET. These results indicated that EET reduces CIRI by inhibiting inflammation and levels of cleaved caspase‑3, PLA2, PGE2 and pannexin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Haixiao Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Yang X, Lin A, Jiang N, Yan H, Ni Z, Qian J, Fang W. Interleukin-6 trans-signalling induces vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis partly via Janus kinases-STAT3 pathway in human mesothelial cells. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 22:150-158. [PMID: 26869278 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a vital inflammatory factor in the peritoneal cavity of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Because intraperitoneal inflammation is closely associated with angiogenesis, we sought to explore the effect of IL-6 on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis and its transduction pathway in mesothelial cells. METHODS Human mesothelial cells (Met-5A) were incubated with different concentrations of glucose and mannitol, and the effect of glucose and mannitol on the expression of IL-6 was determined. Then, the cells were stimulated by IL-6 with or without two soluble receptors of IL-6 (sIL-6R or sgp130), and VEGF synthesis was detected. Finally, the cells were incubated with IL-6/sIL-6R combined with or without the inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAK) AG490. The phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its intracellular translocation were examined. RESULTS 1. High glucose and mannitol could upregulate IL-6 mRNA expression and IL-6 secretion in mesothelial cells significantly, and there was no difference of its effect between high glucose and mannitol. 2. Met-5A was a cell line with a single IL-6 receptor. The IL-6/sIL-6R complex induced VEGF synthesis of mesothelial cells, which was alleviated by sgp130 or AG490. IL-6 trans-signalling could induce the phosphorylation of STAT3, which is recruited to the cellular nucleus of Met-5A cells. CONCLUSION The present study might provide evidence that high glucose upregulates IL-6 synthesis in Met-5A cells, to some extent, depending on its osmolality and that IL-6 trans-signalling could induce VEGF synthesis partly dependent on the JAK/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiwu Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Center for Peritoneal Dialysis Research, Shanghai, China
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11
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Warcoin E, Baudouin C, Gard C, Brignole-Baudouin F. In Vitro Inhibition of NFAT5-Mediated Induction of CCL2 in Hyperosmotic Conditions by Cyclosporine and Dexamethasone on Human HeLa-Modified Conjunctiva-Derived Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159983. [PMID: 27486749 PMCID: PMC4972436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the pro-inflammatory intracellular mechanisms induced by an in vitro model of dry eye disease (DED) on a Hela-modified conjunctiva-derived cells in hyperosmolarity (HO) stress conditions. This study focused on CCL2 induction and explored the implications of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFĸB). This work was completed by an analysis of the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA), dexamethasone (Dex) and doxycycline (Dox) on HO-induced CCL2 and NFAT5 induction. Methods A human HeLa-modified conjunctiva-derived cell line was cultured in NaCl-hyperosmolar medium for various exposure times. Cellular viability, CCL2 secretion, NFAT5 and CCL2 gene expression, and intracytoplasmic NFAT5 were assessed using the Cell Titer Blue® assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), RT-qPCR and immunostaining, respectively. In selected experiments, inhibitors of MAPKs or NFκB, therapeutic agents or NFAT5 siRNAs were added before the hyperosmolar stimulations. Results HO induced CCL2 secretion and expression as well as NFAT5 gene expression and translocation. Adding NFAT5-siRNA before hyperosmolar stimulation led to a complete inhibition of CCL2 induction and to a decrease in cellular viability. p38 MAPK (p38), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and NFĸB inhibitors, CsA and Dex induced a partial inhibition of HO-induced CCL2, while Dox and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor did not. Dex also induced a partial inhibition of HO-induced NFAT5 gene expression but not CsA or Dox. Conclusions These in vitro results suggest a potential role of CCL2 in DED and highlight the crucial role of NFAT5 in the pro-inflammatory effect of HO on HeLa-modified conjunctiva-derived cells, a rarely studied cellular type. This inflammatory pathway involving NFAT5 and CCL2 could offer a promising target for developing new therapies to treat DED, warranting further investigations to fully grasp the complete intracellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Warcoin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Service Pharmacie, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EW); (FB)
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Service III, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EW); (FB)
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12
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Küper C, Beck FX, Neuhofer W. Autocrine MCP-1/CCR2 signaling stimulates proliferation and migration of renal carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2201-2209. [PMID: 27602164 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1; also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2] is an important mediator of monocyte recruitment during inflammatory processes. Pathologically high expression levels of MCP-1 by tumor cells have been observed in a variety of cancer types. In the majority of cases, high MCP-1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis, as infiltration of the tumor with inflammatory monocytes promotes tumor progression and metastasis. MCP-1 is also expressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In the present study, the function and the regulation of MCP-1 was investigated in two RCC cell lines, CaKi-1 and 786-O. In both cell lines, expression of MCP-1 was significantly enhanced compared with non-cancerous control cells. As expected, secretion of MCP-1 into the medium facilitated the recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes via the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 2 (CCR2). As expression of CCR2 was also detected in 786-O and CaKi-1 cells, the effect of autocrine MCP-1/CCR2 signaling was evaluated in these cells. In proliferation assays, administration of an MCP-1 neutralizing antibody or of a CCR2 antagonist to CaKi-1 and 786-O cells significantly decreased cell growth; supplementation of the growth medium with recombinant human MCP-1 had no additional effect on proliferation. The migration ability of RCC cells was impaired by MCP-1 neutralization or pharmacological CCR2 inhibition, while it was stimulated by the addition of recombinant human MCP-1, compared with untreated control cells. Finally, substantial differences in the regulation of MCP-1 expression were observed between RCC cell lines. In CaKi-1 cells, expression of MCP-1 appears to be largely mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5, while in 786-O cells, deletion of the tumor suppressor gene Von-Hippel-Lindau appeared to be responsible for MCP-1 upregulation, as suggested by previous studies. Taken together, the results of the current study indicate that expression of MCP-1 in RCC cells promotes tumor progression and metastasis not only by paracrine, but also by autocrine, MCP-1/CCR2 signaling events, enhancing cell proliferation and migration ability. Therefore, the present findings suggest the MCP-1/CCR2 axis is a potential target for future therapeutic strategies in the treatment of metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Küper
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Beck
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Clinical Center Traunstein, D-83278 Traunstein, Germany
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13
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Chua OWH, Wong KKL, Ko BC, Chung SK, Chow BKC, Lee LTO. Role of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 in regulating hypertonic-mediated secretin receptor expression in kidney collecting duct cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:922-32. [PMID: 27080132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that secretin (SCT) is an important element in the osmoregulatory pathway. It is interesting to note that both SCT and its receptor (SCTR) gene are activated upon hyperosmolality in the kidney. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of the SCTR gene expression in response to changes in osmolality have yet to be clarified. Detailed DNA sequence analysis of the promoter regions of the SCTR gene reveals the presence of multiple osmotic response elements (ORE). The ORE is the binding site of a key osmosensitive transactivator, namely, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5). SCTR and NFAT5 are co-expressed in the kidney cortex and medulla collecting duct cells. We therefore hypothesize that NFAT5 is responsible for modulating SCTR expression in hypertonic environments. In this study, we found hypertonicity stimulates the promoter activities and endogenous gene expression of SCTR in mouse kidney cortex collecting duct cells (M1) and inner medulla collecting duct cells (mIMCD3). The overexpression and silencing of NFAT5 further confirmed it to be responsible for the up-regulation of the SCTR gene under hypertonic conditions. A significant increase in the interaction between NFAT5 and the SCTR promoter was also observed following chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In vivo, osmotic stress up-regulates the SCTR gene in the kidney cortex and medulla of wild-type mice, but does not do so in NFAT5(+/-) animals. Hence, this study provides comprehensive information on how NFAT5 regulates SCTR expression in different osmotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W H Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben C Ko
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HBHA Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo T O Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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14
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The potential role of NFAT5 and osmolarity in peritoneal injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:578453. [PMID: 26495302 PMCID: PMC4606082 DOI: 10.1155/2015/578453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rise in osmotic concentration (osmolarity) activates the transcription factor Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 5 (NFAT5, also known as Tonicity-responsive Enhancer Binding Protein, TonEBP). This is part of a regulatory mechanism of cells adjusting to environments of high osmolarity. Under physiological conditions these are particularly important in the kidney. Activation of NFAT5 results in the modulation of various genes including some which promote inflammation. The osmolarity increases in patients with renal failure. Additionally, in peritoneal dialysis the cells of the peritoneal cavity are repeatedly exposed to a rise and fall in osmotic concentrations. Here we review the current information about NFAT5 activation in uremic patients and patients on peritoneal dialysis. We suggest that high osmolarity promotes injury in the “uremic” milieu, which results in inflammation locally in the peritoneal membrane, but most likely also in the systemic circulation.
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15
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Timucin AC, Bodur C, Basaga H. SIRT1 contributes to aldose reductase expression through modulating NFAT5 under osmotic stress: In vitro and in silico insights. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2160-72. [PMID: 26297866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
So far, a myriad of molecules were characterized to modulate NFAT5 and its downstream targets. Among these NFAT5 modifiers, SIRT1 was proposed to have a promising role in NFAT5 dependent events, yet the exact underlying mechanism still remains obscure. Hence, the link between SIRT1 and NFAT5-aldose reductase (AR) axis under osmotic stress, was aimed to be delineated in this study. A unique osmotic stress model was generated and its mechanistic components were deciphered in U937 monocytes. In this model, AR expression and nuclear NFAT5 stabilization were revealed to be positively regulated by SIRT1 through utilization of pharmacological modulators. Overexpression and co-transfection studies of NFAT5 and SIRT1 further validated the contribution of SIRT1 to AR and NFAT5. The involvement of SIRT1 activity in these events was mediated via modification of DNA binding of NFAT5 to AR ORE region. Besides, NFAT5 and SIRT1 were also shown to co-immunoprecipitate under isosmotic conditions and this interaction was disrupted by osmotic stress. Further in silico experiments were conducted to investigate if SIRT1 directly targets NFAT5. In this regard, certain lysine residues of NFAT5, when kept deacetylated, were found to contribute to its DNA binding and SIRT1 was shown to directly bind K282 of NFAT5. Based on these in vitro and in silico findings, SIRT1 was identified, for the first time, as a novel positive regulator of NFAT5 dependent AR expression under osmotic stress in U937 monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Can Timucin
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cagri Bodur
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Kitterer D, Latus J, Ulmer C, Fritz P, Biegger D, Ott G, Alscher MD, Witowski J, Kawka E, Jörres A, Seeger H, Segerer S, Braun N. Activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 in the peritoneal membrane of uremic patients. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1247-58. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00617.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis are responses to the uremic milieu and exposure to hyperosmolar dialysis fluids in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Cells respond to high osmolarity via the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT5). In the present study, the response of human peritoneal fibroblasts to glucose was analyzed in vitro. Expression levels of NFAT5 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL2) mRNA were quantified in peritoneal biopsies of five nonuremic control patients, five uremic patients before PD (pPD), and eight patients on PD (oPD) using real-time PCR. Biopsies from 5 control patients, 25 pPD patients, and 25 oPD patients were investigated using immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of NFAT5, CCL2, NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, and CD68. High glucose concentrations led to an early, dose-dependent induction of NFAT5 mRNA in human peritoneal fibroblasts. CCL2 mRNA expression was upregulated by high concentrations of glucose after 6 h, but, most notably, a concentration-dependent induction of CCL2 was present after 96 h. In human peritoneal biopsies, NFAT5 mRNA levels were increased in uremic patients compared with nonuremic control patients. No significant difference was found between the pPD group and oPD group. CCL2 mRNA expression was higher in the oPD group. Immunohistochemistry analysis was consistent with the results of mRNA analysis. CD68-positive cells were significantly increased in the oPD group. In conclusion, uremia results in NFAT5 induction, which might promote early changes of the peritoneum. Upregulation of NFAT5 in PD patients is associated with NFκB induction, potentially resulting in the recruitment of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kitterer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joerg Latus
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Ulmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Trauma Surgery, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Fritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Division of Pathology, Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dagmar Biegger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Division of Pathology, Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M. Dominik Alscher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Edyta Kawka
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Jörres
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Seeger
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Segerer
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niko Braun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Renal systems biology of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Kidney Int 2015; 88:804-14. [PMID: 25993322 PMCID: PMC4591107 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A systems biology approach was used to comprehensively examine the impact of renal disease and hemodialysis (HD) on patient response during critical illness. To achieve this we examined the metabolome, proteome, and transcriptome of 150 patients with critical illness, stratified by renal function. Quantification of plasma metabolites indicated greater change as renal function declined, with the greatest derangements in patients receiving chronic HD. Specifically, 6 uremic retention molecules, 17 other protein catabolites, 7 modified nucleosides, and 7 pentose phosphate sugars increased as renal function declined, consistent with decreased excretion or increased catabolism of amino acids and ribonucleotides. Similarly, the proteome showed increased levels of low-molecular weight proteins and acute phase reactants. The transcriptome revealed a broad-based decrease in mRNA levels among patients on HD. Systems integration revealed an unrecognized association between plasma RNASE1 and several RNA catabolites and modified nucleosides. Further, allantoin, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, and n-acetylaspartate were inversely correlated with the majority of significantly down-regulated genes. Thus, renal function broadly affected the plasma metabolome, proteome, and peripheral blood transcriptome during critical illness; changes not effectively mitigated by hemodialysis. These studies allude to several novel mechanisms whereby renal dysfunction contributes to critical illness.
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18
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Küper C, Beck FX, Neuhofer W. Generation of a conditional knockout allele for the NFAT5 gene in mice. Front Physiol 2015; 5:507. [PMID: 25601839 PMCID: PMC4283511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The osmosensitive transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5), also known as tonicity enhancer element binding protein (TonEBP) plays a crucial role in protection of renal medullary cells against hyperosmotic stress, urinary concentration, the adaptive immune response, and other physiological systems. Since it is also important for development, conventional homozygous-null mutations result in perinatal death, which hinders the analysis of NFAT5 function in specific tissues in vivo. Here we describe the generation of mice with a conditional-null allele, in which loxP sites are inserted around exon 4. Mice harboring the floxed allele (NFAT5flx) were mated to a strain expressing a tamoxifen-inducible derivative of the Cre-recombinase (Cre+) under the control of the ubiqitinC promoter. The resultant homozygous conditional knockout mice (Cre+ NFAT5flx/flx) are viable, fertile, and show normal expression of NFAT5 and NFAT5 target genes, indicating that the conditional alleles retain their wild-type function. Induction of Cre-mediated recombination by administration of tamoxifen in 8-week-old mice resulted in a decrease in NFAT5 expression of about 70–90% in all tested tissues (renal cortex, renal outer medulla, renal inner medulla, heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle). Accordingly, the expression of the NFAT5 target genes aldose reductase and heat shock protein 70 in the renal medulla was also significantly decreased. Mice harboring this conditional knockout allele should be useful in future studies for gaining a better understanding of tissue and cell-type specific functions of NFAT5 in adult animals under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Küper
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Ullian ME, Luttrell LM, Lee MH, Morinelli TA. Stimulation of Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Rat Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells. NEPHRON. EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROLOGY 2014; 128:000368673. [PMID: 25531215 DOI: 10.1159/000368673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Since peritoneal dialysis causes peritoneal fibrosis, we examined how glucose (osmotic factor), mannitol (osmotic control), and angiotensin II (AngII) regulate proinflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in primary rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Materials and Methods: For this study, we used the following material (n = 4-8 cell lines): cells, passages 1-2; 125I-AngII receptor surface binding (AT1R antagonist losartan, AT2R antagonist PD123319; both 10 µM); intracellular calcium probe calcium-5; COX-2 immunoblotting (β-actin normalized); real-time PCR of COX-2 gene PTGS2, and NF-κB inhibitor Ro-1069920 (5 µM). Results: AngII surface receptors were predominantly AT1R (minimally AT2R). AngII and glucose increased COX-2 protein expression concentration dependently; mannitol also increased COX-2 expression. Maximal COX-2 protein expression was observed after 6 h (AngII) and 24 h (glucose, mannitol). The time course of increases in PTGS2 mRNA levels reflected that of COX-2 protein expression. At optimal exposure conditions (time/concentration), glucose was 5-fold more efficacious in stimulating COX-2 protein expression than AngII or mannitol. Losartan fully inhibited COX-2 protein responses to AngII and mannitol, but minimally inhibited responses to glucose. Ro-1069920 fully inhibited COX-2 protein responses to each effector. Conclusion: AngII, glucose, and osmotic stress (mannitol) activate COX-2; NF-κB may be an ideal site for COX-2 blockade, and COX-2 activation by osmotic stress requires AT1R, but activation by glucose is more robust and mechanistically complex. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Ullian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C., USA
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20
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Extracellular osmolarity regulates matrix homeostasis in the intervertebral disc and articular cartilage: evolving role of TonEBP. Matrix Biol 2014; 40:10-6. [PMID: 25172826 PMCID: PMC4390124 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is characterized by changes in proteoglycan status, loss of bound water molecules, decreased tissue osmotic pressure and a resulting mechanical failure of the disc. A similar spectrum of changes is evident in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. When healthy, resident cells in these skeletal tissues respond to applied mechanical loads by regulating their own osmotic state and the hydration of the extracellular matrix. The transcription factor Tonicity-Responsive Enhancer Binding Protein (TonEBP or NFAT5) is known to mediate the osmoadaptive response in these and other tissues. While the molecular basis of how osmotic loading controls matrix homeostasis is not completely understood, TonEBP regulates the expression of aggrecan and β1,3-glucoronosyltransferase in nucleus pulposus cells, in addition to targets that allow for survival under hypertonic stress. Moreover, in chondrocytes, TonEBP controls expression of several collagen subtypes and Sox9, a master regulator of aggrecan and collagen II expression. Thus, TonEBP-mediated regulation of the matrix composition allows disc cells and chondrocytes to modify the extracellular osmotic state itself. On the other hand, TonEBP in immune cells induces expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, pro-inflammatory molecules closely linked to matrix catabolism and pathogenesis of both disc degeneration and osteoarthritis, warranting investigations of this aspect of TonEBP function in skeletal cells. In summary, the TonEBP system, through its effects on extracellular matrix and osmoregulatory genes can be viewed primarily as a protective or homeostatic response to physiological loading.
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21
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Neuhofer W, Küper C, Lichtnekert J, Holzapfel K, Rupanagudi KV, Fraek ML, Bartels H, Beck FX. Focal adhesion kinase regulates the activity of the osmosensitive transcription factor TonEBP/NFAT5 under hypertonic conditions. Front Physiol 2014; 5:123. [PMID: 24772088 PMCID: PMC3983490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TonEBP/NFAT5 is a major regulator of the urinary concentrating process and is essential for the osmoadaptation of renal medullary cells. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a mechanosensitive non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed abundantly in the renal medulla. Since osmotic stress causes cell shrinkage, the present study investigated the contribution of FAK on TonEBP/NFAT5 activation. Osmotic stress induced time-dependent activation of FAK as evidenced by phosphorylation at Tyr-397, and furosemide reduces FAK Tyr-397 phosphorylation in the rat renal medulla. Both pharmacological inhibition of FAK and siRNA-mediated knockdown of FAK drastically reduced TonEBP/NFAT5 transcriptional activity and target gene expression in HEK293 cells. This effect was not mediated by impaired nuclear translocation or by reduced transactivating activity of TonEBP/NFAT5. However, TonEBP/NFAT5 abundance under hypertonic conditions was diminished by 50% by FAK inhibition or siRNA knockdown of FAK. FAK inhibition only marginally reduced transcription of the TonEBP/NFAT5 gene. Rather, TonEBP/NFAT5 mRNA stability was diminished significantly by FAK inhibition, which correlated with reduced reporter activity of the TonEBP/NFAT5 mRNA 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR). In conclusion, FAK is a major regulator of TonEBP/NFAT5 activity by increasing its abundance via stabilization of the mRNA. This in turn, depends on the presence of the TonEBP/NFAT5 3′-UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich Munich, Germany ; Department of Cellular Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Küper
- Department of Cellular Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Holzapfel
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Khader V Rupanagudi
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Maria-Luisa Fraek
- Department of Cellular Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Bartels
- Center of Anatomy, Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Beck
- Department of Cellular Physiology, University of Munich Munich, Germany
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22
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Kim MS, Takahashi T, Lee JY, Hwang GW, Naganuma A. Methylmercury induces CCL2 expression through activation of NF-κB in human 1321N1 astrocytes. J Toxicol Sci 2013. [PMID: 23208443 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to the central nervous system; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity remain unclear. Methylmercury increases expression of several chemokines in the cerebellum of mice treated with methylmercury. The present study analyzes the mechanism underlying methylmercury-induced chemokine expression using human 1321N1 astrocytes, and shows that methylmercury increases CCL2 expression in these cells. The transcription factor NF-κB is involved in the induction of chemokine expression. Methylmercury increased the level of the NF-κB p65 subunit in the nuclei of 1321N1 cells. The methylmercury-induced increase in CCL2 expression was significantly decreased by suppression of p65 expression by RNA interference. These results suggest that methylmercury induces chemokine expression through activation of NF-κB in human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Cheung CY, Ko BC. NFAT5 in cellular adaptation to hypertonic stress - regulations and functional significance. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:5. [PMID: 23618372 PMCID: PMC3655004 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells-5 (NFAT5), also known as OREBP or TonEBP, is a member of the nuclear factors of the activated T cells family of transcription factors. It is also the only known tonicity-regulated transcription factor in mammals. NFAT5 was initially known for its role in the hypertonic kidney inner medulla for orchestrating a genetic program to restore the cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that NFAT5 might play a more diverse functional role, including a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases. Despite the growing significance of NFAT5 in physiology and diseases, our understanding of how its activity is regulated remains very limited. Furthermore, how changes in tonicities are converted into functional outputs via NFAT5 remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the functional roles of NFAT5 in osmotic stress adaptation and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Yk Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, and The State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Rm 38019, Clinical Sciences Building, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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