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Prajapati R, Somoza Á. Albumin Nanostructures for Nucleic Acid Delivery in Cancer: Current Trend, Emerging Issues, and Possible Solutions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3454. [PMID: 34298666 PMCID: PMC8304767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major health problems worldwide, and hence, suitable therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects are desired. Gene therapy, involving plasmids, small interfering RNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides have been showing promising potential in cancer therapy. In recent years, the preparation of various carriers for nucleic acid delivery to the tumor sites is gaining attention since intracellular and extracellular barriers impart major challenges in the delivery of naked nucleic acids. Albumin is a versatile protein being used widely for developing carriers for nucleic acids. It provides biocompatibility, tumor specificity, the possibility for surface modification, and reduces toxicity. In this review, the advantages of using nucleic acids in cancer therapy and the challenges associated with their delivery are presented. The focus of this article is on the different types of albumin nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, polyplexes, and nanoconjugates, employed to overcome the limitations of the direct use of nucleic acids in vivo. This review also highlights various approaches for the modification of the surface of albumin to enhance its transfection efficiency and targeted delivery in the tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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2
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Wang Y, Chen S, Yang X, Zhang S, Cui C. Preparation Optimization of Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles and Its Application for siRNA Delivery. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:1531-1547. [PMID: 33883877 PMCID: PMC8053787 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s299479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND siRNA brings hope for cancer therapy. However, there are many obstacles for application of siRNA in clinical. Because of the excellent biocompatibility, non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity of bovine serum albumin (BSA), BSA-based nanoparticles have been widely designed as a drug carrier system. METHODS The optimal formula for BSA NPs preparation was investigated by central composite design response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), BSA-based survivin-siRNA delivery system (BSA NPs/siRNA) was characterized by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscope, transmission electron microscope and Bradford method. The in vitro anti-tumor effect and mechanism of BSA NPs were investigated by confocal microscopic imaging, MTT assay, RT-qPCR and ELISA analysis. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect, distribution and biosafety of BSA NPs were studied in vivo. RESULTS The optimal formula for BSA NPs was settled to be 20 mg/mL for BSA concentration, 9 for pH value, 136% for crosslinking degree and 1.6 mL/min for speed of ethanol addition. BSA NPs/siRNA could remain stable at 4°C for 4 weeks and protect siRNA from degradation by RNase A. Besides, BSA NPs/siRNA could maintain a sustained release of siRNA and promote the uptake of siRNA significantly. The survivin-mRNA level and the survivin-protein level were decreased by 55% ± 1.6% and 54% ± 1.6% separately. The in vivo tumor inhibition results suggested that the tumor inhibition rate of BSA NPs/siRNA-treated group was 54% ± 12% and was similar with that of DOX-treated group (57% ± 9.2%, P > 0.05). The biosafety results confirmed that BSA NPs/siRNA could not induce significant damages to the main organs and blood in vivo. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that CCD-RSM was an effective tool for preparation analysis, and the BSA NPs/siRNA was a promising system for siRNA-based gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Polymer-coated nanoparticle protein corona formation potentiates phagocytosis of bacteria by innate immune cells and inhibits coagulation in human plasma. Biointerphases 2020; 15:051003. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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4
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Kushwaha AC, Mohanbhai SJ, Sardoiwala MN, Sood A, Karmakar S, Roy Choudhury S. Epigenetic Regulation of Bmi1 by Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation Inhibit Bcl-2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25633-25644. [PMID: 32453568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bmi1 is associated with advanced prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and polyethylenimine (PEI)-stabilized Bmi1 siRNA-entrapped human serum albumin (HSA) nanocarriers (PEI@HSANCs) were used to protect siRNA from degradation and also to control epigenetic regulation-based AML therapy. The nanoform increased the transfection efficiency of Bmi1 siRNA through caveolae-mediated endocytosis and enhanced Bax translocation into the mitochondria. It enhanced the caspase 3-mediated apoptosis through the Bax activation and Bcl-2 inhibition. The molecular analysis reveals the downregulation of polycomb proteins, Bmi1 and EzH2, along with inhibition of H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1. The signaling cascade revealed downregulation of Bmi1 through ubiquitin-mediated degradation and is reversed by a proteasome inhibitor. Further mechanistic studies established a crucial role of transcription factor, C-Myb and Bmi1, as its direct targets for maintenance and progression of AML. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed Bmi1 as a direct target of C-Myb as it binds to promoter sequence of Bmi1 between -235 to +43 and -111 to +43. The in vivo studies performed in the AML xenograft model evidence a decrease in the population of leukemic stem cells marker (CD45+) and an increase in the myeloid differentiating marker expression (CD11b+) in the bone marrow after the Bmi1 siRNA nanoconjugated therapy. Activation of apoptotic pathways and withdrawal of epigenetic repression through a ubiquitin proteasomal pathway potentiating a novel antileukemic therapy were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chandra Kushwaha
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Soni Jignesh Mohanbhai
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mohammed Nadim Sardoiwala
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ankur Sood
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Surajit Karmakar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Subhasree Roy Choudhury
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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5
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Human plasma protein adsorption to elastin-like polypeptide nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2020; 15:021007. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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6
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Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as an alternative in the treatment of cancer, particularly in cases of resistance to chemo and radiotherapy. Different approaches to deliver genetic material to tumor tissues have been proposed, including the use of small non-coding RNAs due to their multiple mechanisms of action. However, such promise has shown limits in in vivo application related to RNA's biological instability and stimulation of immunity, urging the development of systems able to overcome those barriers. In this review, we discuss the use of RNA interference in cancer therapy with special attention to the role of siRNA and miRNA and to the challenges of their delivery in vivo. We introduce a promising class of drug delivery system known as micelle-like nanoparticles and explore their synthesis and advantages for gene therapy as well as the recent findings in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.
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7
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a fundamental cellular process for the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. RNAi can exogenously be modulated by small RNA oligonucleotides, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), or by antisense oligonucleotides. These small oligonucleotides provided the scientific community with powerful and versatile tools to turn off the expression of genes of interest, and hold out the promise of new therapeutic solutions against a wide range of gene-associated pathologies. However, unmodified nucleic acids are highly instable in biological systems, and their weak interaction with plasma proteins confers an unfavorable pharmacokinetics. In this review, we first provide an overview of the most efficient chemical strategies that, over the past 30 years, have been used to significantly improve the therapeutic potential of oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides targeting and delivery technologies are then presented, including covalent conjugates between oligonucleotides and targeting ligand, and noncovalent association with lipid or polymer nanoparticles. Finally, we specifically focus on the endosomal escape step, which represents a major stumbling block for the effective use of oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents. The need for approaches to quantitatively measure endosomal escape and cytosolic arrival of biomolecules is discussed in the context of the development of efficient oligonucleotide targeting and delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Cellular and Chemical Biology, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marco Lucchino
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Cellular and Chemical Biology, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Paris, France
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8
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Hanafy NAN, Quarta A, Di Corato R, Dini L, Nobile C, Tasco V, Carallo S, Cascione M, Malfettone A, Soukupova J, Rinaldi R, Fabregat I, Leporatti S. Hybrid polymeric-protein nano-carriers (HPPNC) for targeted delivery of TGFβ inhibitors to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:120. [PMID: 28685231 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ1 pathway antagonists have been considered promising therapies to attenuate TGFβ downstream signals in cancer cells. Inhibiting peptides, as P-17 in this study, are bound to either TGFβ1 or its receptors, blocking signal transduction. However, for efficient use of these TGFβ1antagonist as target therapeutic tools, improvement in their delivery is required. Here, a plasmid carrying specific shDNA (SHT-DNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and the peptide (P-17) were loaded separately into folic acid (FA)-functionalized nano-carriers made of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The two building blocks of the carrier, (BSA and FA) were used because of the high affinity of albumin for liver and for the overexpression of folate receptors on the membrane of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The empty and the encapsulated carriers were thoroughly investigated to characterize their structure, to evaluate the colloidal stability and the surface functionalization. The entrapment of SHT-DNA, siRNA and P-17, respectively, was demonstrated by morphological and quantitative analysis. Finally, cellular studies were performed to assess the targeting efficiency of the hybrid carriers. These vectors were used because of the high affinity of albumin for liver and for the overexpression of folate receptors on the membrane hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The empty and the encapsulated carriers were thoroughly investigated to characterize their structure, to evaluate the colloidal stability and the surface functionalization. The entrapment of SHT-DNA, siRNA and P-17, respectively, was demonstrated by morphological and quantitative analysis. A novel fabrication of Hybrid Polymeric-Protein Nano-Carriers (HPPNC) for delivering TGF β1 inhibitors to HCC cells has been developed. SHT-DNA, siRNA and P-17 have been successfully encapsulated. TGF β1 inhibitors-loaded HPPNC were efficiently uptaken by HLF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemany A N Hanafy
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Dipartmento di Matematica and Fisica "E. de Giorgi", University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- Dipartmento di Scienze Tecnologiche Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Concetta Nobile
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Sonia Carallo
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Dipartmento di Matematica and Fisica "E. de Giorgi", University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Andrea Malfettone
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
| | - Jitka Soukupova
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Dipartmento di Matematica and Fisica "E. de Giorgi", University of Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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9
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Safwat S, Ishak RAH, Hathout RM, Mortada ND. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with simvastatin: effect of PEG/glycerides on characterization, stability, cellular uptake efficiency and in vitro cytotoxicity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1112-1125. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1293681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Safwat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A. H. Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D. Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Murthy V, Delong RK. Engineering the RNA-Nanobio Interface. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4010013. [PMID: 28952492 PMCID: PMC5590433 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA nanotechnology is attracting a great deal of attention recently. As the multiple roles that RNA plays in molecular biology and physiological regulation become clearer, there are many opportunities for engineering RNA-Nanoparticle Complexes (RNA-NPCs). The high “engineerability” of RNA-NPCs comes from the ability to modify the RNA and NP chemistry. For example, the NP can be derived from materials with anticancer activity and the RNA delivered by it, designed to target cell signaling pathways that contribute to the molecular basis of these diseases. Despite this rapid advancement and the availability of new quantification and characterization techniques, a key challenge is to develop a better understanding of the RNA-nanobio interface; that is, the interactions of RNA with NP (RNA-nanobio interface) and how that impacts the structure, function, delivery, and activity of the RNA. Here, we attempt to summarize the state-of-the-art in this new and exciting field, and to lay out potential directions for bioengineering research on RNA-NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Murthy
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Robert K Delong
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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11
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Walia S, Sharma S, Markand Kulurkar P, Patial V, Acharya A. A bimodal molecular imaging probe based on chitosan encapsulated magneto-fluorescent nanocomposite offers biocompatibility, visualization of specific cancer cells in vitro and lung tissues in vivo. Int J Pharm 2015; 498:110-8. [PMID: 26680315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional hybrid nanocomposite material, consists of chitosan encapsulated iron oxide (as MRI contrasting agent), CdS (as fluorescent probe) nanoparticles and podophyllotoxin (as anticancer drug) was synthesized and characterized. The TEM studies suggested the size of the NPs to be in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanocomposites were treated with different cancer cell lines viz., KB, C6 and A549 cells. Fluorescence imaging and Perl's Prussian blue staining confirmed the presence of these nanocomposites inside both KB and C6 cells but not in A549 cells. Cytotoxicity experiments revealed that these biopolymer coated nanocomposites showed minimal toxicity towards cancerous cells. Further the intraperitoneal administration of one of the nanoformulations to Wistar rats suggested deposition of these nanocomposites in the lungs. The hematological, biochemical and histopathological analysis confirmed that these nanocomposites are safe to use as a novel dual mode imaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanka Walia
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food Nutraceutical and Quality Control Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Markand Kulurkar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food Nutraceutical and Quality Control Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food Nutraceutical and Quality Control Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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12
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Impairing the radioresistance of cancer cells by hydrogenated nanodiamonds. Biomaterials 2015; 61:290-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Pang C, Brunelli A, Zhu C, Hristozov D, Liu Y, Semenzin E, Wang W, Tao W, Liang J, Marcomini A, Chen C, Zhao B. Demonstrating approaches to chemically modify the surface of Ag nanoparticles in order to influence their cytotoxicity and biodistribution after single dose acute intravenous administration. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:129-39. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1024295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:52-79. [PMID: 25813885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1000] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second worldwide cause of death, exceeded only by cardiovascular diseases. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and an absence of cell death that, except for hematological cancers, generates an abnormal cell mass or tumor. This primary tumor grows thanks to new vascularization and, in time, acquires metastatic potential and spreads to other body sites, which causes metastasis and finally death. Cancer is caused by damage or mutations in the genetic material of the cells due to environmental or inherited factors. While surgery and radiotherapy are the primary treatment used for local and non-metastatic cancers, anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapy, hormone and biological therapies) are the choice currently used in metastatic cancers. Chemotherapy is based on the inhibition of the division of rapidly growing cells, which is a characteristic of the cancerous cells, but unfortunately, it also affects normal cells with fast proliferation rates, such as the hair follicles, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract cells, generating the characteristic side effects of chemotherapy. The indiscriminate destruction of normal cells, the toxicity of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the development of multidrug resistance, support the need to find new effective targeted treatments based on the changes in the molecular biology of the tumor cells. These novel targeted therapies, of increasing interest as evidenced by FDA-approved targeted cancer drugs in recent years, block biologic transduction pathways and/or specific cancer proteins to induce the death of cancer cells by means of apoptosis and stimulation of the immune system, or specifically deliver chemotherapeutic agents to cancer cells, minimizing the undesirable side effects. Although targeted therapies can be achieved directly by altering specific cell signaling by means of monoclonal antibodies or small molecules inhibitors, this review focuses on indirect targeted approaches that mainly deliver chemotherapeutic agents to molecular targets overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. In particular, we offer a detailed description of different cytotoxic drug carriers, such as liposomes, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, polymeric conjugates and polymeric nanoparticles, in passive and active targeted cancer therapy, by enhancing the permeability and retention or by the functionalization of the surface of the carriers, respectively, emphasizing those that have received FDA approval or are part of the most important clinical studies up to date. These drug carriers not only transport the chemotherapeutic agents to tumors, avoiding normal tissues and reducing toxicity in the rest of the body, but also protect cytotoxic drugs from degradation, increase the half-life, payload and solubility of cytotoxic agents and reduce renal clearance. Despite the many advantages of all the anticancer drug carriers analyzed, only a few of them have reached the FDA approval, in particular, two polymer-protein conjugates, five liposomal formulations and one polymeric nanoparticle are available in the market, in contrast to the sixteen FDA approval of monoclonal antibodies. However, there are numerous clinical trials in progress of polymer-protein and polymer-drug conjugates, liposomal formulations, including immunoliposomes, polymeric micelles and polymeric nanoparticles. Regarding carbon nanotubes or dendrimers, there are no FDA approvals or clinical trials in process up to date due to their unresolved toxicity. Moreover, we analyze in detail the more promising and advanced preclinical studies of the particular case of polymeric nanoparticles as carriers of different cytotoxic agents to active and passive tumor targeting published in the last 5 years, since they have a huge potential in cancer therapy, being one of the most widely studied nano-platforms in this field in the last years. The interest that these formulations have recently achieved is stressed by the fact that 90% of the papers based on cancer therapeutics with polymeric nanoparticles have been published in the last 6 years (PubMed search).
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15
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Abstract
![]()
RNA
interference (RNAi) is an endogenous process in which small
noncoding RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs
(miRNAs), post-transcriptionally regulate gene expressions. In general,
siRNA and miRNA/miRNA mimics are similar in nature and activity except
their origin and specificity. Although both siRNAs and miRNAs have
been extensively studied as novel therapeutics for a wide range of
diseases, the large molecular weight, anionic surface charges, instability
in blood circulation, and intracellular trafficking to the RISC after
cellular uptake have hindered the translation of these RNAs from bench
to clinic. As a result, a great variety of delivery systems have been
investigated for safe and effective delivery of small noncoding RNAs.
Among these systems, peptides, especially cationic peptides, have
emerged as a promising type of carrier due to their inherent ability
to condense negatively charged RNAs, ease of synthesis, controllable
size, and tunable structure. In this review, we will focus on three
major types of cationic peptides, including poly(l-lysine)
(PLL), protamine, and cell penetrating peptides (CPP), as well as
peptide targeting ligands that have been extensively used in RNA delivery.
The delivery strategies, applications, and limitations of these cationic
peptides in siRNA/miRNA delivery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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16
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Yadav R, Kumar D, Kumari A, Yadav SK. Encapsulation of catechin and epicatechin on BSA NPS improved their stability and antioxidant potential. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:331-46. [PMID: 26417264 PMCID: PMC4462830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoencapsulation of antioxidant molecules on protein nanoparticles (NPs) could be an advanced approach for providing stable, better food nutraceuticals and anticancer drugs. The bioavailability and stability of catechin (CAT) and epicatechin (ECAT) were very poor. In the present study, the CAT and ECAT were loaded on bovine serum albumin (BSA) NPs following desolvation method. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) recorded size of CAT-BSA NPs and ECAT-BSA NPs were 45 ± 5 nm and 48 ± 5 nm respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of CAT and ECAT on BSA NPs was found to be 60.5 and 54.5 % respectively. CAT-BSA NPs and ECAT-BSA NPs show slow and sustained in vitro release. The CAT-BSA NPs and ECAT-BSA NPs were stable in solution at various temperatures 37 °C, 47 °C and 57 °C. DPPH assay revealed that CAT and ECAT maintained their functional activity even after encapsulation on BSA NPs. Furthermore, the efficacy of CAT-BSA NPs and ECAT-BSA NPs determined against A549 cell lines was found to be improved. CAT and ECAT aptly encapsulated in BSA NPs, showed satisfactory sustained release, maintained antioxidant potential and found improved efficacy. This has thus suggested their more effective use in food and nutraceuticals as well as in medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdhan Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi
| | - Dharmesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India
| | - Avnesh Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Sudesh Kumar Yadav, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (H. P.), India, E-mail:
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