1
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Doz-Deblauwe E, Bounab B, Carreras F, Fahel JS, Oliveira SC, Lamkanfi M, Le Vern Y, Germon P, Pichon J, Kempf F, Paget C, Remot A, Winter N. Dual neutrophil subsets exacerbate or suppress inflammation in tuberculosis via IL-1β or PD-L1. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402623. [PMID: 38803236 PMCID: PMC11109925 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils can be beneficial or deleterious during tuberculosis (TB). Based on the expression of MHC-II and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), we distinguished two functionally and transcriptionally distinct neutrophil subsets in the lungs of mice infected with mycobacteria. Inflammatory [MHC-II-, PD-L1lo] neutrophils produced inflammasome-dependent IL-1β in the lungs in response to virulent mycobacteria and "accelerated" deleterious inflammation, which was highly exacerbated in IFN-γR-/- mice. Regulatory [MHC-II+, PD-L1hi] neutrophils "brake" inflammation by suppressing T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Such beneficial regulation, which depends on PD-L1, is controlled by IFN-γR signaling in neutrophils. The hypervirulent HN878 strain from the Beijing genotype curbed PD-L1 expression by regulatory neutrophils, abolishing the braking function and driving deleterious hyperinflammation in the lungs. These findings add a layer of complexity to the roles played by neutrophils in TB and may explain the reactivation of this disease observed in cancer patients treated with anti-PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia S Fahel
- INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- https://ror.org/00cv9y106 Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM, U1100, Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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2
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Ghoshal A, Verma A, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. The uncharted territory of host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339467. [PMID: 38312835 PMCID: PMC10834760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) effectively manipulates the host processes to establish the deadly respiratory disease, Tuberculosis (TB). M.tb has developed key mechanisms to disrupt the host cell health to combat immune responses and replicate efficaciously. M.tb antigens such as ESAT-6, 19kDa lipoprotein, Hip1, and Hsp70 destroy the integrity of cell organelles (Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, Phagosomes) or delay innate/adaptive cell responses. This is followed by the induction of cellular stress responses in the host. Such cells can either undergo various cell death processes such as apoptosis or necrosis, or mount effective immune responses to clear the invading pathogen. Further, to combat the infection progression, the host secretes extracellular vesicles such as exosomes to initiate immune signaling. The exosomes can contain M.tb as well as host cell-derived peptides that can act as a double-edged sword in the immune signaling event. The host-symbiont microbiota produces various metabolites that are beneficial for maintaining healthy tissue microenvironment. In juxtaposition to the above-mentioned mechanisms, M.tb dysregulates the gut and respiratory microbiome to support its replication and dissemination process. The above-mentioned interconnected host cellular processes of Immunometabolism, Cellular stress, Host Microbiome, and Extracellular vesicles are less explored in the realm of exploration of novel Host-directed therapies for TB. Therefore, this review highlights the intertwined host cellular processes to control M.tb survival and showcases the important factors that can be targeted for designing efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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3
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Pellegrini JM, Morelli MP, Colombo MI, García VE. Editorial: Beneficial and detrimental host cellular responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1332084. [PMID: 38089813 PMCID: PMC10711595 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1332084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Miguel Pellegrini
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, Marseille, France
| | - María Paula Morelli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Colombo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Verónica Edith García
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Masood KI, Irfan M, Masood Q, Yameen M, Jamil B, Ram N, Rao S, Rottenberg M, Hasan Z. Latent
M. tuberculosis
infection is associated with increased inflammatory cytokine and decreased suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)‐3 in the diabetic host. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13134. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Iqbal Masood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Qamar Masood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maliha Yameen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bushra Jamil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Nanik Ram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martin Rottenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zahra Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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5
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Olbrich L, Stockdale L, Basu Roy R, Song R, Cicin-Sain L, Whittaker E, Prendergast AJ, Fletcher H, Seddon JA. Understanding the interaction between cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in children: The way forward. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010061. [PMID: 34882748 PMCID: PMC8659711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1 million children develop tuberculosis (TB) each year, with a quarter dying. Multiple factors impact the risk of a child being exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the risk of progressing to TB disease, and the risk of dying. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous herpes virus, impacts the host response to Mtb, potentially influencing the probability of disease progression, type of TB disease, performance of TB diagnostics, and disease outcome. It is also likely that infection with Mtb impacts CMV pathogenesis. Our current understanding of the burden of these 2 diseases in children, their immunological interactions, and the clinical consequence of coinfection is incomplete. It is also unclear how potential interventions might affect disease progression and outcome for TB or CMV. This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological literature on CMV and TB in children and explores how the 2 pathogens interact, while also considering the impact of HIV on this relationship. It outlines areas of research uncertainty and makes practical suggestions as to potential studies that might address these gaps. Current research is hampered by inconsistent definitions, study designs, and laboratory practices, and more consistency and collaboration between researchers would lead to greater clarity. The ambitious targets outlined in the World Health Organization End TB Strategy will only be met through a better understanding of all aspects of child TB, including the substantial impact of coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, The Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robindra Basu Roy
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Whittaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Helen Fletcher
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Seddon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Pitcher MJ, Bowness R, Dobson S, Eftimie R, Gillespie SH. Modelling the effects of environmental heterogeneity within the lung on the tuberculosis life-cycle. J Theor Biol 2020; 506:110381. [PMID: 32771534 PMCID: PMC7511696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In silico model of TB in the lung incorporating environmental heterogeneity. Preferential conditions at the apex of lung localise post-primary disease there. Analysis of the key influences driving disease at different regions of the lung.
Progress in shortening the duration of tuberculosis (TB) treatment is hampered by the lack of a predictive model that accurately reflects the diverse environment within the lung. This is important as TB has been shown to produce distinct localisations to different areas of the lung during different disease stages, with the environmental heterogeneity within the lung of factors such as air ventilation, blood perfusion and oxygen tension believed to contribute to the apical localisation witnessed during the post-primary form of the disease. Building upon our previous model of environmental lung heterogeneity, we present a networked metapopulation model that simulates TB across the whole lung, incorporating these notions of environmental heterogeneity across the whole TB life-cycle to show how different stages of the disease are influenced by different environmental and immunological factors. The alveolar tissue in the lung is divided into distinct patches, with each patch representing a portion of the total tissue and containing environmental attributes that reflect the internal conditions at that location. We include populations of bacteria and immune cells in various states, and events are included which determine how the members of the model interact with each other and the environment. By allowing some of these events to be dependent on environmental attributes, we create a set of heterogeneous dynamics, whereby the location of the tissue within the lung determines the disease pathological events that occur there. Our results show that the environmental heterogeneity within the lung is a plausible driving force behind the apical localisation during post-primary disease. After initial infection, bacterial levels will grow in the initial infection location at the base of the lung until an adaptive immune response is initiated. During this period, bacteria are able to disseminate and create new lesions throughout the lung. During the latent stage, the lesions that are situated towards the apex are the largest in size, and once a post-primary immune-suppressing event occurs, it is the uppermost lesions that reach the highest levels of bacterial proliferation. Our sensitivity analysis also shows that it is the differential in blood perfusion, causing reduced immune activity towards the apex, which has the biggest influence of disease outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pitcher
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom; School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Bowness
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Dobson
- School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Raluca Eftimie
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, United Kingdom
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7
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Abstract
Exciting clinical results from 2 clinical TB vaccine trials were published in 2018. These, plus promising preclinical candidates form a healthy pipeline of potential vaccines against the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. The only licensed vaccine, the BCG, continues to be an important tool in protecting against severe forms of TB in children, but has not stopped the diseases causing 1.3 million deaths per year. This review provides an overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline, highlighting recent findings, describes work relating to epidemiologic impact of vaccines, and discusses the future of TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. https://twitter.com/LisaStockdale
| | - Helen Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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8
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Xing Z, Afkhami S, Bavananthasivam J, Fritz DK, D'Agostino MR, Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Yao Y, Jeyanathan M. Innate immune memory of tissue-resident macrophages and trained innate immunity: Re-vamping vaccine concept and strategies. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:825-834. [PMID: 32125045 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0220-446r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, our understanding of immunological memory has evolved remarkably due to a growing body of new knowledge in innate immune memory and immunity. Immunological memory now encompasses both innate and adaptive immune memory. The hypo-reactive and hyper-reactive types of innate immune memory lead to a suppressed and enhanced innate immune protective outcome, respectively. The latter is also named trained innate immunity (TII). The emerging information on innate immune memory has not only shed new light on the mechanisms of host defense but is also revolutionizing our long-held view of vaccination and vaccine strategies. Our current review will examine recent progress and knowledge gaps in innate immune memory with a focus on tissue-resident Mϕs, particularly lung Mϕs, and their relationship to local antimicrobial innate immunity. We will also discuss the impact of innate immune memory and TII on our understanding of vaccine concept and strategies and the significance of respiratory mucosal route of vaccination against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominik K Fritz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R D'Agostino
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Current affiliation: Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Gupta A, Saqib M, Singh B, Pal L, Nishikanta A, Bhaskar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii Induced Memory T-Cells in Lung Airways Are Sentinels for Improved Protection Against M.tb Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2359. [PMID: 31681272 PMCID: PMC6813244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are the most vulnerable site for air-borne infections. Immunologic compartmentalization of the lungs into airway lumen and interstitium has paved the way to determine the immune status of the site of pathogen entry, which is crucial for the outcome of any air-borne infections. Vaccination via the nasal route with Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), a prospective candidate vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), has been reported to confer superior protection as compared to the subcutaneous (s.c.) route in small-animal models of TB. However, the immune mechanism remains only partly understood. Here, we showed that intranasal (i.n.) immunization of mice with MIP resulted in a significant recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing activation markers in the lung airway lumen. A strong memory T-cell response was observed in the lung airway lumen after i.n. MIP vaccination, compared with s.c. vaccination. The recruitment of these T-cells was regulated primarily by CXCR3–CXCL11 axis in “MIP i.n.” group. MIP-primed T-cells in the lung airway lumen effectively transferred protective immunity into naïve mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection and helped reducing the pulmonary bacterial burden. These signatures of protective immune response were virtually absent or very low in unimmunized and subcutaneously immunized mice, respectively, before and after M.tb challenge. Our study provides mechanistic insights for MIP-elicited protective response against M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, Product Development Cell-I, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Saqib
- National Institute of Immunology, Product Development Cell-I, New Delhi, India.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Bindu Singh
- National Institute of Immunology, Product Development Cell-I, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Pal
- National Institute of Immunology, Product Development Cell-I, New Delhi, India
| | - Akoijam Nishikanta
- National Institute of Immunology, Product Development Cell-I, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- National Institute of Immunology, Product Development Cell-I, New Delhi, India
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10
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Characterization of local and circulating bovine γδ T cell responses to respiratory BCG vaccination. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15996. [PMID: 31690788 PMCID: PMC6831659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered parenterally to infants and young children to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, the protection induced by BCG is highly variable and the vaccine does not prevent pulmonary TB, the most common form of the illness. Until improved TB vaccines are available, it is crucial to use BCG in a manner which ensures optimal vaccine performance. Immunization directly to the respiratory mucosa has been shown to promote greater protection from TB in animal models. γδ T cells play a major role in host defense at mucosal sites and are known to respond robustly to mycobacterial infection. Their positioning in the respiratory mucosa ensures their engagement in the response to aerosolized TB vaccination. However, our understanding of the effect of respiratory BCG vaccination on γδ T cell responses in the lung is unknown. In this study, we used a calf model to investigate the immunogenicity of aerosol BCG vaccination, and the phenotypic profile of peripheral and mucosal γδ T cells responding to vaccination. We observed robust local and systemic M. bovis-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 production by both γδ and CD4 T cells. Importantly, BCG vaccination induced effector and memory cell differentiation of γδ T cells in both the lower airways and peripheral blood, with accumulation of a large proportion of effector memory γδ T cells in both compartments. Our results demonstrate the potential of the neonatal calf model to evaluate TB vaccine candidates that are to be administered via the respiratory tract, and suggest that aerosol immunization is a promising strategy for engaging γδ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against TB.
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11
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Bertolini TB, Piñeros AR, Prado RQ, Gembre AF, Ramalho LNZ, Alves-Filho JC, Bonato VLD. CCR4-dependent reduction in the number and suppressor function of CD4 +Foxp3 + cells augments IFN-γ-mediated pulmonary inflammation and aggravates tuberculosis pathogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 30584243 PMCID: PMC6315058 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary inflammation marked predominantly by CD4+IFN-γ+ cells is the hallmark of tuberculosis pathogenesis in immunocompetent adults, who are substantially affected by this disease. Moreover, CD4+Foxp3+ cell-mediated suppression contributes to infection susceptibility. We addressed the role of CD4+Foxp3+ cells in tuberculosis pathogenesis, because this aspect has not been addressed during chronic infection. We targeted CCR4, which induces the influx of CD4+Foxp3+ cells into the lungs. CCR4−/− mice exhibited a lower frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ cells at 15, 30, and 70 days of infection than their wild-type counterparts. However, only at 70 days of infection was an exacerbated IFN-γ-mediated immune response associated with apparent tuberculosis pathogenesis and susceptibility. In addition, CCR4−/− mice exhibited a decrease in the suppressor function of CD4+Foxp3+ cells. Adoptive transfer of Foxp3+ cells into infected CCR4−/− mice restored pulmonary inflammation and bacterial load to levels observed in wild-type mice. Our findings suggest that CD4+Foxp3+ cells play a time-dependent role in tuberculosis and highlight that CCR4 plays a critical role in the balance of IFN-γ-mediated inflammation by regulating the influx and function of CD4+Foxp3+ cells. Our findings are translationally relevant, as CD4+Foxp3+ cells or CCR4 could be a target for immunotherapy, considering the heterogeneity of tuberculosis in immunocompetent adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais B Bertolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annie R Piñeros
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Q Prado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Gembre
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandra N Z Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, AlMandeal H, Eker E, Kayar B, Var I, Köksal F. Does the Development of Vaccines Advance Solutions for Tuberculosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 12:83-104. [PMID: 30474542 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Freiburg Universität, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 karlsruhe Augenklinik, Germany
| | - Emel Eker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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13
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Cavalcanti-Neto MP, Prado RQ, Piñeros AR, Sérgio CA, Bertolini TB, Gembre AF, Ramos SG, Bonato VL. Improvement of the resistance against early Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infection in the absence of PI3Kγ enzyme is associated with increase of CD4+IL-17+ cells and neutrophils. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:1-9. [PMID: 30514491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the impossibility to study the lung immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis-latent infection, and consequently, the mechanisms that control the bacterial load, it is reasonable to determine the activation of local immunity in the early phase of the infection. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma enzyme (PI3Kγ) is involved in the leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis and cellular differentiation, and therefore, it is considered a promising target for the development of immunotherapies for chronic inflammatory diseases. Mice genetically deficient in PI3Kγ (PI3Kγ-/-) or WT (Wild Type) were evaluated 15 days post-infection. The enzyme deficiency improved the resistance against infection, increased the frequency of CD4+IL-17+ cells, the production of IL-17 as well as the gene and protein expression of molecules associated with Th17 cell differentiation and neutrophil recruitment. Our findings show, for the first time, the participation of the PI3Kγ in vivo in the M. tuberculosis-infection, and suggest an association of Th17 cells with protection in the early phase of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cavalcanti-Neto
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Modulation, Institute of Health and Biotechnology, Federal University of Amazonas, Coari, Brazil
| | - R Q Prado
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Piñeros
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Sérgio
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T B Bertolini
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Gembre
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V L Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Barletta-Naveca RH, Naveca FG, de Almeida VA, Porto JIR, da Silva GAV, Ogusku MM, Sadahiro A, Ramasawmy R, Boechat AL. Toll-Like Receptor-1 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 1805T/G Is Associated With Predisposition to Multibacillary Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1455. [PMID: 29988507 PMCID: PMC6026633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by mycobacterial species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is a serious global health issue. Brazil is among the 22 countries with the highest number of TB cases, and the state of Amazonas has the highest incidence of TB cases in the country. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors of the innate immunity and play a key role in orchestrating an effective immune response. We investigated whether the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 1805T/G TLR1, 2258G/A TLR2, 896A/G and 1196C/T of TLR4, 745T/C TLR6, and −1237A/G and −1486A/G of TLR9 are associated with the predisposition to TB and/or bacillary load. The SNPs genotyping was performed by nucleotide sequencing in 263 TB patients and 232 healthy controls residing in the state of Amazonas. Alleles and genotypes frequencies were similar between patients and healthy individuals for most of the investigated SNPs. Stratification of the TB patients according to their bacillary load showed that the genotype 1805TT TLR1 (rs5743618) was prevalent among paucibacillary patients [odds ratio (OR) = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.19–0.76; p = 0.009] while the genotype 1805TG was common among multibacillary patients (OR = 3.72; CI = 1.65–8.4; p = 0.004). Comparison of demographic characteristics of patients to controls showed that TB is strongly associated with smoking (OR = 6.55; 95% CI = 3.2–13.6; p < 0.0001); alcohol use disorder (OR = 7.14; 95% CI = 3.7–13.9; p < 0.0001); and male gender (OR = 3.66; 95% CI = 2.52–5.3; p < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that alcoholism (OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 1.05–8.16; p = 0.03) and the 1805G allele (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.33–5.7; p = 0.006) are predictive variables for multibacillary TB. Altogether, we suggest that the TLR1 1805G allele may be a relevant immunogenetic factor for the epidemiology of TB together with environmental, sociodemographic, and behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Honorato Barletta-Naveca
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Alves de Almeida
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jorge Ivan Rebelo Porto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA/CPBA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Morishi Ogusku
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Aya Sadahiro
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Boechat
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Mycobacteria are a major human health problem globally. Regarding tuberculosis the situation is worsened by the poor efficacy of current vaccine regimens and by emergence of drug-resistant strains (Manjelievskaia J et al, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 110: 110, 2016; Pereira et al., Lancet Infect Dis 12:300-306, 2012; http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/) undermining both disease-prevention and available treatments. Thus, increased basic understanding of mycobacterial-and particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis-virulence strategies and pathogenesis is of great importance. To this end several in vivo infection models are available (Guirado and Schlesinger, Front Immunol 4:98, 2013; Leung et al., Eur J Immunol 43:2246-2254, 2013; Patel et al., J Lab Physicians 3:75-79, 2011; van Leeuwen et al., Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5:a018580, 2015). While these models all have their merits they also exhibit limitations, and none perfectly mimics all aspects of human tuberculosis. Thus, there is a need for multiple models that may complement each other, ultimately allowing us to gain true insight into the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections.Here, we describe a recently developed mouse model of Mycobacterium marinum infection that allows kinetic and quantitative studies of disease progression in live animals [8]. Notably, this model exhibits features of human tuberculosis not replicated in M. tuberculosis infected mice, and may provide an important complement to the field. For example, granulomas in the M. marinum model develop central caseating necrosis (Carlsson et al., PLoS Pathog 6:e1000895, 2010), a hallmark of granulomas in human tuberculosis normally not replicated in murine M. tuberculosis infection. Moreover, while tuberculosis is heterogeneous and presents with a continuum of active and latent disease, M. tuberculosis infected mice essentially lack this dynamic range and do not replicate latency (Guirado and Schlesinger, Front Immunol 4:98, 2013; Patel et al., J Lab Physicians 3(2):75-79, 2011). In contrast, M. marinum infected mice may naturally develop latency, as suggested by reduced inflammation and healing of the diseased tissue while low numbers of bacteria persist in granulomatous lesions (Carlsson et al., PLoS Pathog 6:e1000895, 2010). Thus, infection with M. marinum may offer a unique murine model for studying granuloma formation as well as latency-and possibly also for studies of disease-reactivation. In addition to the in vivo model, we describe infection of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages, an in vitro platform enabling detailed mechanistic studies of host-pathogen interactions occurring in the principal host target cell for pathogenic mycobacteria.
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16
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Yao Y, Lai R, Afkhami S, Haddadi S, Zganiacz A, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA, Kaushic C, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Enhancement of Antituberculosis Immunity in a Humanized Model System by a Novel Virus-Vectored Respiratory Mucosal Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:135-145. [PMID: 28531291 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The translation of preclinically promising novel tuberculosis vaccines to ultimate human applications has been challenged by the lack of animal models with an immune system equivalent to the human immune system in its genetic diversity and level of susceptibility to tuberculosis. Methods We have developed a humanized mice (Hu-mice) tuberculosis model system to investigate the clinical relevance of a novel virus-vectored (VV) tuberculosis vaccine administered via respiratory mucosal or parenteral route. Results We find that VV vaccine activates T cells in Hu-mice as it does in human vaccinees. The respiratory mucosal route for delivery of VV vaccine in Hu-mice, but not the parenteral route, significantly reduces the humanlike lung tuberculosis outcomes in a human T-cell-dependent manner. Conclusions Our results suggest that the Hu-mouse can be used to predict the protective efficacy of novel tuberculosis vaccines/strategies before they proceed to large, expensive human trials. This new vaccine testing system will facilitate the global pace of clinical tuberculosis vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siamak Haddadi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Yu Q, Wang X, Fan X. A New Adjuvant MTOM Mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine to Enhance Th1-Type T Cell Immune Responses and IL-2 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:585. [PMID: 28572807 PMCID: PMC5436497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The only licensed vaccine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) cannot prevent the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), which remains a major public health problem worldwide. A more effective TB vaccine than BCG is urgently needed. Subunit vaccine is a promising strategy, and suitable adjuvants will benefit the development of effective TB subunit vaccines. MTO, consisting of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), trehalose-6,6′-dibehenate (TDB), and MF59, was developed as an adjuvant of TB vaccine because of its ability to evoke the Th1-type T cell responses, while it is insufficient to induce single and multifunctional IL-2+ T cells and has a limited ability to confer protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae (Mv), which can evoke cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses and has adjuvanticity, was, in this study, combined with MTO to produce a new adjuvant, called MTOM. The TB fusion protein Rv3407-PhoY2-Ag85A-Rv2626c-RpfB (WH121) was mixed with MTO, Mv, and MTOM to produce three subunit vaccines, and the protective efficacy and immune responses were compared in C57BL/6 mice. WH121/MTOM provided better protection against TB than the other two vaccines, matching the performance of BCG vaccine. MTOM showed stronger ability to increase single and multifunctional IL-2+ T cells and induce Th1-type responses than MTO or Mv. Therefore, MTOM might be a promising adjuvant that could contribute to the development of TB subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guiyang Traditional Chinese Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Jayashankar L, Hafner R. Adjunct Strategies for Tuberculosis Vaccines: Modulating Key Immune Cell Regulatory Mechanisms to Potentiate Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:577. [PMID: 28018344 PMCID: PMC5159487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat of alarming proportions, resulting in 1.5 million deaths worldwide. The only available licensed vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, does not confer lifelong protection against active TB. To date, development of an effective vaccine against TB has proven to be elusive, and devising newer approaches for improved vaccination outcomes is an essential goal. Insights gained over the last several years have revealed multiple mechanisms of immune manipulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected macrophages and dendritic cells that support disease progression and block development of protective immunity. This review provides an assessment of the known immunoregulatory mechanisms altered by Mtb, and how new interventions may reverse these effects. Examples include blocking of inhibitory immune cell coreceptor checkpoints (e.g., programed death-1). Conversely, immune mechanisms that strengthen immune cell effector functions may be enhanced by interventions, including stimulatory immune cell coreceptors (e.g., OX40). Modification of the activity of key cell “immunometabolism” signaling pathway molecules, including mechanistic target of rapamycin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, wnt/β-catenin, adenosine monophosophate-activated protein kinase, and sirtuins, related epigenetic changes, and preventing induction of immune regulatory cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) are powerful new approaches to improve vaccine responses. Interventions to favorably modulate these components have been studied primarily in oncology to induce efficient antitumor immune responses, often by potentiation of cancer vaccines. These agents include antibodies and a rapidly increasing number of small molecule drug classes that have contributed to the dramatic immune-based advances in treatment of cancer and other diseases. Because immune responses to malignancies and to Mtb share many similar mechanisms, studies to improve TB vaccine responses using interventions based on “immuno-oncology” are needed to guide possible repurposing. Understanding the regulation of immune cell functions appropriated by Mtb to promote the imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune responses may guide the development of innovative drug-based adjunct approaches to substantially enhance the clinical efficacy of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Columbus Technologies, Inc., Contractor to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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19
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Oral Tolerance to Environmental Mycobacteria Interferes with Intradermal, but Not Pulmonary, Immunization against Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005614. [PMID: 27153120 PMCID: PMC4859477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently the only approved vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and is administered in over 150 countries worldwide. Despite its widespread use, the vaccine has a variable protective efficacy of 0-80%, with the lowest efficacy rates in tropical regions where TB is most prevalent. This variability is partially due to ubiquitous environmental mycobacteria (EM) found in soil and water sources, with high EM prevalence coinciding with areas of poor vaccine efficacy. In an effort to elucidate the mechanisms underlying EM interference with BCG vaccine efficacy, we exposed mice chronically to Mycobacterium avium (M. avium), a specific EM, by two different routes, the oral and intradermal route, to mimic human exposure. After intradermal BCG immunization in mice exposed to oral M. avium, we saw a significant decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, and an increase in T regulatory cells and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 compared to naïve BCG-vaccinated animals. To circumvent the immunosuppressive effect of oral M. avium exposure, we vaccinated mice by the pulmonary route with BCG. Inhaled BCG immunization rescued IFN-γ levels and increased CD4 and CD8 T cell recruitment into airways in M. avium-presensitized mice. In contrast, intradermal BCG vaccination was ineffective at T cell recruitment into the airway. Pulmonary BCG vaccination proved protective against Mtb infection regardless of previous oral M. avium exposure, compared to intradermal BCG immunization. In conclusion, our data indicate that vaccination against TB by the pulmonary route increases BCG vaccine efficacy by avoiding the immunosuppressive interference generated by chronic oral exposure to EM. This has implications in TB-burdened countries where drug resistance is on the rise and health care options are limited due to economic considerations. A successful vaccine against TB is necessary in these areas as it is both effective and economical.
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20
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Lienard J, Movert E, Valfridsson C, Sturegård E, Carlsson F. ESX-1 exploits type I IFN-signalling to promote a regulatory macrophage phenotype refractory to IFNγ-mediated autophagy and growth restriction of intracellular mycobacteria. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1471-85. [PMID: 27062290 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of macrophages to eradicate intracellular pathogens is normally greatly enhanced by IFNγ, a cytokine produced mainly after onset of adaptive immunity. However, adaptive immunity is unable to provide sterilizing immunity against mycobacteria, suggesting that mycobacteria have evolved virulence strategies to inhibit the bactericidal effect of IFNγ-signalling in macrophages. Still, the host-pathogen interactions and cellular mechanisms responsible for this feature have remained elusive. We demonstrate that the ESX-1 type VII secretion systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum exploit type I IFN-signalling to promote an IL-12(low) /IL-10(high) regulatory macrophage phenotype characterized by secretion of IL-10, IL-27 and IL-6. This mechanism had no impact on intracellular growth in the absence of IFNγ but suppressed IFNγ-mediated autophagy and growth restriction, indicating that the regulatory phenotype extends to function. The IFNγ-refractory phenotype was partly mediated by IL-27-signalling, establishing functional relevance for this downstream cytokine. These findings identify a novel macrophage-modulating function for the ESX-1 secretion system that may contribute to suppress the efficacy of adaptive immunity and provide mechanistic insight into the antagonistic cross talk between type I IFNs and IFNγ in mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienard
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Movert
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Valfridsson
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Sturegård
- Section for Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredric Carlsson
- Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Khan N, Vidyarthi A, Javed S, Agrewala JN. Innate Immunity Holding the Flanks until Reinforced by Adaptive Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:328. [PMID: 27014247 PMCID: PMC4789502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a cardinal role in imparting protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, ample time is required before T-cells are able to evoke efficient effector responses in the lung, where the mycobacterium inflicts disease. This delay in T cells priming, which is termed as lag phase, provides sufficient time for Mtb to replicate and establish itself within the host. In contrast, innate immunity efficiently curb the growth of Mtb during initial phase of infection through several mechanisms. Pathogen recognition by innate cells rapidly triggers a cascade of events, such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammasome formation and nitric oxide production to kill intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, bactericidal mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis, augment the antigen processing and presentation, thereby contributing substantially to the induction of adaptive immunity. This manuscript highlights the role of innate immune mechanisms in restricting the survival of Mtb during lag phase. Finally, this article provides new insight for designing immuno-therapies by targeting innate immune mechanisms to achieve optimum immune response to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Khan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Aurobind Vidyarthi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Shifa Javed
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
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22
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Lai R, Afkhami S, Haddadi S, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Mucosal immunity and novel tuberculosis vaccine strategies: route of immunisation-determined T-cell homing to restricted lung mucosal compartments. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 24:356-60. [PMID: 26028646 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.00002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for almost a century, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a serious global health concern. Therefore, there has been a pressing need for the development of new booster vaccines to enhance existing BCG-induced immunity. Protection following mucosal intranasal immunisation with AdHu5Ag85A is associated with the localisation of antigen-specific T-cells to the lung airway. However, parenteral intramuscular immunisation is unable to provide protection despite the apparent presence of antigen-specific T-cells in the lung interstitium. Recent advances in intravascular staining have allowed us to reassess the previously established T-cell distribution profile and its relationship with the observed differential protection. Respiratory mucosal immunisation empowers T-cells to home to both the lung interstitium and the airway lumen, whereas intramuscular immunisation-activated T-cells are largely trapped within the pulmonary vasculature, unable to populate the lung interstitium and airway. Given the mounting evidence supporting the safety and enhanced efficacy of respiratory mucosal immunisation over the traditional parenteral immunisation route, a greater effort should be made to clinically develop respiratory mucosal-deliverable TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Siamak Haddadi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Jeyanathan M, Shao Z, Yu X, Harkness R, Jiang R, Li J, Xing Z, Zhu T. AdHu5Ag85A Respiratory Mucosal Boost Immunization Enhances Protection against Pulmonary Tuberculosis in BCG-Primed Non-Human Primates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135009. [PMID: 26252520 PMCID: PMC4529167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persisting high global tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality and poor efficacy of BCG vaccine emphasizes an urgent need for developing effective novel boost vaccination strategies following parenteral BCG priming in humans. Most of the current lead TB vaccine candidates in the global pipeline were developed for parenteral route of immunization. Compelling evidence indicates respiratory mucosal delivery of vaccine to be the most effective way to induce robust local mucosal protective immunity against pulmonary TB. However, despite ample supporting evidence from various animal models, there has been a lack of evidence supporting the safety and protective efficacy of respiratory mucosal TB vaccination in non-human primates (NHP) and humans. By using a rhesus macaque TB model we have evaluated the safety and protective efficacy of a recombinant human serotype 5 adenovirus-based TB vaccine (AdHu5Ag85A) delivered via the respiratory mucosal route. We show that mucosal AdHu5Ag85A boost immunization was safe and well tolerated in parenteral BCG-primed rhesus macaques. A single AdHu5Ag85A mucosal boost immunization in BCG-primed rhesus macaques enhanced the antigen–specific T cell responses. Boost immunization significantly improved the survival and bacterial control following M.tb challenge. Furthermore, TB-related lung pathology and clinical outcomes were lessened in BCG-primed, mucosally boosted animals compared to control animals. Thus, for the first time we show that a single respiratory mucosal boost immunization with a novel TB vaccine enhances protection against pulmonary TB in parenteral BCG-primed NHP. Our study provides the evidence for the protective potential of AdHu5Ag85A as a respiratory mucosal boost TB vaccine for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongqi Shao
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, Inc., Tianjin, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, Inc., Tianjin, China
| | | | - Rong Jiang
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, Inc., Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, Inc., Tianjin, China
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (ZX); (TZ)
| | - Tao Zhu
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, Inc., Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (ZX); (TZ)
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24
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Impairments of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:793292. [PMID: 26339660 PMCID: PMC4539175 DOI: 10.1155/2015/793292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype and functional properties of antigen-presenting cells (APC), that is, circulating monocytes and generated in vitro macrophages and dendritic cells, were investigated in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) differing in lymphocyte reactivity to M. tuberculosis antigens (PPD-reactive versus PPD-anergic patients). We revealed the distinct impairments in patient APC functions. For example, the monocyte dysfunctions were displayed by low CD86 and HLA-DR expression, 2-fold increase in CD14(+)CD16(+) expression, the high numbers of IL-10-producing cells, and enhanced IL-10 and IL-6 production upon LPS-stimulation. The macrophages which were in vitro generated from peripheral blood monocytes under GM-CSF were characterized by Th1/Th2-balance shifting (downproduction of IFN-γ coupled with upproduction of IL-10) and by reducing of allostimulatory activity in mixed lymphocyte culture. The dendritic cells (generated in vitro from peripheral blood monocytes upon GM-CSF + IFN-α) were characterized by impaired maturation/activation, a lower level of IFN-γ production in conjunction with an enhanced capacity to produce IL-10 and IL-6, and a profound reduction of allostimulatory activity. The APC dysfunctions were found to be most prominent in PPD-anergic patients. The possible role of APC impairments in reducing the antigen-specific T-cell response to M. tuberculosis was discussed.
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25
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Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Delivered by Aerosol to the Lungs of Macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:992-1003. [PMID: 26108288 PMCID: PMC4550663 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00289-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nine million cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported in 2013, with a further 1.5 million deaths attributed to the disease. When delivered as an intradermal (i.d.) injection, the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine provides limited protection, whereas aerosol delivery has been shown to enhance efficacy in experimental models. In this study, we used the rhesus macaque model to characterize the mucosal and systemic immune response induced by aerosol-delivered BCG vaccine. Aerosol delivery of BCG induced both Th1 and Th17 cytokine responses. Polyfunctional CD4 T cells were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 8 weeks following vaccination in a dose-dependent manner. A similar trend was seen in peripheral gamma interferon (IFN-γ) spot-forming units measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay and serum anti-purified protein derivative (PPD) IgG levels. CD8 T cells predominantly expressed cytokines individually, with pronounced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by BAL fluid cells. T-cell memory phenotype analysis revealed that CD4 and CD8 populations isolated from BAL fluid samples were polarized toward an effector memory phenotype, whereas the frequencies of peripheral central memory T cells increased significantly and remained elevated following aerosol vaccination. Expression patterns of the α4β1 integrin lung homing markers remained consistently high on CD4 and CD8 T cells isolated from BAL fluid and varied on peripheral T cells. This characterization of aerosol BCG vaccination highlights features of the resulting mycobacterium-specific immune response that may contribute to the enhanced protection previously reported in aerosol BCG vaccination studies and will inform future studies involving vaccines delivered to the mucosal surfaces of the lung.
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26
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Lozza L, Farinacci M, Bechtle M, Stäber M, Zedler U, Baiocchini A, Del Nonno F, Kaufmann SHE. Communication between Human Dendritic Cell Subsets in Tuberculosis: Requirements for Naive CD4(+) T Cell Stimulation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:324. [PMID: 25071784 PMCID: PMC4094910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human primary dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous by phenotype, function, and tissue localization and distinct from inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs. Current information regarding the susceptibility and functional role of primary human DC subsets to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is limited. Here, we dissect the response of different primary DC subsets to Mtb infection. Myeloid CD11c+ cells and pDCs (C-type lectin 4C+ cells) were located in human lymph nodes (LNs) of tuberculosis (TB) patients by histochemistry. Rare CD141hi DCs (C-type lectin 9A+ cells) were also identified. Infection with live Mtb revealed a higher responsiveness of myeloid CD1c+ DCs compared to CD141hi DCs and pDCs. CD1c+ DCs produced interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-1β but not IL-12p70, a cytokine important for Th1 activation and host defenses against Mtb. Yet, CD1c+ DCs were able to activate autologous naïve CD4+ T cells. By combining cell purification with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and gene expression profiling on rare cell populations, we detected in responding CD4+ T cells, genes related to effector-cytolytic functions and transcription factors associated with Th1, Th17, and Treg polarization, suggesting multifunctional properties in our experimental conditions. Finally, immunohistologic analyses revealed contact between CD11c+ cells and pDCs in LNs of TB patients and in vitro data suggest that cooperation between Mtb-infected CD1c+ DCs and pDCs favors stimulation of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Maura Farinacci
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Marina Bechtle
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Manuela Stäber
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrea Baiocchini
- Pathology Division, National Institute for Infectious Disease 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' , Rome , Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Division, National Institute for Infectious Disease 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
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27
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Yuk JM, Jo EK. Host immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and their implications for the development of a vaccine to control tuberculosis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:155-67. [PMID: 25003089 PMCID: PMC4083068 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem, causing around 2 million deaths per year. Despite the bacillus Calmette Guérin vaccine being available for more than 80 years, it has limited effectiveness in preventing TB, with inconsistent results in trials. This highlights the urgent need to develop an improved TB vaccine, based on a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses during mycobacterial infection. Recent studies have revealed a potential role for autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic process, in vaccine development against TB, through enhanced immune activation. This review attempts to understand the host innate immune responses induced by a variety of protein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to identify future vaccine candidates against TB. We focus on recent advances in vaccine development strategies, through identification of new TB antigens using a variety of innovative tools. A new understanding of the host-pathogen relationship, and the usefulness of mycobacterial antigens as novel vaccine candidates, will contribute to the design of the next generation of vaccines, and to improving the host protective immune responses while limiting immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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28
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Pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection delays Th1 immunity via immunoadaptor DAP12-regulated IRAK-M and IL-10 expression in antigen-presenting cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:670-83. [PMID: 24172845 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of mycobacteria with the host leads to retarded expression of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immunity in the lung. However, the immune mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using in vivo and in vitro models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection, we find the immunoadaptor DAP12 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa) in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to be critically involved in this process. Upon infection of APCs, DAP12 is required for IRAK-M (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M) expression, which in turn induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) and an immune-suppressed phenotype of APCs, thus leading to suppressed Th1 cell activation. Lack of DAP12 reduces APC IL-10 production and increases their Th1 cell-activating capability, resulting in expedited Th1 responses and enhanced protection. On the other hand, adoptively transferred DAP12-competent APCs suppress Th1 cell activation within DAP12-deficient hosts, and blockade of IL-10 aborts the ability of DAP12-competent APCs to suppress Th1 activation. Our study identifies the DAP12/IRAK-M/IL-10 to be a novel molecular pathway in APCs exploited by mycobacterial pathogens, allowing infection a foothold in the lung.
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29
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Lai R, Jeyanathan M, Shaler CR, Damjanovic D, Khera A, Horvath C, Ashkar AA, Xing Z. Restoration of innate immune activation accelerates Th1-cell priming and protection following pulmonary mycobacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1375-86. [PMID: 24519467 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms underlying delayed induction of Th1-type immunity in the lungs following pulmonary mycobacterial infection remain poorly understood. We have herein investigated the underlying immune mechanisms for such delayed responses and whether a selected innate immune-modulating strategy can accelerate Th1-type responses. We have found that, in the early stage of pulmonary infection with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb H37Ra), the levels of infection in the lung continue to increase logarithmically until days 14 and 21 postinfection in C57BL/6 mice. The activation of innate immune responses, particularly DCs, in the lung is delayed. This results in a delay in the subsequent downstream immune responses including the migration of antigen-bearing DCs to the draining lymph node (dLN), the Th1-cell priming in dLN, and the recruitment of Th1 cells to the lung. However, single lung mucosal exposure to the TLR agonist FimH postinfection is able to accelerate protective Th1-type immunity via facilitating DC migration to the lung and draining lymph nodes, enhancing DC antigen presentation and Th1-cell priming. These findings hold implications for the development of immunotherapeutic and vaccination strategies and suggest that enhancement of early innate immune activation is a viable option for improving Th1-type immunity against pulmonary mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are key cells of the adaptive immune system that use T cell antigen receptors to recognize peptides that are generated in endosomes or phagosomes and displayed on the host cell surface bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules. These T cells participate in immune responses that protect hosts from microbes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Leishmania major, and Salmonella enterica, which have evolved to live in the phagosomes of macrophages and dendritic cells. Here, we review studies indicating that CD4(+) T cells control phagosomal infections asymptomatically in most individuals by secreting cytokines that activate the microbicidal activities of infected phagocytes but in a way that inhibits the pathogen but does not eliminate it. Indeed, we make the case that localized, controlled, persistent infection is necessary to maintain large numbers of CD4(+) effector T cells in a state of activation needed to eradicate systemic and more pathogenic forms of the infection. Finally, we posit that current vaccines for phagosomal infections fail because they do not produce this "periodic reminder" form of CD4(+) T cell-mediated immune control.
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31
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Beverley PCL, Sridhar S, Lalvani A, Tchilian EZ. Harnessing local and systemic immunity for vaccines against tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:20-6. [PMID: 24253104 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lung is the portal of entry for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and animal experimental evidence indicates that local immune defense mechanisms are crucial for protective immunity. Immunization via the lower respiratory tract efficiently induces a dividing, activated, antigen-dependent, lung-resident, memory T-cell population, which is partly recoverable by bronchoalveolar lavage. These cells can inhibit the growth of Mtb in the lungs immediately after infection. Delivery of appropriate signals to the lung innate immune system is critical for induction of effective local immunity. In contrast after parenteral immunization, antigen-specific cells may be found in lung tissue but few are recoverable by lavage and inhibition of mycobacterial growth is delayed. Harnessing both local and systemic immunity can provide highly effective protection in animal models and the evidence suggests that taken in aggregate, multiple animal models may predict the success of novel vaccine strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C L Beverley
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Sridhar
- TB Research Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - A Lalvani
- TB Research Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - E Z Tchilian
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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32
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Beauvais A, Bozza S, Kniemeyer O, Formosa C, Balloy V, Henry C, Roberson RW, Dague E, Chignard M, Brakhage AA, Romani L, Latgé JP. Deletion of the α-(1,3)-glucan synthase genes induces a restructuring of the conidial cell wall responsible for the avirulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003716. [PMID: 24244155 PMCID: PMC3828178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
α-(1,3)-Glucan is a major component of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. There are three genes (AGS1, AGS2 and AGS3) controlling the biosynthesis of α-(1,3)-glucan in this fungal species. Deletion of all the three AGS genes resulted in a triple mutant that was devoid of α-(1,3)-glucan in its cell wall; however, its growth and germination was identical to that of the parental strain in vitro. In the experimental murine aspergillosis model, this mutant was less pathogenic than the parental strain. The AGS deletion resulted in an extensive structural modification of the conidial cell wall, especially conidial surface where the rodlet layer was covered by an amorphous glycoprotein matrix. This surface modification was responsible for viability reduction of conidia in vivo, which explains decrease in the virulence of triple agsΔ mutant. Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant mold pathogen of humans, responsible for life-threatening systemic infections in patients with depressed immunity. Because of its external localization and specific composition, the fungal cell wall represents a target for recognition by and interaction with the host immune cells. In A. fumigatus, α-(1,3)-glucan is a key component of the extracellular matrix, which encloses the cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan-chitin fibrillar core. Interestingly, the deletion of the genes responsible for α-(1,3)-glucan synthesis resulted in a mutant that exhibited wild type phenotype in vitro; while the altered cell wall organization resulted in this fungus being avirulent in vivo. This study confirms that any modification in the cell wall components is associated with compensatory reactions developed by the fungus to counteract stress on the cell wall that may result in unexpected fungal response when challenged with the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Bozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care Jena, University Hospital (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Viviane Balloy
- Unité de Défence Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U874, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert W. Roberson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Michel Chignard
- Unité de Défence Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U874, Paris, France
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Differentially imprinted innate immunity by mucosal boost vaccination determines antituberculosis immune protective outcomes, independent of T-cell immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:612-25. [PMID: 23131783 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Homologous and heterologous parenteral prime-mucosal boost immunizations have shown great promise in combating mucosal infections such as tuberculosis and AIDS. However, their immune mechanisms remain poorly defined. In particular, it is still unclear whether T-cell and innate immunity may be independently affected by these immunization modalities and how it impacts immune protective outcome. Using two virus-based tuberculosis vaccines (adenovirus (Ad) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors), we found that while both homologous (Ad/Ad) and heterologous (Ad/VSV) respiratory mucosal boost immunizations elicited similar T-cell responses in the lung, they led to drastically different immune protective outcomes. Compared with Ad-based boosting, VSV-based boosting resulted in poorly enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Such inferior protection was associated with differentially imprinted innate phagocytes, particularly the CD11c(+)CD11b(+/-) cells, in the lung. We identified heightened type 1 interferon (IFN) responses to be the triggering mechanism. Thus, increased IFN-β severely blunted interleukin-12 responses in infected phagocytes, which in turn impaired their nitric oxide production and antimycobacterial activities. Our study reveals that vaccine vectors may differentially imprint innate cells at the mucosal site of immunization, which can impact immune-protective outcome, independent of T-cell immunity, and it is of importance to determine both T-cell and innate cell immunity in vaccine studies.
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34
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Shaler CR, Horvath CN, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Within the Enemy's Camp: contribution of the granuloma to the dissemination, persistence and transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:30. [PMID: 23420646 PMCID: PMC3572501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) represents a leading global health concern, with 8.7 million newly emerging cases, and 1.4 million reported deaths annually. Despite an estimated one third of the world's population being infected, relatively few infected individuals ever develop active clinical disease. The ability of the host to remain latently infected while preventing disease is thought to be due to the generation of a robust type 1 immune response in the lung, capable of controlling, but not clearing, M.tb. A key feature of the type 1 immune response to M.tb is the formation of immune cellular aggregates termed granuloma. The granuloma structure has long been considered a hallmark of host's protective response toward M.tb. Historically, a correlative relationship between granuloma formation/maintenance and bacterial control has been seen in models where disrupted granuloma formation or structure was found to be fatal. Despite this established relationship much about the granuloma's role in M.tb immunity remains unknown. Recent publications suggest that the granuloma actually aids the persistence of M.tb and that the development of a necrotic granuloma is essential to person-to-person transmission. Our group and others have recently demonstrated that enclosed within the granuloma is a population of immunologically altered antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocyte populations. Of note, the ability of these populations to produce type 1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma, and bactericidal products including nitric oxide, are significantly reduced, while remaining competent to produce high levels immunosuppressive interleukin-10. These observations indicate that although the chronic granuloma represents a highly unique environment, it is more similar to that of a tumor than an active site of bacterial control. In this review we will explore what is known about this unique environment and its contribution to the persistence of M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Shaler
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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35
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Horvath CN, Xing Z. Immunization Strategies Against Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Considerations of T Cell Geography. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:267-78. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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