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Pickering J, Wong R, Al-Salami H, Lam V, Takechi R. Cognitive Deficits in Type-1 Diabetes: Aspects of Glucose, Cerebrovascular and Amyloid Involvement. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1477-1484. [PMID: 34480263 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evidence shows that individuals with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at greater risk of accelerated cognitive impairment and dementia. Although, to date the mechanisms are largely unknown. An emerging body of literature indicates that dysfunction of cerebral neurovascular network and plasma dyshomeostasis of soluble amyloid-β in association with impaired lipid metabolism are central to the onset and progression of cognitive deficits and dementia. However, the latter has not been extensively considered in T1DM. Therefore, in this review, we summarised the literature concerning altered lipid metabolism and cerebrovascular function in T1DM as an implication for potential pathways leading to cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pickering
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Rachel Wong
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia. .,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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2
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Yao Y, Zhou X, Hadiatullah H, Li C, Wang X, Wang S. Effects of Human, Caprine, and Bovine Milk Fat Globules on Microbiota Adhesion and Gut Microecology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9778-9787. [PMID: 34369764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat is an essential nutrient for infant development. The effects and mechanisms of human, caprine, and bovine milk fat globules (MFGs) on the gut microbiota were investigated in this study. Human MFGs enhance the efficacy of probiotics by inhibiting pathogen function. Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium were identified as the dominant microbiota by human MFGs. Mucin and complement inhibitory proteins in human MFGs were found to inhibit different pathogens. Caprine MFGs directly promoted the colonization of probiotics and the emergence of the biomarker Allobaculum. Mucin 1 in caprine MFGs was primarily responsible for inducing probiotic adhesion. Bovine MFGs increased the abundance of Oscillospira, which reduces the risk of obesity. Due to the enrichment of cell-cell junction proteins and the lack of mucin, the regulation of gut microecology by bovine MFGs was not readily apparent. In short, this study paves the way for the development of functional infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hadiatullah Hadiatullah
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Changmo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Nyunt T, Britton M, Wanichthanarak K, Budamagunta M, Voss JC, Wilson DW, Rutledge JC, Aung HH. Mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced transcript variants of ATF3 mediate lipotoxic brain microvascular injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:25-46. [PMID: 31356870 PMCID: PMC6848793 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of blood triglycerides, primarily triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL), is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and vascular dementia (VaD). Accumulating evidence indicates that both atherosclerosis and VaD are linked to vascular inflammation. However, the role of TGRL in vascular inflammation, which increases risk for VaD, remains largely unknown and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We strived to determine the effects of postprandial TGRL exposure on brain microvascular endothelial cells, the potential risk factor of vascular inflammation, resulting in VaD. We showed in Aung et al., J Lipid Res., 2016 that postprandial TGRL lipolysis products (TL) activate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase the expression of the stress-responsive protein, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which injures human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) in vitro. In this study, we deployed high-throughput sequencing (HTS)-based RNA sequencing methods and mito stress and glycolytic rate assays with an Agilent Seahorse XF analyzer and profiled the differential expression of transcripts, constructed signaling pathways, and measured mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, proton leak, and glycolysis of HBMECs treated with TL. Conclusions: TL potentiate ROS by mitochondria which activate mitochondrial oxidative stress, decrease ATP production, increase mitochondrial proton leak and glycolysis rate, and mitochondria DNA damage. Additionally, CPT1A1 siRNA knockdown suppresses oxidative stress and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in TL treated HBMECs. TL activates ATF3-MAPKinase, TNF, and NRF2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, the NRF2 signaling pathway which is upstream of the ATF3-MAPKinase signaling pathway, is also regulated by the mitochondrial oxidative stress. We are the first to report differential inflammatory characteristics of transcript variants 4 (ATF3-T4) and 5 (ATF3-T5) of the stress responsive gene ATF3 in HBMECs induced by postprandial TL. Specifically, our data indicates that ATF3-T4 predominantly regulates the TL-induced brain microvascular inflammation and TNF signaling. Both siRNAs of ATF3-T4 and ATF3-T5 suppress cells apoptosis and lipotoxic brain microvascular endothelial cells. These novel signaling pathways triggered by oxidative stress-responsive transcript variants, ATF3-T4 and ATF3-T5, in the brain microvascular inflammation induced by TGRL lipolysis products may contribute to pathophysiological processes of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun Nyunt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- Genome Center and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kwanjeera Wanichthanarak
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Madhu Budamagunta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John C Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dennis W Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John C Rutledge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hnin H Aung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Castellano JM, Garcia-Rodriguez S, Espinosa JM, Millan-Linares MC, Rada M, Perona JS. Oleanolic Acid Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect Against Microglial Cell Activation by Modulating Cytokine Release and Antioxidant Defense Systems. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110683. [PMID: 31683841 PMCID: PMC6921051 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia respond to adverse stimuli in order to restore brain homeostasis and, upon activation, they release a number of inflammatory mediators. Chronic microglial overactivation is related to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. In this work, we show that oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpene present in food and medicinal plants, attenuates the activation of BV2 microglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell pretreatment with OA inhibited the release of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO, which was associated with the downregulation of the expression of genes encoding for these cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the reinforcement of the endogenous antioxidant cell defense. These findings advocate considering OA as a novel neuroprotective agent to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response in activated microglia associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Castellano
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Silvia Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Juan M Espinosa
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - María C Millan-Linares
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Mirela Rada
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Javier S Perona
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101561. [PMID: 30347877 PMCID: PMC6213446 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be important versatile mediators for improving and maintaining human health over the entire lifespan, however, only the cardiac effect has been extensively documented. Recently, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids may play a beneficial role in several human pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, and are also associated with a reduced incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A reasonable diet and wise supplementation of omega-3 EFAs are essential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment.
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Aung HH, Tsoukalas A, Rutledge JC, Tagkopoulos I. A systems biology analysis of brain microvascular endothelial cell lipotoxicity. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:80. [PMID: 24993133 PMCID: PMC4112729 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Neurovascular inflammation is associated with a number of neurological diseases including vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, which are increasingly important causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Lipotoxicity is a metabolic disorder that results from accumulation of lipids, particularly fatty acids, in non-adipose tissue leading to cellular dysfunction, lipid droplet formation, and cell death. Results Our studies indicate for the first time that the neurovascular circulation also can manifest lipotoxicity, which could have major effects on cognitive function. The penetration of integrative systems biology approaches is limited in this area of research, which reduces our capacity to gain an objective insight into the signal transduction and regulation dynamics at a systems level. To address this question, we treated human microvascular endothelial cells with triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) lipolysis products and then we used genome-wide transcriptional profiling to obtain transcript abundances over four conditions. We then identified regulatory genes and their targets that have been differentially expressed through analysis of the datasets with various statistical methods. We created a functional gene network by exploiting co-expression observations through a guilt-by-association assumption. Concomitantly, we used various network inference algorithms to identify putative regulatory interactions and we integrated all predictions to construct a consensus gene regulatory network that is TGRL lipolysis product specific. Conclusion System biology analysis has led to the validation of putative lipid-related targets and the discovery of several genes that may be implicated in lipotoxic-related brain microvascular endothelial cell responses. Here, we report that activating transcription factors 3 (ATF3) is a principal regulator of TGRL lipolysis products-induced gene expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilias Tagkopoulos
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Jaureguiberry MS, Tricerri MA, Sanchez SA, Finarelli GS, Montanaro MA, Prieto ED, Rimoldi OJ. Role of plasma membrane lipid composition on cellular homeostasis: learning from cell line models expressing fatty acid desaturases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:273-82. [PMID: 24473084 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence has suggested that plasma membrane (PM)-associated signaling and hence cell metabolism and viability depend on lipid composition and organization. The aim of the present work is to develop a cell model to study the endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) effect on PM properties and analyze its influence on cholesterol (Chol) homeostasis. We have previously shown that by using a cell line over-expressing stearoyl-CoA-desaturase, membrane composition and organization coordinate cellular pathways involved in Chol efflux and cell viability by different mechanisms. Now, we expanded our studies to a cell model over-expressing both Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases, which resulted in a permanently higher PUFA content in PM. Furthermore, this cell line showed increased PM fluidity, Chol storage, and mitochondrial activity. In addition, human apolipoprotein A-I-mediated Chol removal was less efficient in these cells than in the corresponding control. Taken together, our results suggested that the cell functionality is preserved by regulating PM organization and Chol exportation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Jaureguiberry
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Takechi R, Pallebage-Gamarallage MM, Lam V, Giles C, Mamo JC. Nutraceutical agents with anti-inflammatory properties prevent dietary saturated-fat induced disturbances in blood-brain barrier function in wild-type mice. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:73. [PMID: 23782872 PMCID: PMC3693897 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that disturbances in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may be pivotal to the pathogenesis and pathology of vascular-based neurodegenerative disorders. Studies suggest that heightened systemic and central inflammations are associated with BBB dysfunction. This study investigated the effect of the anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals garlic extract-aged (GEA), alpha lipoic acid (ALA), niacin, and nicotinamide (NA) in a murine dietary-induced model of BBB dysfunction. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA, 40% fat of total energy) for nine months to induce systemic inflammation and BBB disturbances. Nutraceutical treatment groups included the provision of either GEA, ALA, niacin or NA in the positive control SFA-group and in low-fat fed controls. Brain parenchymal extravasation of plasma derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) and large macromolecules (apolipoprotein (apo) B lipoproteins) measured by quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy, were used as markers of disturbed BBB integrity. Parenchymal glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were considered in the context of surrogate markers of neurovascular inflammation and oxidative stress. Total anti-oxidant status and glutathione reductase activity were determined in plasma. Results Brain parenchymal abundance of IgG and apoB lipoproteins was markedly exaggerated in mice maintained on the SFA diet concomitant with significantly increased GFAP and COX-2, and reduced systemic anti-oxidative status. The nutraceutical GEA, ALA, niacin, and NA completely prevented the SFA-induced disturbances of BBB and normalized the measures of neurovascular inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions The anti-inflammatory nutraceutical agents GEA, ALA, niacin, or NA are potent inhibitors of dietary fat-induced disturbances of BBB induced by systemic inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Takechi
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent st, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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Pallebage-Gamarallage M, Lam V, Takechi R, Galloway S, Clark K, Mamo J. Restoration of dietary-fat induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction by anti-inflammatory lipid-modulating agents. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:117. [PMID: 22978403 PMCID: PMC3492058 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have identified use of non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs and statins for prevention of dementia, but their efficacy in slowing progression is not well understood. Cerebrovascular disturbances are common pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. We previously reported chronic ingestion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) compromises blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity resulting in cerebral extravasation of plasma proteins and inflammation. However, the SFA-induced parenchymal accumulation of plasma proteins could be prevented by co-administration of some cholesterol lowering agents. Restoration of BBB dysfunction is clinically relevant, so the purpose of this study was to explore lipid-lowering agents could reverse BBB disturbances induced by chronic ingestion of SFA's. METHODS Wild-type mice were fed an SFA diet for 12 weeks to induce BBB dysfunction, and then randomised to receive atorvastatin, pravastatin or ibuprofen in combination with the SFA-rich diet for 2 or 8 weeks. Abundance of plasma-derived immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and amyloid-β enriched apolipoprotein (apo)-B lipoproteins within brain parenchyme were quantified utilising immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Atorvastatin treatment for 2 and 8 weeks restored BBB integrity, indicated by a substantial reduction of IgG and apo B, particularly within the hippocampus. Pravastatin, a water-soluble statin was less effective than atorvastatin (lipid-soluble). Statin effects were independent of changes in plasma lipid homeostasis. Ibuprofen, a lipid-soluble cyclooxygenase inhibitor attenuated cerebral accumulation of IgG and apo B as effectively as atorvastatin. Our findings are consistent with the drug effects being independent of plasma lipid homeostasis. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BBB dysfunction induced by chronic ingestion of SFA is reversible with timely introduction and sustained treatment with agents that suppress inflammation.
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