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Wang X, Zhang Z, Zuo W, Wang D, Yang F, Liu Q, Xiao Y. Case Report: Identification of microduplication in the chromosomal 2p16.1p15 region in an infant suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1219480. [PMID: 37937284 PMCID: PMC10626460 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1219480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first case of a patient with chromosomal 2p16.1p15 microduplication syndrome complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A female infant was admitted to the hospital suffering from dyskinesia and developmental delay, and conventional echocardiography revealed an atrial septal defect (ASD), which was not taken seriously or treated at that time. Two years later, preoperative right heart catheterization for ASD closure revealed a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of 45 mmHg. The mPAP was reduced, and the condition was stabilized after drug therapy. A genomic copy number duplication (3×) of at least 2.58 Mb in the 2p16.1p15 region on the paternal chromosome was revealed. Multiple Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes are involved in this genomic region, such as BCL11A, EHBP1, FAM161A, PEX13, and REL. EHBP1 promotes a molecular phenotypic transformation of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and is thought to be involved in the rapidly developing PAH of this infant. Collectively, our findings contribute to the knowledge of the genes involved and the clinical manifestations of the 2p16.1p15 microduplication syndrome. Moreover, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of PAH and take early drug intervention when facing patients with 2p16.1p15 microduplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanyun Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunbin Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
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Qin S, Predescu D, Carman B, Patel P, Chen J, Kim M, Lahm T, Geraci M, Predescu SA. Up-Regulation of the Long Noncoding RNA X-Inactive-Specific Transcript and the Sex Bias in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1135-1150. [PMID: 33836164 PMCID: PMC8176134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sex-biased disease. Increased expression and activity of the long-noncoding RNA X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist), essential for X-chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation of X-linked genes, may explain the sex bias of PAH. The present studies used a murine model of plexiform PAH, the intersectin-1s (ITSN) heterozygous knockout (KOITSN+/-) mouse transduced with an ITSN fragment (EHITSN) possessing endothelial cell proliferative activity, in conjunction with molecular, cell biology, biochemical, morphologic, and functional approaches. The data demonstrate significant sex-centered differences with regard to EHITSN-induced alterations in pulmonary artery remodeling, lung hemodynamics, and p38/ETS domain containing protein/c-Fos signaling, altogether leading to a more severe female lung PAH phenotype. Moreover, the long-noncoding RNA-Xist is up-regulated in the lungs of female EHITSN-KOITSN+/- mice compared with that in female wild-type mice, leading to sex-specific modulation of the X-linked gene ETS domain containing protein and its target, two molecular events also characteristic to female human PAH lung. More importantly, cyclin A1 expression in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle of synchronized pulmonary artery endothelial cells of female PAH patients is greater versus controls, suggesting functional hyperproliferation. Thus, Xist up-regulation leading to female pulmonary artery endothelial cell sexual dimorphic behavior may provide a better understanding of the origin of sex bias in PAH. Notably, the EHITSN-KOITSN+/- mouse is a unique experimental animal model of PAH that recapitulates most of the sexually dimorphic characteristics of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qin
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Quantitative Data Science Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dan Predescu
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Quantitative Data Science Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brandon Carman
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Quantitative Data Science Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Priyam Patel
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Pulmonary Critical Care Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Miran Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tim Lahm
- Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Geraci
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Matthaeus C, Taraska JW. Energy and Dynamics of Caveolae Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614472. [PMID: 33692993 PMCID: PMC7939723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are 70–100 nm diameter plasma membrane invaginations found in abundance in adipocytes, endothelial cells, myocytes, and fibroblasts. Their bulb-shaped membrane domain is characterized and formed by specific lipid binding proteins including Caveolins, Cavins, Pacsin2, and EHD2. Likewise, an enrichment of cholesterol and other lipids makes caveolae a distinct membrane environment that supports proteins involved in cell-type specific signaling pathways. Their ability to detach from the plasma membrane and move through the cytosol has been shown to be important for lipid trafficking and metabolism. Here, we review recent concepts in caveolae trafficking and dynamics. Second, we discuss how ATP and GTP-regulated proteins including dynamin and EHD2 control caveolae behavior. Throughout, we summarize the potential physiological and cell biological roles of caveolae internalization and trafficking and highlight open questions in the field and future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matthaeus
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Qin S, Predescu DN, Patel M, Drazkowski P, Ganesh B, Predescu SA. Sex differences in the proliferation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells: implications for plexiform arteriopathy. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs237776. [PMID: 32409569 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex-biased disease pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by the proliferation and overgrowth of dysfunctional pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). During inflammation associated with PAH, granzyme B cleaves intersectin-1 to produce N-terminal (EHITSN) and C-terminal (SH3A-EITSN) protein fragments. In a murine model of PAH, EHITSN triggers plexiform arteriopathy via p38-ELK1-c-Fos signaling. The SH3A-EITSN fragment also influences signaling, having dominant-negative effects on ERK1 and ERK2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively). Using PAECs engineered to express tagged versions of EHITSN and SH3A-EITSN, we demonstrate that the two ITSN fragments increase both p38-ELK1 activation and the ratio of p38 to ERK1 and ERK2 activity, leading to PAEC proliferation, with female cells being more responsive than male cells. Furthermore, expression of EHITSN substantially upregulates the expression and activity of the long non-coding RNA Xist in female PAECs, which in turn upregulates the X-linked gene ELK1 and represses expression of krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). These events are recapitulated by the PAECs of female idiopathic PAH patients, and may account for their proliferative phenotype. Thus, upregulation of Xist could be an important factor in explaining sexual dimorphism in the proliferative response of PAECs and the imbalanced sex ratio of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dan N Predescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Monal Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Patrick Drazkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Balaji Ganesh
- Division of Bioanalytics, Biophysics and Cytomics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Abstract
Calpain is an intracellular Ca2+-dependent non-lysosomal cysteine protease expressed ubiquitously in mammals. In endothelial cells, dysregulation of calpain has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of pathological conditions such as angiogenesis, vascular inflammation, and diabetes. Cell- or tissue-targeted in vivo delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful research tool in the analysis of protein function and has been proposed as an attractive therapeutic modality that is applicable against a large number of human diseases including cancer. In this chapter we describe a method to knockdown calpain 1 in mouse pulmonary vascular endothelium using delivery of siRNA/cationic liposome complex. This technique results in a greater than 80% reduction in calpain 1 protein levels 48 h after a single i.v. injection of calpain 1 siRNA (0.5 mg siRNA/kg)/cationic liposome complex. We also describe confocal imaging to verify the loss of calpain 1 expression in pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells and application of this technique in the mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Predescu D, Qin S, Patel M, Bardita C, Bhalli R, Predescu S. Epsin15 Homology Domains: Role in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1393. [PMID: 30333761 PMCID: PMC6176378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intersectin-1s (ITSN) deficiency and expression of a biologically active ITSN fragment, result of granzyme B cleavage under inflammatory conditions associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), are characteristics of lung tissue of human and animal models of PAH. Recently, we have shown that this ITSN fragment comprising two Epsin15 homology domains (EHITSN) triggers endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and the plexiform arteriopathy in PAH. Limited evidence also indicates that the EH domains of endocytic proteins such as ITSN, upregulate compensatory endocytic pathways in cells with impaired vesicular trafficking. Thus, we sought to investigate whether the EHITSN may be involved in this compensatory mechanism for improving the EC endocytic dysfunction induced by ITSN deficiency and possibly contribute to PAH pathogenesis. We used stably-transfected human pulmonary artery ECs expressing the Myc-EHITSN (ECEH-ITSN) and ITSN knockout heterozygous mice (K0ITSN+/-) transduced with the Myc-EHITSN, in conjunction with functional assays: the biotin assay for caveolae internalization and 8 nm gold (Au)- and dinitrophenylated (DNP)-albumin perfusion of murine lung microvasculature. Pulmonary artery ECs of PAH patients (ECPAH), ITSN knockdown ECs (ECKD-ITSN), the monocrotaline (MCT)-induced mouse and rat models of PAH, as well as untreated animals, served as controls. ELISA via streptavidin-HRP or anti-DNP antibody (Ab), applied on ECs and lung lysates indicated greater than 30% increase in biotin internalization in ECEH-ITSN compared to ECCtrl. Despite their endocytic deficiency, ECPAH internalized biotin similar to ECCtrl which is twofold higher compared to ECKD-ITSN. Moreover, the lung microvascular bed of Myc-EHITSN-transduced mice and MCT-treated animals showed greater than twofold increase in DNP-BSA transendothelial transport, all compared to untreated controls. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed the increased occurrence of non-conventional endocytic/transcytotic structures (i.e., caveolae clusters, tubulo-vesicular and enlarged endocytic structures, membranous rings), usually underrepresented. Most of these structures were labeled by Au-BSA, consistent with their involvement in the transendothelial transport. Furthermore, ITSN deficiency and EHITSN expression alter the subcellular localization of the EH-binding protein 1 (EHBP1) and cortical actin organization, altogether supporting the increase occurrence/trafficking of the alternative endocytic structures. Thus, the EHITSN by shifting the physiological vesicular (caveolae) transport toward the alternative endocytic pathways is a significant contributor to the dysfunctional molecular phenotype of ECPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Monal Patel
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cristina Bardita
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rabia Bhalli
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sanda Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Jeganathan N, Predescu D, Predescu S. Intersectin-1s deficiency in pulmonary pathogenesis. Respir Res 2017; 18:168. [PMID: 28874189 PMCID: PMC5585975 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a multidomain adaptor protein, plays a vital role in endocytosis, cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell signaling. Recent studies have demonstrated that deficiency of ITSN-1s is a crucial early event in pulmonary pathogenesis. In lung cancer, ITSN-1s deficiency impairs Eps8 ubiquitination and favors Eps8-mSos1 interaction which activates Rac1 leading to enhanced lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and metastasis. Restoring ITSN-1s deficiency in lung cancer cells facilitates cytoskeleton changes favoring mesenchymal to epithelial transformation and impairs lung cancer progression. ITSN-1s deficiency in acute lung injury leads to impaired endocytosis which leads to ubiquitination and degradation of growth factor receptors such as Alk5. This deficiency is counterbalanced by microparticles which, via paracrine effects, transfer Alk5/TGFβRII complex to non-apoptotic cells. In the presence of ITSN-1s deficiency, Alk5-restored cells signal via Erk1/2 MAPK pathway leading to restoration and repair of lung architecture. In inflammatory conditions such as pulmonary artery hypertension, ITSN-1s full length protein is cleaved by granzyme B into EHITSN and SH3A-EITSN fragments. The EHITSN fragment leads to pulmonary cell proliferation via activation of p38 MAPK and Elk-1/c-Fos signaling. In vivo, ITSN-1s deficient mice transduced with EHITSN plasmid develop pulmonary vascular obliteration and plexiform lesions consistent with pathological findings seen in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. These novel findings have significantly contributed to understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis involved in pulmonary pathology. As demonstrated in these studies, genetically modified ITSN-1s expression mouse models will be a valuable tool to further advance our understanding of pulmonary pathology and lead to novel targets for treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1415 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sanda Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center and Rush Medical College, 1750 W. Harrison Street, 1535 Jelke, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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8
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Patel M, Predescu D, Bardita C, Chen J, Jeganathan N, Pritchard M, DiBartolo S, Machado R, Predescu S. Modulation of Intersectin-1s Lung Expression Induces Obliterative Remodeling and Severe Plexiform Arteriopathy in the Murine Pulmonary Vascular Bed. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:528-542. [PMID: 28068512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Murine models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that recapitulate the plexiform and obliterative arteriopathy seen in PAH patients and help in defining the molecular mechanisms involved are missing. Herein, we investigated whether intersectin-1s (ITSN) deficiency and prolonged lung expression of an ITSN fragment with endothelial cell (EC) proliferative potential (EHITSN), present in the lungs of PAH animal models and human patients, induce formation of plexiform/obliterative lesions and defined the molecular mechanisms involved. ITSN-deficient mice (knockout/heterozygous and knockdown) were subjected to targeted lung delivery of EHITSN via liposomes for 20 days. Immunohistochemistry and histological and morphometric analyses revealed a twofold increase in proliferative ECs and a 1.35-fold increase in proliferative α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in the lungs of ITSN-deficient mice, transduced with the EHITSN relative to wild-type littermates. Treated mice developed severe medial wall hypertrophy, intima proliferation, and various forms of obliterative and plexiform-like lesions in pulmonary arteries, similar to PAH patients. Hemodynamic measurements indicated modest increases in the right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricle hypertrophy. Transcriptional and protein assays of lung tissue indicated p38MAPK-dependent activation of Elk-1 transcription factor and increased expression of c-Fos gene. This unique murine model of PAH-like plexiform/obliterative arteriopathy induced via a two-hit pathophysiological mechanism without hypoxia provides novel druggable targets to ameliorate and, perhaps, reverse the EC plexiform phenotype in severe human PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dan Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology & Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cristina Bardita
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Niranjan Jeganathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melanie Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore DiBartolo
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roberto Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sanda Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Herrero-Garcia E, O'Bryan JP. Intersectin scaffold proteins and their role in cell signaling and endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:23-30. [PMID: 27746143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intersectins (ITSNs) are a family of multi-domain proteins involved in regulation of diverse cellular pathways. These scaffold proteins are well known for regulating endocytosis but also play important roles in cell signaling pathways including kinase regulation and Ras activation. ITSNs participate in several human cancers, such as neuroblastomas and glioblastomas, while their downregulation is associated with lung injury. Alterations in ITSN expression have been found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Binding proteins for ITSNs include endocytic regulatory factors, cytoskeleton related proteins (i.e. actin or dynamin), signaling proteins as well as herpes virus proteins. This review will summarize recent studies on ITSNs, highlighting the importance of these scaffold proteins in the aforementioned processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Herrero-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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10
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Perez Ruiz de Garibay A. Endocytosis in gene therapy with non-viral vectors. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:227-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Predescu S, Bardita C, Predescu D. New insights into the functions of intersectin-1s. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1034400. [PMID: 26479042 PMCID: PMC4594419 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1034400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intersectin-1s (ITSN) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein known as a scaffold and regulator of the general endocytic machinery as well as a critical integrator of cellular signaling pathways. We showed recently that ITSN deficiency triggers a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/Alk5 signaling switch, from the canonical Smad 2/3 to the Erk1/2 MAPK pathway; moreover, endocytic impairment induced by ITSN deficiency enhances Alk5 ubiquitination and degradation and elicits TGFβ-paracrine effects mediated by circulating microparticles, leading to endothelial cell survival and increased proliferation. The studies expand our understanding of how ITSN facilitates cross-regulation of signaling pathways and provide insights into the involvement of ITSN deficiency in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Predescu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Critical Care Medicine; Rush University Medical Center ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Cristina Bardita
- Departments of Pharmacology and Critical Care Medicine; Rush University Medical Center ; Chicago, IL USA ; Department of Internal Medicine; Rush University Medical Center ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Dan Predescu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Critical Care Medicine; Rush University Medical Center ; Chicago, IL USA
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12
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Bardita C, Predescu DN, Sha F, Patel M, Balaji G, Predescu SA. Endocytic deficiency induced by ITSN-1s knockdown alters the Smad2/3-Erk1/2 signaling balance downstream of Alk5. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1528-41. [PMID: 25720380 PMCID: PMC4406123 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated in cultured endothelial cells and in vivo that deficiency of an isoform of intersectin-1, ITSN-1s, impairs caveolae and clathrin-mediated endocytosis and functionally upregulates compensatory pathways and their morphological carriers (i.e. enlarged endocytic structures, membranous rings or tubules) that are normally underrepresented. We now show that these endocytic structures internalize the broadly expressed transforming growth factor β receptor I (TGFβ-RI or TGFBR1), also known as Alk5, leading to its ubiquitylation and degradation. Moreover, the apoptotic or activated vascular cells of the ITSN-1s-knockdown mice release Alk5-bearing microparticles to the systemic circulation. These interact with and transfer Alk5 to endocytosis-deficient endothelial cells, resulting in lung endothelial cell survival and phenotypic alteration towards proliferation through activation of Erk1 and Erk2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively). We also show that non-productive assembly of the Alk5–Smad–SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation, also known as ZFYVE9) signaling complex and preferential formation of the Alk5–mSos–Grb2 complex account for Erk1/2 activation downstream of Alk5 and proliferation of pulmonary endothelial cells. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a functional relationship between the intercellular transfer of Alk5 by microparticles and endothelial cell survival and proliferation, and define a novel molecular mechanism for TGFβ and Alk5-dependent Erk1/2MAPK signaling that is significant for proliferative signaling and abnormal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bardita
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dan N Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fei Sha
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Monal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ganesh Balaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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13
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Smythies J, Edelstein L. Telocytes, exosomes, gap junctions and the cytoskeleton: the makings of a primitive nervous system? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 7:278. [PMID: 24427115 PMCID: PMC3879459 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Smythies
- Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Li HH, Li J, Wasserloos KJ, Wallace C, Sullivan MG, Bauer PM, Stolz DB, Lee JS, Watkins SC, St Croix CM, Pitt BR, Zhang LM. Caveolae-dependent and -independent uptake of albumin in cultured rodent pulmonary endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81903. [PMID: 24312378 PMCID: PMC3842245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a critical role for caveolae-mediated albumin transcytosis in pulmonary endothelium is well established, considerably less is known about caveolae-independent pathways. In this current study, we confirmed that cultured rat pulmonary microvascular (RPMEC) and pulmonary artery (RPAEC) endothelium endocytosed Alexa488-labeled albumin in a saturable, temperature-sensitive mode and internalization resulted in co-localization by fluorescence microscopy with cholera B toxin and caveolin-1. Although siRNA to caveolin-1 (cav-1) in RPAEC significantly inhibited albumin uptake, a remnant portion of albumin uptake was cav-1-independent, suggesting alternative pathways for albumin uptake. Thus, we isolated and cultured mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) from wild type and cav-1(-/-) mice and noted that ~ 65% of albumin uptake, as determined by confocal imaging or live cell total internal reflectance fluorescence microscopy (TIRF), persisted in total absence of cav-1. Uptake of colloidal gold labeled albumin was evaluated by electron microscopy and demonstrated that albumin uptake in MLEC from cav-1(-/-) mice was through caveolae-independent pathway(s) including clathrin-coated pits that resulted in endosomal accumulation of albumin. Finally, we noted that albumin uptake in RPMEC was in part sensitive to pharmacological agents (amiloride [sodium transport inhibitor], Gö6976 [protein kinase C inhibitor], and cytochalasin D [inhibitor of actin polymerization]) consistent with a macropinocytosis-like process. The amiloride sensitivity accounting for macropinocytosis also exists in albumin uptake by both wild type and cav-1(-/-) MLEC. We conclude from these studies that in addition to the well described caveolar-dependent pulmonary endothelial cell endocytosis of albumin, a portion of overall uptake in pulmonary endothelial cells is cav-1 insensitive and appears to involve clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis-like process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karla J. Wasserloos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Callen Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mara G. Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claudette M. St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LMZ); (BRP)
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LMZ); (BRP)
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15
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Bardita C, Predescu D, Justice MJ, Petrache I, Predescu S. In vivo knockdown of intersectin-1s alters endothelial cell phenotype and causes microvascular remodeling in the mouse lungs. Apoptosis 2013; 18:57-76. [PMID: 23054079 PMCID: PMC3543613 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s) is a general endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, via MEK/Erk1/2MAPK signaling. To investigate the in vivo effects of ITSN-1s deficiency and the resulting ECs apoptosis on pulmonary vasculature and lung homeostasis, we used an ITSN-1s knocked-down (KDITSN) mouse generated by repeated delivery of a specific siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Biochemical and histological analyses as well as electron microscopy (EM) revealed that acute KDITSN [3-days (3d) post-siRNAITSN treatment] inhibited Erk1/2MAPK pro-survival signaling, causing significant ECs apoptosis and lung injury; at 10d of KDITSN, caspase-3 activation was at peak, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive ECs showed 3.4-fold increase, the mean linear intercept (MLI) showed 48 % augment and pulmonary microvessel density as revealed by aquaporin-1 staining (AQP-1) decreased by 30 %, all compared to controls; pulmonary function was altered. Concomitantly, expression of several growth factors known to activate Erk1/2MAPK and suppress Bad pro-apoptotic activity increased. KDITSN altered Smads activity, downstream of the transforming growth factor beta-receptor-1 (TβR1), as shown by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analyses. Moreover, 24d post-siRNAITSN, surviving ECs became hyper-proliferative and apoptotic-resistant against ITSN-1s deficiency, as demonstrated by EM imaging, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and Bad-Ser112/155 phosphorylation, respectively, leading to increased microvessel density and repair of the injured lungs, as well as matrix deposition. In sum, ECs endocytic dysfunction and apoptotic death caused by KDITSN contribute to the initial lung injury and microvascular loss, followed by endothelial phenotypic changes and microvascular remodeling in the remaining murine pulmonary microvascular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bardita
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Predescu DN, Bardita C, Tandon R, Predescu SA. Intersectin-1s: an important regulator of cellular and molecular pathways in lung injury. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:478-98. [PMID: 24618535 PMCID: PMC4070809 DOI: 10.1086/674439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe syndromes resulting from the diffuse damage of the pulmonary parenchyma. ALI and ARDS are induced by a plethora of local or systemic insults, leading to the activation of multiple pathways responsible for injury, resolution, and repair or scarring of the lungs. Despite the large efforts aimed at exploring the roles of different pathways in humans and animal models and the great strides made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, the only viable treatment options are still dependent on ventilator and cardiovascular support. Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for initiation and resolution or advancement toward lung scarring in ALI/ARDS animal models led to a better understanding of the disease's complexity and helped in elucidating the links between ALI and systemic multiorgan failure. Although animal models of ALI/ARDS have pointed out a variety of new ideas for study, there are still limited data regarding the initiating factors, the critical steps in the progression of the disease, and the central mechanisms dictating its resolution or progression to lung scarring. Recent studies link deficiency of intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a prosurvival protein of lung endothelial cells, to endothelial barrier dysfunction and pulmonary edema as well as to the repair/recovery from ALI. This review discusses the effects of ITSN-1s deficiency on pulmonary endothelium and its significance in the pathology of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N Predescu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Patel M, Predescu D, Tandon R, Bardita C, Pogoriler J, Bhorade S, Wang M, Comhair S, Ryan-Hemnes A, Chen J, Machado R, Husain A, Erzurum S, Predescu S. A novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Elk-1 transcription factor-dependent molecular mechanism underlying abnormal endothelial cell proliferation in plexogenic pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25701-25716. [PMID: 23893408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.502674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexiform lesions (PLs), the hallmark of plexogenic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), contain phenotypically altered, proliferative endothelial cells (ECs). The molecular mechanism that contributes to EC proliferation and formation of PLs is poorly understood. We now show that a decrease in intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s) expression due to granzyme B (GrB) cleavage during inflammation associated with PAH and the high p38/Erk1/2(MAPK) activity ratio caused by the GrB/ITSN cleavage products lead to EC proliferation and selection of a proliferative/plexiform EC phenotype. We used human pulmonary artery ECs of PAH subjects (EC(PAH)), paraffin-embedded and frozen human lung tissue, and animal models of PAH in conjunction with microscopy imaging, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches to demonstrate that GrB cleaves ITSN-1s, a prosurvival protein of lung ECs, and generates two biologically active fragments, an N-terminal fragment (GrB-EH(ITSN)) with EC proliferative potential and a C-terminal product with dominant negative effects on Ras/Erk1/2. The proliferative potential of GrB-EH(ITSN) is mediated via sustained phosphorylation of p38(MAPK) and Elk-1 transcription factor and abolished by chemical inhibition of p38(MAPK). Moreover, lung tissue of PAH animal models and human specimens and EC(PAH) express lower levels of ITSN-1s compared with controls and the GrB-EH(ITSN) cleavage product. Moreover, GrB immunoreactivity is associated with PLs in PAH lungs. The concurrent expression of the two cleavage products results in a high p38/Erk1/2(MAPK) activity ratio, which is critical for EC proliferation. Our findings identify a novel GrB-EH(ITSN)-dependent pathogenic p38(MAPK)/Elk-1 signaling pathway involved in the poorly understood process of PL formation in severe PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monal Patel
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vascular Biology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Dan Predescu
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vascular Biology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Rajive Tandon
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vascular Biology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Cristina Bardita
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vascular Biology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Sangeeta Bhorade
- Center for Lung Transplant, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Minhua Wang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vascular Biology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Suzy Comhair
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Anna Ryan-Hemnes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, and
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Roberto Machado
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Sanda Predescu
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vascular Biology, and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612,.
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18
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Bardita C, Predescu D, Predescu S. Long-term silencing of intersectin-1s in mouse lungs by repeated delivery of a specific siRNA via cationic liposomes. Evaluation of knockdown effects by electron microscopy. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23851900 DOI: 10.3791/50316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, induced apoptotic cell death, a major obstacle in developing a cell culture system with prolonged ITSN-1s inhibition(1). Using cationic liposomes as carriers, we explored the silencing of ITSN-1s gene in mouse lungs by systemic administration of siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Cationic liposomes offer several advantages for siRNA delivery: safe with repeated dosing, nonimmunogenic, nontoxic, and easy to produce(2). Liposomes performance and biological activity depend on their size, charge, lipid composition, stability, dose and route of administration(3)Here, efficient and specific KDITSN in mouse lungs has been obtained using a cholesterol and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide combination. Intravenous delivery of siRNAITSN/cationic liposome complexes transiently knocked down ITSN-1s protein and mRNA in mouse lungs at day 3, which recovered after additional 3 days. Taking advantage of the cationic liposomes as a repeatable safe carrier, the study extended for 24 days. Thus, retro-orbital treatment with freshly generated complexes was administered every 3rd day, inducing sustained KDITSN throughout the study(4). Mouse tissues collected at several time points post-siRNAITSN were subjected to electron microscopy (EM) analyses to evaluate the effects of chronic KDITSN, in lung endothelium. High-resolution EM imaging allowed us to evaluate the morphological changes caused by KDITSN in the lung vascular bed (i.e. disruption of the endothelial barrier, decreased number of caveolae and upregulation of alternative transport pathways), characteristics non-detectable by light microscopy. Overall these findings established an important role of ITSN-1s in the ECs function and lung homeostasis, while illustrating the effectiveness of siRNA-liposomes delivery in vivo.
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19
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Emerging roles for intersectin (ITSN) in regulating signaling and disease pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7829-52. [PMID: 23574942 PMCID: PMC3645719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intersectins (ITSNs) represent a family of multi-domain adaptor proteins that regulate endocytosis and cell signaling. ITSN genes are highly conserved and present in all metazoan genomes examined thus far. Lower eukaryotes have only one ITSN gene, whereas higher eukaryotes have two ITSN genes. ITSN was first identified as an endocytic scaffold protein, and numerous studies reveal a conserved role for ITSN in endocytosis. Subsequently, ITSNs were found to regulate multiple signaling pathways including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), GTPases, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Class 2beta (PI3KC2β). ITSN has also been implicated in diseases such as Down Syndrome (DS), Alzheimer Disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the evolutionary conservation of ITSN, the latest research on the role of ITSN in endocytosis, the emerging roles of ITSN in regulating cell signaling pathways, and the involvement of ITSN in human diseases such as DS, AD, and cancer.
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