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Moon WK, Jeong JY, Park SW, Yun SY, Lee E, Shin S. Integrative personalized medicine care for adjustment disorder of a post-COVID-19 patient: A CARE-compliant case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39121. [PMID: 39093769 PMCID: PMC11296404 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression is a common symptom in post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, which can be diagnosed with post-COVID-19 depression or adjustment disorder (AD) of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Recently, there have been reports of treating post-COVID-19 syndrome with herbal interventions. However, there are no studies of AD of post-COVID-19 syndrome treated with an integrative approach. This is a CARE-compliant case report of a patient diagnosed with AD of post-COVID-19 syndrome and improved with integrative personalized medicine care (IPMC). PATIENT CONCERNS An 84-year-old female patient presented symptoms of depression, insomnia, palpitations, and dyspepsia after COVID-19 diagnosis. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with AD due to COVID-19 according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with the IPMC approach: conventional Western drugs for symptom improvements with herbal medicine, acupuncture, and moxibustion therapies of traditional Korean medicine to enhance her general conditions. OUTCOMES Depression, insomnia, palpitations, dyspepsia, and overall quality of life were assessed through various questionnaires before and after treatment. Scores notably decreased across depression scales, and insomnia severity improved significantly. After treatment, gastrointestinal symptoms vanished, and autonomic nervous system balance improved. Quality of life metrics also showed remarkable enhancement. LESSONS This study is the first case report to demonstrate improvement in AD of post-COVID-19 symptoms using IPMC. It is noteworthy that the patient in this study tapered off their antidepressant medication after the treatment with the IPMC approach. Further studies are needed to establish more qualified evidence to show the effectiveness and safety of IPMC for AD of post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyoung Moon
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Yeon Jeong
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Park
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Yun
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euiju Lee
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Luu LK, Thangsiri S, Sahasakul Y, Aursalung A, Inthachat W, Temviriyanukul P, On-Nom N, Chupeerach C, Suttisansanee U. Nutrients, Phytochemicals and In Vitro Disease Prevention of Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz Fruit. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040950. [PMID: 36839313 PMCID: PMC9960393 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz is an evergreen tree in the Sapindaceae family, mostly found in the forests of some Southeast Asia countries, especially Thailand. The lack of biological information regarding this tree has led to inappropriate agricultural management, conservation and utilization. Thus, this study aims to examine the nutritional composition, organic acid and phenolic profiles and in vitro health properties through several key enzyme inhibitions against some civilization diseases including Alzheimer's disease (β-secretase (BACE-1), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), obesity (lipase), hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)) and diabetes (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), α-amylase and α-glucosidase) on the aril (flesh) part of N. hypoleucum Kurz fruit. The remaining fruit parts including the pericarp (peel) and seed were also assessed as sources of potential phenolics as well as key enzyme inhibitors. As results, carbohydrate (17.18 g) was found to be a major source of energy (74.80 kcal) in the aril (100 g fresh weight), with trace amounts of protein (0.78 g) and fat (0.32 g). The fruit aril also contained high insoluble dietary fiber (5.02 g) and vitamin C (11.56 mg), while potassium (215.82 mg) was detected as the major mineral. Organic acid profile indicated that the aril was rich in citric acid, while the phenolic profile suggested predominant quercetin and kaempferol. Interestingly, high gallic acid contents were detected in both pericarp and seed, with the latter 3.2-fold higher than the former. The seed also possessed the highest total phenolic content (TPC, 149.45 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), while total anthocyanin content (TAC, 0.21 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent/g dry weight) was only detected in pericarp. High TPC also led to high enzyme inhibitory activities in seed including BACE-1, AChE, BChE, ACE, DPP-IV and α-glucosidase. Interestingly, aril with the highest α-amylase inhibition suggested strong inhibitory distribution, predominantly from quercetin and kaempferol. Lipase inhibitory activities were only detected in the aril and pericarp, suggesting the biological function of these two phenolics and possibly anthocyanins.
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Wu X, Huang H, Li M, Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Q, Shen J, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Du F, Chen Y, Yang Y, Zhao Q, Zeng J, He Y, Xiao J. Excessive consumption of the sugar rich longan fruit promoted the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via mediating gut dysbiosis. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Huimin Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- Department of Pharmacy, Jimo District Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine QingdaoShandongChina
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Fifth People's Hospital ChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- Department of PharmacyYa'an People's Hospital Ya'anSichuanChina
| | - Qin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Yifei Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Qianyun Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Jiuping Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacySouthwest Medical University LuzhouSichuanChina
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine LuzhouSichuanChina
| | - Yisheng He
- School of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen ShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversidade de Vigo OurenseSpain
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Alloferon-1 ameliorates acute inflammatory responses in λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16689. [PMID: 36202869 PMCID: PMC9537184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloferon-1 have been proposed as an effective peptide to enhance antitumoral immunity, antiviral defense and anti-inflammatory activity. This work aimed to assess anti-inflammatory effects of alloferon-1 against acute inflammation and histopathological deformations in λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Systemic pretreatment with alloferon-1 (22.0 mg/kg) intraperitoneally injected mice showed a significant reduction in paw thickness and vascular permeability. Alloferon-1 prevented λ-carrageenan-evoked exudation and the neutrophil influx to the mouse pleura and the neutrophil migration into carrageenan-stimulated mouse air pouches based on the histopathological changes in the paw tissues. Administration of alloferon-1 also suppressed the expression of the inflammatory cytokines in the inflamed paw tissues such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin-5 (IL-5), etc. detected by Luminex liquid chip. Collectively, the present study provides evidences for the marked anti-inflammatory effects of alloferon-1 which might represent new therapeutic options for the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases.
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Lagariya L, Soni K, Shah JS. Antitumor effects of polyphenol-rich extract of Euphoria longana seed by vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta signaling inhibition in experimentally induced oral cancer in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2022; 54:329-337. [PMID: 36537401 PMCID: PMC9846918 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_802_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Oral cancers are found to have high risk in South Central Asia due to exposure of various risk factors. Euphoria longana Lam. (EL) has been traditionally used to relieve insomnia, prevent amnesia, and treat palpitation. In addition, EL has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities. The investigation was aimed to evaluate the mechanism of action and antitumor activity of polyphenol-rich EL seeds extract against oral cancer induced by 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were formulated: normal animals, oral cancer induced with 4-NQO, EL-treated normal control, EL-treated disease control from 0-day, EL-treated disease control from 60 days, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated disease control from day 60, and combined EL- and 5-FU-treated disease control animals from day 60. The animal tongue was smeared with 0.5% 4-NQO at frequency of thrice a week for 12 weeks to induce oral cancer. At the end of treatment, excised tongues were used for biochemical and tumour-specific parameters along with histopathology assessment. RESULTS Treatment with EL, 5-FU, and combination of both in diseased animals exhibited significant improvement in interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels, antioxidant status together with histoarchitecture of the tongue tissue. In addition, the combination of both was slightly more effective than EL and 5-FU alone. CONCLUSION Our data suggest antitumor activity of Euphoria longana Lam. Extract against 4-NQO induced oral cancer in rats, which could be attributed to alteration in the VEGF and TGF-β signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labhu Lagariya
- Zydus Corporate Park, Sarkhej, Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kinal Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej- Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Samir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej- Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India,Address for correspondence: Prof. Jigna Samir Shah, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - 382 481, Gujarat, India. E-mail:
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Exhaustive Plant Profile of “Dimocarpus longan Lour” with Significant Phytomedicinal Properties: A Literature Based-Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: “Dimocarpus longan Lour” is a tropical and subtropical evergreen tree species mainly found in China, India, and Thailand; this plant, found naturally in Bangladesh, even locally, is used as “kaviraj” medication for treating different diseases, such as gastrointestinal disorders, wounds, fever, snake bites, menstrual problem, chickenpox, bone fractures, neurological disorders, and reproductive health. Different parts of this plant, especially juice pulp, pericarp, seeds, leaves, and flowers, contain a diverse group of botanical phytocompounds, and nutrient components which are directly related to alleviating numerous diseases. This literature-based review provides the most up-to-date data on the ethnomedicinal usages, phytochemical profiling, and bio-pharmacological effects of D. longan Lour based on published scientific articles. Methodology: A literature-based review was conducted by collecting information from various published papers in reputable journals and cited organizations. ChemDraw, a commercial software package, used to draw the chemical structure of the phytochemicals. Results: Various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols were collected from the various sections of the plant, and other compounds like vitamins and minerals were also obtained from this plant. As a treating agent, this plant displayed many biologicals activities, such as anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, radical scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-microbial, activation of osteoblast differentiation, anti-fungal, immunomodulatory, probiotic, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, obesity, neurological issues, and suppressive effect on macrophages cells. Different plant parts have displayed better activity in different disease conditions. Still, the compounds, such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin acid, quercetin, 4-O-methyl gallic acid, and (-)-epicatechin showed better activity in the biological system. Gallic acid, corilagin, and ellagic acid strongly exhibited anti-cancer activity in the HepG2, A549, and SGC 7901 cancer cell lines. Additionally, 4-O-methyl gallic acid and (-)-epicatechin have displayed outstanding antioxidant activity as well as anti-cancer activity. Conclusion: This plant species can be considered an alternative source of medication for some diseases as it contains a potential group of chemical constituents.
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Investigation of the Synergistic Effect of Brown Sugar, Longan, Ginger, and Jujube (Brown Sugar Longan Ginger Tea) on Antioxidation and Anti-Inflammation in In Vitro Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3596085. [PMID: 33343673 PMCID: PMC7725565 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3596085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research unveils the synergistic effect of brown sugar, longan, ginger, and jujube on the beneficial effects of antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Longan, ginger, and jujube are ubiquitous herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and are frequently used in folk remedies. Longan and ginger have been reported to be beneficial for antioxidation, anti-inflammation, ant-obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) improvements. However, the potential scientific and medical benefits of their combination Brown Sugar Longan Ginger Tea (BSLGT), a popular drink in Chinese cultures, are elusive. Through the in vitro methodologies, we discovered that BSLGT could significantly improve the mitochondrial activity, antioxidant capacity, lipid content, and inflammatory response in human hepatocytes. In addition, BSLGT also exerted positive effects on the downregulation of atherosclerosis-associated, vasoconstrictor, and thrombosis-related gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In short, our experimental results successfully revealed that the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of BSLGT may have the potential to improve liver metabolism and cardiovascular inflammation although solid evidence requires further investigation.
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Amir Rawa MS, Hassan Z, Murugaiyah V, Nogawa T, Wahab HA. Anti-cholinesterase potential of diverse botanical families from Malaysia: Evaluation of crude extracts and fractions from liquid-liquid extraction and acid-base fractionation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112160. [PMID: 31419500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Enhancement of cholinergic functions in the brain via acetylcholinesterase inhibition is one of the main therapeutic strategies to improve symptoms associated with Alzheimer's or related cognitive deficits. There is a pathophysiological correlation between Alzheimer's and Diabetes Mellitus, as well as inflammation and oxidative stress that may cause cognitive decline. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was intended to evaluate anti-cholinesterase potential of 177 Malaysian plant extracts from 148 species known to have related ethnomedicinal uses such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, epilepsy, headache, memory enhancement and anti-aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-cholinesterase screening against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes was performed on the basis of in-vitro colorimetric 96-well microplate-based assay method. Potent active plant extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction and acid-base fractionation for further analysis. RESULTS Fifty-seven plant extracts exhibited potent anti-cholinesterase activities (50-100% inhibition) at 200 μg/ml. Majority of the active plants originated from Fabaceae family. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. stem extract manifested the lowest IC50 of 3.78 μg/ml for AChE and 5.94 μg/ml for BChE. A few native species including Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr., Cyrtostachys renda Blume and Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. showed cholinesterase inhibition despite limited local medical applications. Further anti-AChE evaluation (50 μg/ml) of 18 potent plant extracts harbored active polar components in butanol and water fractions, except Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (leaves and stems), Acacia auriculiformis Benth. (leaves), Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg (leaves), and Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg. (leaves) that showed inhibitory activity in less polar fractions. The acidic extraction of these four plant species improved their inhibition level against AChE. CONCLUSION This study rendered a preliminary overview of anti-cholinesterase activity from diverse Malaysian botanical families in which provided the medical relevance toward these native plant species, especially ones with limited ethnobotanical record or practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Syahfriena Amir Rawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Toshihiko Nogawa
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN Centre for Aging Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Byproducts of Longan Fruits ( Dimocarpus Longan Lour.) and Their Bioactivities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061186. [PMID: 30917573 PMCID: PMC6471414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The longan industry produces a large amount of byproducts such as pericarp and seed, resulting in environmental pollution and resource wastage. The present study was performed to systematically evaluate functional components, i.e., polyphenols (phenolics and flavonoids) and alkaloids, in longan byproducts and their bioactivities, including antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging activities in simulated gastric fluid and anti-hyperglycemic activities in vitro. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in pericarp were slightly higher than those in seeds, but seeds possessed higher alkaloid content than pericarp. Four polyphenolic substances, i.e., gallic acid, ethyl gallate, corilagin and ellagic acid, were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among these polyphenolic components, corilagin was the major one in both pericarp and seed. Alkaloid extract in seed showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Nitrite scavenging activities were improved with extract concentration and reaction time increasing. Flavonoids in seed and alkaloids in pericarp had potential to be developed as anti-hyperglycemic agents. The research result was a good reference for exploring longan byproducts into various valuable health-care products.
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Scepankova H, Martins M, Estevinho L, Delgadillo I, Saraiva JA. Enhancement of Bioactivity of Natural Extracts by Non-Thermal High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 73:253-267. [PMID: 30269189 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-018-0687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural extracts, like those obtained from medicinal herbs, dietary plants and fruits are being recognized as important sources of bioactive compounds with several functionalities including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Plant extracts rich in phenolic antioxidants are currently being successfully used for several pharmaceutical applications and in the development of new foods (i.e., functional foods), in order to enhance the bioactivity of the products and to replace synthetic antioxidants. The extraction method applied in the recovery of the bioactive compounds from natural materials is a key factor to enhance the bioactivity of the extracts. However, most of the extraction techniques have to employ heat, which can easily lead to heat-sensitive compounds losing their biological activity, due to changes caused by temperature. Presently, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is being increasingly explored as a cold extraction method of bioactive compounds from natural sources. This non-thermal high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) technique allows one to reduce the extraction time and increase the extraction of natural beneficial ingredients, in terms of nutritional value and biological activities and thus enhance the bioactivity of the extracts. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on the extraction efficiency of HHPE for the production of natural extracts with enhanced bioactivity, based on the extraction yield, total content and individual composition of bioactive compounds, extraction selectivity, and biological activities of the different plant extracts, so far studied by extraction with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Scepankova
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Martins
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Letícia Estevinho
- Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5301-855, Bragança, Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ivonne Delgadillo
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A Saraiva
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Chowdhury ZZ, Krishnan B, Sagadevan S, Rafique RF, Hamizi NAB, Abdul Wahab Y, Khan AA, Johan RB, Al-Douri Y, Kazi SN, Tawab Shah S. Effect of Temperature on the Physical, Electro-Chemical and Adsorption Properties of Carbon Micro-Spheres Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Process. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E597. [PMID: 30082616 PMCID: PMC6116296 DOI: 10.3390/nano8080597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This research deals with the effect of the temperature on the physical, thermal, electrochemical, and adsorption properties of the carbon micro-spheres using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Until recently, limited research has been conducted regarding the effects of delignification during the HTC process of biomass residues especially Dimocarpus longan. In this regard, lignin was first extracted from the lingo-cellulosic waste of Longan fruit peel (Dimocarpus longan). The holocellulose (HC) separated from lignin and raw biomass substrates (Longan fruit exocarp/peel powder, LFP) were carbonized at different temperatures using water as the green catalyst. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was performed for both of the samples (LFP and HC) at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C for 24 h each. The surface morphological structures, the porosity, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the prepared micro-spherical carbon were determined. The BET surface areas obtained for HC-based carbon samples were lower than that of the raw LFP based carbon samples. The carbon obtained was characterized using ultimate and proximate analyses. The surface morphological features and phase transformation of the synthesized micro-spherical carbon was characterized by a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results demonstrated that the extraction of lignin could significantly alter the end properties of the synthesized carbon sample. The carbon spheres derived from LFP showed a higher carbon content than the HC-based carbon. The absence of lignin in the holo-cellulose (HC) made it easy to disintegrate in comparison to the raw, LFP-based carbon samples during the HTC process. The carbonaceous samples (LFP-300 and HC-300) prepared at 300 °C were selected and their adsorption performance for Pb (II) cations was observed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin linear isotherm models. At 30 °C, the equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm model more than the Freundlich and Temkin model for both the LFP-300 sample and the HC-300 sample. The potential of the synthesized carbon microspheres were further analyzed by thermodynamic characterizations of the adsorption equilibrium system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Zaman Chowdhury
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Bagavathi Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Pekan Pahang 26600, Malaysia.
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, AMET University, Chennai 603112, India.
- Centre for Foundation Studies, Department of Physics, National Defense University Malaysia, Kem Sg. Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rahman Faizur Rafique
- Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Nor Aliya Binti Hamizi
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yasmin Abdul Wahab
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Akbar Khan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Rafie Bin Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Y Al-Douri
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Sidi-Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria.
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey.
| | - Salim Newaz Kazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Tawab Shah
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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12
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Polyphenols Isolated from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Husks and Their Anti-Tumor and Radical-Scavenging Activities. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121694. [PMID: 27941678 PMCID: PMC6274062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. is used in traditional medicine in North China. To evaluate the anti-tumor and radical-scavenging activities of X. sorbifolia husks polyphenols and determine their structure-activity relationships, 37 polyphenols 1–37 were obtained by bioassay-guided fractionation. Two new compounds 1–2, and compounds 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14–17, 21–25, 27–29, 31, 33, 34, 36, and 37 were isolated from the genus Xanthoceras for the first time. Compounds 1–37 did not show strong cytotoxicity against the four tested tumor cell lines (A549, HepG2, MGC-803, and MFC) compared to paclitaxel and under the conditions tested in the anti-tumor assay, but compounds 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 18–20, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, and 35 exhibited stronger radical-scavenging activity than ascorbic acid in a 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt assay. This was the first report on the anti-tumor and radical-scavenging activities of the polyphenols isolated from X. sorbifolia husks. Overall, the present study contributed valuable information concerning X. sorbifolia husks use in medicine and pharmacology.
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Wang HL, Li YX, Niu YT, Zheng J, Wu J, Shi GJ, Ma L, Niu Y, Sun T, Yu JQ. Observing Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Activities of Glycyrrhizin Through Regulating COX-2 and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Expressions in Mice. Inflammation 2016; 38:2269-78. [PMID: 26178479 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of glycyrrhizin (GL) in mice and to explore the possible related mechanisms. Xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of GL in mice. Anti-nociceptive effects of GL were assessed by using acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test and formalin test, as well as evaluation of spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS) and the protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were explored by using real-time fluorogenic PCR and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that GL significantly reduced xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeation. Additionally, GL significantly inhibited the nociceptions induced by acetic acid and formalin. However, the nociceptions could not be decreased by GL in the hot plate test, and GL did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 were significantly downregulated by GL. In conclusion, GL exerts significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities by attenuating the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ya-Ting Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Guang-Jiang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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14
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Sheu SY, Fu YT, Huang WD, Chen YA, Lei YC, Yao CH, Hsu FL, Kuo TF. Evaluation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Potential and In vivo Hypouricemic Activity of Dimocarpus longan Lour. Extracts. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S206-12. [PMID: 27279708 PMCID: PMC4883080 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longan is a fruit tree known to contain many phenolic components, which are capable of protecting people from oxidative damage through an anti-inflammatory mechanism. It may be also worthwhile to study the effect on lowering uric acid activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study investigates the lowering of uric acid using longan extracts, including flowers, pericarps, seeds, leaves, and twigs, on potassium-oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice and its inhibitory actions against xanthine oxidase (XO) activities. RESULTS The findings revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of longan extracts exhibited strong XO-inhibitory activity, and the flower extracts (IC50 = 115.8 μg/mL) revealed more potent XO-inhibitory activity to those of pericarps (118.9 μg/mL), twigs (125.3 μg/mL), seeds (262.5 μg/mL), and leaves (331.1 μg/mL) in vitro. In addition, different dosages of longan extract (50-100 mg/kg) were administered to hyperuricemic mice. The lowering effect of longan extracts on uric acid at 75 mg/kg markedly reduced plasma uric acid levels in decreasing order: Flowers (80%) > seeds (72%) > pericarps (64%) > twigs (59%) > leaves (41%), compared with allopurinol (89%). Finally, 10 isolated phytochemicals from longan flowers were then examined in vitro. The results indicated that proanthocyanidin A2 and acetonylgeraniin A significantly inhibited XO activity in vitro. This is the first report providing new insights into the urate-reducing effect of phenolic dimer and hydrolyzable tannin, which can be developed to potential hypouricemic agents. SUMMARY Longan flower extracts possess more potent XO-inhibitory activity than pericarps, twigs, seeds, and leaves in vitroThe lowering effect of longan flowers and seeds extracts markedly reduced plasma uric acid levels as compared to allopurinol in vivoThe extract proanthocyanidin A2 and acetonylgeraniin A were demonstrated potent XO inhibitory activity in vitro Abbreviations used: PO: Potassium-oxonate, XO: xanthine oxidase, HE: n-hexane, EA: ethyl acetate, i.p.: intraperitoneal, PBS: phosphate-buffered saline, AP: allopurinol, PUA: plasma uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Sheu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Branch, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung Branch, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsung Fu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taiwan; School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Dar Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ann Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chih Lei
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lin Hsu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Fu Kuo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taiwan
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Kunworarath N, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Thiantanawat A, Satayavivad J. Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in macrophages by suppressing NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:156-61. [PMID: 26721218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Flower, seed, and fruit of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) have been used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) serving as a common herb in relief of swelling which can be applied in cases of inflammatory diseases. However, the scientific evidence related to their effects on inflammation especially the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of longan need to be clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the various parts of longan including flower, seed, and pulp. The mechanisms and molecular targets involved in their effects were also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different longan extracts were analyzed for their bioactive compounds and evaluated for anti-inflammation. Corilagin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid were detected using HPLC-DAD. In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of longan extracts and their polysaccharides were examined by analyzing nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Expression of the proteins that involved in NO production was detected by Western blot. RESULTS Flower extract contained the highest amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, corilagin and ellagic acid when compared to seed and pulp extracts. The extracts of different longan parts inhibited LPS-induced NO production with different potency. The highest potency for the inhibition of NO production was shown with flower extract follow by seed and pulp (IC50=128.2, 1127.4, and 1260.2μgmL(-1), respectively). The mechanisms of this anti-NO production were associated with their NO scavenging effect and their decreasing the expression and catalytic activity of an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, these longan extracts suppressed LPS-induced degradation of IκBα and activation of NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), Akt, and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the longan extracts possess anti-inflammatory property. Therefore, longan could provide potential dietary supplement for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Kunworarath
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nuchanart Rangkadilok
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Apinya Thiantanawat
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Gelsolin in Acetic Acid Induced Writhing, Tail Immersion and Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135558. [PMID: 26426535 PMCID: PMC4537109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin levels significantly decline in several disease conditions, since gelsolin gets scavenged when it depolymerizes and caps filamentous actin released in the circulation following tissue injury. It is well established that our body require/implement inflammatory and analgesic responses to protect against cell damage and injury to the tissue. This study was envisaged to examine analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of exogenous gelsolin (8 mg/mouse) in mice models of pain and acute inflammation. Administration of gelsolin in acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests not only demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of acetic acid-induced writhing effects, but also exhibited an analgesic activity in tail immersion test in mice as compared to placebo treated mice. Additionally, anti-inflammatory function of gelsolin (8 mg/mouse) compared with anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg)] was confirmed in the carrageenan injection induced paw edema where latter was measured by vernier caliper and fluorescent tomography imaging. Interestingly, results showed that plasma gelsolin was capable of reducing severity of inflammation in mice comparable to diclofenac sodium. Analysis of cytokines and histo-pathological examinations of tissue revealed administration of gelsolin and diclofenac sodium significantly reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, carrageenan groups pretreated with diclofenac sodium or gelsolin showed a marked decrease in edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells in paw tissue. Our study provides evidence that administration of gelsolin can effectively reduce the pain and inflammation in mice model.
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Li L, Xu J, Mu Y, Han L, Liu R, Cai Y, Huang X. Chemical characterization and anti-hyperglycaemic effects of polyphenol enriched longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) pericarp extracts. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Wang QS, Yang L, Cui WY, Chen L, Jiang YH. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of methanol extract from aerial part of Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89149. [PMID: 24598860 PMCID: PMC3943724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of the methanol extract from the aerial part of Phlomis younghusbandii (MEAP) and to explore the possible related mechanisms. Anti-inflammatory effects of MEAP were evaluated by using the ear edema test induced by dimethylbenzene and vascular permeability test induced by acetic acid. Anti-nociceptive activities of MEAP were evaluated by the chemical nociception in models of acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking, and by the thermal nociception in hot plate tests. Mechanisms of MEAP activities also were explored by evaluating expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS induced by LPS using real-time fluorogenic PCR and expression of COX-2 using Western blotting and an open-field test. The results indicated that the MEAP administered orally could significantly decrease ear edema induced by dimethylbenzene and increase vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. Additionally, the nociceptions induced by acetic acid and formalin were significantly inhibited. The anti-nociceptive effect could not be decreased by naloxone in the formalin test, and MEAP did not affect the normal autonomic activities of mice. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS) induced by LPS were decreased obviously by treatment with MEAP. Furthermore, COX-2 expression in the spinal dorsal horns of the pain model mice induced by formalin was significantly down-regulated by MEAP. In conclusion, MEAP has significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, and the mechanisms may be related to the down-regulated expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Wang
- Anesthesiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacology of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Yao Cui
- Anesthesiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Hua Jiang
- Anesthesiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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