1
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Hartog N, Faber W, Frisch A, Bauss J, Bupp CP, Rajasekaran S, Prokop JW. SARS-CoV-2 infection: molecular mechanisms of severe outcomes to suggest therapeutics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:105-118. [PMID: 33779460 PMCID: PMC8022340 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1908894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:The year 2020 was defined by the 29,903 base pairs of RNA that codes for the SARS-CoV-2 genome. SARS-CoV-2 infects humans to cause COVID-19, spreading from patient-to-patient yet impacts patients very divergently.Areas covered: Within this review, we address the known molecular mechanisms and supporting data for COVID-19 clinical course and pathology, clinical risk factors and molecular signatures, therapeutics of severe COVID-19, and reinfection/vaccination. Literature and published datasets were reviewed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and NCBI SRA tools. The combination of exaggerated cytokine signaling, pneumonia, NETosis, pyroptosis, thrombocytopathy, endotheliopathy, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) create a positive feedback loop of severe damage in patients with COVID-19 that impacts the entire body and may persist for months following infection. Understanding the molecular pathways of severe COVID-19 opens the door for novel therapeutic design. We summarize the current insights into pathology, risk factors, secondary infections, genetics, omics, and drugs being tested to treat severe COVID-19.Expert opinion: A growing level of support suggests the need for stronger integration of biomarkers and precision medicine to guide treatment strategies of severe COVID-19, where each patient has unique outcomes and thus require guided treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hartog
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Allergy & Immunology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - William Faber
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Austin Frisch
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Bauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Spectrum Health Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Office of Research, Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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2
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Monteonofrio L, Florio MC, AlGhatrif M, Lakatta EG, Capogrossi MC. Aging- and gender-related modulation of RAAS: potential implications in COVID-19 disease. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 3:R1-R14. [PMID: 33537555 PMCID: PMC7849461 DOI: 10.1530/vb-20-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is frequently characterized by a marked inflammatory response with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure associated with multiorgan involvement. Some risk factors predispose patients to develop a more severe infection and to an increased mortality; among them, advanced age and male gender have been identified as major and independent risk factors for COVID-19 poor outcome. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is strictly involved in COVID-19 because angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and also converts pro-inflammatory angiotensin (Ang) II into anti-inflammatory Ang(1–7). In this review, we have addressed the effect of aging and gender on RAAS with emphasis on ACE2, pro-inflammatory Ang II/Ang II receptor 1 axis and anti-inflammatory Ang(1–7)/Mas receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Monteonofrio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Florio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Majd AlGhatrif
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Prokop JW, Chhetri SB, van Veen JE, Chen X, Underwood AC, Uhl K, Dwinell MR, Geurts AM, Correa SM, Arnold AP. Transcriptional analysis of the multiple Sry genes and developmental program at the onset of testis differentiation in the rat. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:28. [PMID: 32398044 PMCID: PMC7216353 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The commonly used laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, is unique in having multiple Sry gene copies found on the Y chromosome, with different copies encoding amino acid variations that influence the resulting protein function. It is not clear which Sry genes are expressed at the onset of testis differentiation or how their expression correlates with that of other genes in testis-determination pathways. METHODS Here, two independent E11-E14 developmental RNAseq datasets show that multiple Sry genes are expressed at E12-E13. RESULTS The identified copies expressed during testis initiation include Sry4A, Sry1, and Sry3C, which are conserved in every strain of Rattus norvegicus with genomes sequenced to date. CONCLUSIONS This work represents a first step in defining the complex environment of rat testis differentiation that can open the door for generating sex reversal model systems using embryo manipulation techniques that have been available in the mouse but not the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Surya B Chhetri
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - J Edward van Veen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 610 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xuqi Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 610 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adam C Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.,Division of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH, 44720, USA
| | - Katie Uhl
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Stephanie M Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 610 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 610 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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4
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Khan SI, Andrews KL, Jennings GL, Sampson AK, Chin-Dusting JPF. Y Chromosome, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Is Inflammation the Answer? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122892. [PMID: 31200567 PMCID: PMC6627840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now becomingly increasingly evident that the functions of the mammalian Y chromosome are not circumscribed to the induction of male sex. While animal studies have shown variations in the Y are strongly accountable for blood pressure (BP), this is yet to be confirmed in humans. We have recently shown modulation of adaptive immunity to be a significant mechanism underpinning Y-chromosome-dependent differences in BP in consomic strains. This is paralleled by studies in man showing Y chromosome haplogroup is a significant predictor for coronary artery disease through influencing pathways of immunity. Furthermore, recent studies in mice and humans have shown that Y chromosome lineage determines susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Here we review the evidence in animals and humans that Y chromosome lineage influences hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk, with a novel focus on pathways of immunity as a significant pathway involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzana I Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Karen L Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Garry L Jennings
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Amanda K Sampson
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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5
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Maan AA, Eales J, Akbarov A, Rowland J, Xu X, Jobling MA, Charchar FJ, Tomaszewski M. The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health? Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1181-1188. [PMID: 28853720 PMCID: PMC5643963 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y chromosome has long been considered a 'genetic wasteland' on a trajectory to completely disappear from the human genome. The perception of its physiological function was restricted to sex determination and spermatogenesis. These views have been challenged in recent times with the identification of multiple ubiquitously expressed Y-chromosome genes and the discovery of several unexpected associations between the Y chromosome, immune system and complex polygenic traits. The collected evidence suggests that the Y chromosome influences immune and inflammatory responses in men, translating into genetically programmed susceptibility to diseases with a strong immune component. Phylogenetic studies reveal that carriers of a common European lineage of the Y chromosome (haplogroup I) possess increased risk of coronary artery disease. This occurs amidst upregulation of inflammation and suppression of adaptive immunity in this Y lineage, as well as inferior outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus infection. From structural analysis and experimental data, the UTY (Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat Containing, Y-Linked) gene is emerging as a promising candidate underlying the associations between Y-chromosome variants and the immunity-driven susceptibility to complex disease. This review synthesises the recent structural, experimental and clinical insights into the human Y chromosome in the context of men's susceptibility to disease (with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease) and provides an overview of the paradigm shift in the perception of the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Maan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Artur Akbarov
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joshua Rowland
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark A Jobling
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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6
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Del Valle I, Buonocore F, Duncan AJ, Lin L, Barenco M, Parnaik R, Shah S, Hubank M, Gerrelli D, Achermann JC. A genomic atlas of human adrenal and gonad development. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28459107 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, the adrenal glands and gonads undergo distinct biological events between 6-10 weeks post conception (wpc), such as testis determination, the onset of steroidogenesis and primordial germ cell development. However, relatively little is currently known about the genetic mechanisms underlying these processes. We therefore aimed to generate a detailed genomic atlas of adrenal and gonad development across these critical stages of human embryonic and fetal development. METHODS RNA was extracted from 53 tissue samples between 6-10 wpc (adrenal, testis, ovary and control). Affymetrix array analysis was performed and differential gene expression was analysed using Bioconductor. A mathematical model was constructed to investigate time-series changes across the dataset. Pathway analysis was performed using ClueGo and cellular localisation of novel factors confirmed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Using this approach, we have identified novel components of adrenal development (e.g. ASB4, NPR3) and confirmed the role of SRY as the main human testis-determining gene. By mathematical modelling time-series data we have found new genes up-regulated with SOX9 in the testis (e.g. CITED1), which may represent components of the testis development pathway. We have shown that testicular steroidogenesis has a distinct onset at around 8 wpc and identified potential novel components in adrenal and testicular steroidogenesis (e.g. MGARP, FOXO4, MAP3K15, GRAMD1B, RMND2), as well as testis biomarkers (e.g. SCUBE1). We have also shown that the developing human ovary expresses distinct subsets of genes (e.g. OR10G9, OR4D5), but enrichment for established biological pathways is limited. CONCLUSION This genomic atlas is revealing important novel aspects of human development and new candidate genes for adrenal and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Del Valle
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Duncan
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lin Lin
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Martino Barenco
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rahul Parnaik
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Dianne Gerrelli
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - John C Achermann
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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7
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Del Valle I, Buonocore F, Duncan AJ, Lin L, Barenco M, Parnaik R, Shah S, Hubank M, Gerrelli D, Achermann JC. A genomic atlas of human adrenal and gonad development. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:25. [PMID: 28459107 PMCID: PMC5407452 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11253.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In humans, the adrenal glands and gonads undergo distinct biological events between 6-10 weeks post conception (wpc), such as testis determination, the onset of steroidogenesis and primordial germ cell development. However, relatively little is currently known about the genetic mechanisms underlying these processes. We therefore aimed to generate a detailed genomic atlas of adrenal and gonad development across these critical stages of human embryonic and fetal development. Methods: RNA was extracted from 53 tissue samples between 6-10 wpc (adrenal, testis, ovary and control). Affymetrix array analysis was performed and differential gene expression was analysed using Bioconductor. A mathematical model was constructed to investigate time-series changes across the dataset. Pathway analysis was performed using ClueGo and cellular localisation of novel factors confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Results: Using this approach, we have identified novel components of adrenal development (e.g.
ASB4,
NPR3) and confirmed the role of
SRY as the main human testis-determining gene. By mathematical modelling time-series data we have found new genes up-regulated with
SOX9 in the testis (e.g.
CITED1), which may represent components of the testis development pathway. We have shown that testicular steroidogenesis has a distinct onset at around 8 wpc and identified potential novel components in adrenal and testicular steroidogenesis (e.g.
MGARP,
FOXO4,
MAP3K15,
GRAMD1B,
RMND2), as well as testis biomarkers (e.g.
SCUBE1). We have also shown that the developing human ovary expresses distinct subsets of genes (e.g.
OR10G9,
OR4D5), but enrichment for established biological pathways is limited. Conclusion: This genomic atlas is revealing important novel aspects of human development and new candidate genes for adrenal and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Del Valle
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Duncan
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lin Lin
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Martino Barenco
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rahul Parnaik
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Dianne Gerrelli
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - John C Achermann
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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8
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Prokop JW, Tsaih SW, Faber AB, Boehme S, Underwood AC, Troyer S, Playl L, Milsted A, Turner ME, Ely D, Martins AS, Tutaj M, Lazar J, Dwinell MR, Jacob HJ. The phenotypic impact of the male-specific region of chromosome-Y in inbred mating: the role of genetic variants and gene duplications in multiple inbred rat strains. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26848384 PMCID: PMC4740989 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgound The male-specific region of chromosome-Y (MSY) contributes to phenotypes outside of testis development and has a high rate of evolution between mammalian species. With a lack of genomic crossover, MSY is one of the few genomic areas under similar variation and evolutionary selection in inbred and outbred animal populations, allowing for an assessment of evolutionary mechanisms to translate between the populations. Methods Using next-generation sequencing, MSY consomic strains, molecular characterization, and large-scale phenotyping, we present here regions of MSY that contribute to inbred strain phenotypes. Results We have shown that (1) MSY of rat has nine autosomal gene transposition events with strain-specific selection; (2) sequence variants in MSY occur with a 1.98-fold higher number of variants than other chromosomes in seven sequenced rat strains; (3) Sry, the most studied MSY gene, has undergone extensive gene duplications, driving ubiquitous expression not seen in human or mouse; (4) the expression profile of Sry in the rat is driven by the insertion of the Sry2 copy into an intron of the ubiquitously expressed Kdm5d gene in antisense orientation, but due to several loss of function mutations in the Sry2 protein, nuclear localization and transcriptional control are decreased; (5) expression of Sry copies other than Sry2 in the rat overlaps with the expression profile for human SRY; (6) gene duplications and sequence variants (P76T) of Sry can be selected for phenotypes such as high blood pressure and androgen receptor signaling within inbred mating; and most importantly, (7) per chromosome size, MSY contributes to higher strain-specific phenotypic variation relative to all other chromosomes, with 53 phenotypes showing both a male to female and consomic cross significance. Conclusion The data presented supports a high probability of MSY genetic variation altering a broad range of inbred rat phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Allison B Faber
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Adam C Underwood
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720 USA
| | - Samuel Troyer
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Lauren Playl
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Monte E Turner
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Daniel Ely
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Almir S Martins
- Núcleo de Fisiologia Geral e Genômica Funcional-ICB-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marek Tutaj
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jozef Lazar
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Howard J Jacob
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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9
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Prokop JW, Deschepper CF. Chromosome Y genetic variants: impact in animal models and on human disease. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:525-37. [PMID: 26286457 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00074.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome Y (chrY) variation has been associated with many complex diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disorders. Functional roles of chrY genes outside of testes are suggested by the fact that they are broadly expressed in many other tissues and correspond to regulators of basic cellular functions (such as transcription, translation, and protein stability). However, the unique genetic properties of chrY (including the lack of meiotic crossover and the presence of numerous highly repetitive sequences) have made the identification of causal variants very difficult. Despite the prior lack of reliable sequences and/or data on genetic polymorphisms, earlier studies with animal chrY consomic strains have made it possible to narrow down the phenotypic contributions of chrY. Some of the evidence so far indicates that chrY gene variants associate with regulatory changes in the expression of other autosomal genes, in part via epigenetic effects. In humans, a limited number of studies have shown associations between chrY haplotypes and disease traits. However, recent sequencing efforts have made it possible to greatly increase the identification of genetic variants on chrY, which promises that future association of chrY with disease traits will be further refined. Continuing studies (both in humans and in animal models) will be critical to help explain the many sex-biased disease states in human that are contributed to not only by the classical sex steroid hormones, but also by chrY genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama; and
| | - C F Deschepper
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Araujo FC, Milsted A, Watanabe IKM, Del Puerto HL, Santos RAS, Lazar J, Reis FM, Prokop JW. Similarities and differences of X and Y chromosome homologous genes, SRY and SOX3, in regulating the renin-angiotensin system promoters. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:177-86. [PMID: 25759379 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00138.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is subject to sex-specific modulation by hormones and gene products. However, sex differences in the balance between the vasoconstrictor/proliferative ACE/ANG II/AT1 axis, and the vasodilator/antiproliferative ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS axis are poorly known. Data in the rat have suggested the male-specific Y-chromosome gene Sry to contribute to balance between these two axes, but why the testis-determining gene has these functions remains unknown. A combination of in silico genetic/protein comparisons, functional luciferase assays for promoters of the human RAS, and RNA-Seq profiling in rat were used to address if regulation of Sry on the RAS is conserved in the homologous X-chromosome gene, Sox3. Both SRY and SOX3 upregulated the promoter of Angiotensinogen (AGT) and downregulated the promoters of ACE2, AT2, and MAS, likely through overlapping mechanisms. The regulation by both SRY and SOX3 on the MAS promoter indicates a cis regulation through multiple SOX binding sites. The Renin (REN) promoter is upregulated by SRY and downregulated by SOX3, likely through trans and cis mechanisms, respectively. Sry transcripts are found in all analyzed male rat tissues including the kidney, while Sox3 transcripts are found only in the brain and testis, suggesting that the primary tissue for renin production (kidney) can only be regulated by SRY and not SOX3. These results suggest that SRY regulation of the RAS is partially shared with its X-chromosome homolog SOX3, but SRY gained a sex-specific control in the kidney for the rate-limiting step of the RAS, potentially resulting in male-specific blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano C Araujo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
| | - Ingrid K M Watanabe
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Fernando M Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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MAS promoter regulation: a role for Sry and tyrosine nitration of the KRAB domain of ZNF274 as a feedback mechanism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:727-38. [PMID: 24128372 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)/Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)]/MAS axis of the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) has emerged as a pathway of interest in treating both cardiovascular disorders and cancer. The MAS protein is known to bind to and be activated by Ang-(1-7); however, the mechanisms of this activation are just starting to be understood. Although there are strong biochemical data regarding the regulation and activation of the AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) and the AT2R (angiotensin II type 2 receptor), with models of how AngII (angiotensin II) binds each receptor, fewer studies have characterized MAS. In the present study, we characterize the MAS promoter and provide a potential feedback mechanism that could compensate for MAS degradation following activation by Ang-(1-7). Analysis of ENCODE data for the MAS promoter revealed potential epigenetic control by KRAB (Krüppel-associated box)/KAP-1 (KRAB-associated protein-1). A proximal promoter construct for the MAS gene was repressed by the SOX [SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) box] proteins SRY, SOX2, SOX3 and SOX14, of which SRY is known to interact with the KRAB domain. The KRAB-KAP-1 complex can be tyrosine-nitrated, causing the dissociation of the KAP-1 protein and thus a potential loss of epigenetic control. Activation of MAS can lead to an increase in nitric oxide, suggesting a feedback mechanism for MAS on its own promoter. The results of the present study provide a more complete view of MAS regulation and, for the first time, suggest biochemical outcomes for nitration of the KRAB domain.
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Prokop JW, Underwood AC, Turner ME, Miller N, Pietrzak D, Scott S, Smith C, Milsted A. Analysis of Sry duplications on the Rattus norvegicus Y-chromosome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:792. [PMID: 24228692 PMCID: PMC3840628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene copy number variation plays a large role in the evolution of genomes. In Rattus norvegicus and other rodent species, the Y-chromosome has accumulated multiple copies of Sry loci. These copy number variations have been previously linked with changes in phenotype of animal models such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). This study characterizes the Y-chromosome in the Sry region of Rattus norvegicus, while addressing functional variations seen in the Sry protein products. Results Eleven Sry loci have been identified in the SHR with one (nonHMG Sry) containing a frame shift mutation. The nonHMGSry is found and conserved in the related WKY and SD rat strains. Three new, previously unidentified, Sry loci were identified in this study (Sry3BII, Sry4 and Sry4A) in both SHR and WKY. Repetitive element analysis revealed numerous LINE-L1 elements at regions where conservation is lost among the Sry copies. In addition we have identified a retrotransposed copy of Med14 originating from spliced mRNA, two autosomal genes (Ccdc110 and HMGB1) and a normal mammalian Y-chromosome gene (Zfy) in the Sry region of the rat Y-chromosome. Translation of the sequences of each Sry gene reveals eight proteins with amino acid differences leading to changes in nuclear localization and promoter activation of a Sry-responsive gene. Sry-β (coded by the Sry2 locus) has an increased cytoplasmic fraction due to alterations at amino acid 21. Sry-γ has altered gene regulation of the Sry1 promoter due to changes at amino acid 76. Conclusions The duplication of Sry on the Rattus norvegicus Y-chromosome has led to proteins with altered functional ability that may have been selected for functions in addition to testis determination. Additionally, several other genes not normally found on the Y-chromosome have duplicated new copies into the region around the Sry genes. These suggest a role of active transposable elements in the evolution of the mammalian Y-chromosome in species such as Rattus norvegicus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Commons, 44325-3908 Akron, OH, USA.
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