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Chen YC, Wang WS, Lewis SJG, Wu SL. Fighting Against the Clock: Circadian Disruption and Parkinson's Disease. J Mov Disord 2024; 17:1-14. [PMID: 37989149 PMCID: PMC10846969 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption is being increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of the relationship between circadian disruption and PD by exploring the molecular, cellular, and behavioral aspects of this interaction. This review will include a comprehensive understanding of how the clock gene system and transcription-translation feedback loops function and how they are diminished in PD. The article also discusses the role of clock genes in the regulation of circadian rhythms, as well as the impact of clock gene dysregulation on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, including the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which have all been proposed as being crucial mechanisms in the pathophysiology of PD. Finally, this review highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting the clock gene system and circadian rhythm for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shey-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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2
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Townsend LTJ, Anderson KN, Boeve BF, McKeith I, Taylor JP. Sleep disorders in Lewy body dementia: Mechanisms, clinical relevance, and unanswered questions. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5264-5283. [PMID: 37392199 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In Lewy body dementia (LBD), disturbances of sleep and/or arousal including insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common. These disorders can each exert a significant negative impact on both patient and caregiver quality of life; however, their etiology is poorly understood. Little guidance is available for assessing and managing sleep disorders in LBD, and they remain under-diagnosed and under-treated. This review aims to (1) describe the specific sleep disorders which occur in LBD, considering their putative or potential mechanisms; (2) describe the history and diagnostic process for these disorders in LBD; and (3) summarize current evidence for their management in LBD and consider some of the ongoing and unanswered questions in this field and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh T J Townsend
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirstie N Anderson
- Regional Sleep Service, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ian McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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3
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Schütz L, Sixel-Döring F, Hermann W. Management of Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2029-2058. [PMID: 35938257 PMCID: PMC9661340 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is defined by its motor symptoms rigidity, tremor, and akinesia. However, non-motor symptoms, particularly autonomic disorders and sleep disturbances, occur frequently in PD causing equivalent or even greater discomfort than motor symptoms effectively decreasing quality of life in patients and caregivers. Most common sleep disturbances in PD are insomnia, sleep disordered breathing, excessive daytime sleepiness, REM sleep behavior disorder, and sleep-related movement disorders such as restless legs syndrome. Despite their high prevalence, therapeutic options in the in- and outpatient setting are limited, partly due to lack of scientific evidence. The importance of sleep disturbances in neurodegenerative diseases has been further emphasized by recent evidence indicating a bidirectional relationship between neurodegeneration and sleep. A more profound insight into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms intertwining sleep and neurodegeneration might lead to unique and individually tailored disease modifying or even neuroprotective therapeutic options in the long run. Therefore, current evidence concerning the management of sleep disturbances in PD will be discussed with the aim of providing a substantiated scaffolding for clinical decisions in long-term PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schütz
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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4
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Goncharova N, Chigarova O, Oganyan T. Age-related and individual features of the HPA axis stress responsiveness under constant light in nonhuman primates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1051882. [PMID: 36699023 PMCID: PMC9870316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1051882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a key adaptive neuroendocrine system, dysfunction of which plays an important role in the increasing incidence of stress-dependent age-related pathology. Among the environmental factors effecting increase age-related diseases, great importance is given to disturbances of the light-dark schedule, particularly with increased illumination at night. While disruption of the light-dark schedule has long been recognized as a powerful behavioral stressor, little is known regarding stress reactivity of the HPA under constant light (CL) conditions, especially with aging and depending on the features of stress behavior. The purpose of this investigation was to study the age-related and individual features of the HPA axis response to acute stress exposure (ASE) under chronic CL in nonhuman primates that are known to differ in behavioral responsiveness to stress. Young and old female rhesus monkeys (with control standard behavior or anxiety and depression-like behavior) were exposed to CL (24 h light/day, 330-400 lux for 4 to 8 weeks). Control young and old monkeys were exposed to standard lighting (SL) with natural light during the day and darkness at night. All animals were subjected to ASE (restriction of mobility for 2 hours), functional tests with corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine-vasopressin, and study of circadian rhythms of cortisol and pineal melatonin secretion. For the first time an inhibitory effect of CL on the reaction of the adrenal cortex to ASE was revealed in all individuals, regardless of age and preexisting behavior stress reactivity, the mechanisms of which were age-dependent: due to inhibition of the pituitary ACTH secretion in young animals and mainly not affecting the ACTH secretion in old individuals. There were no significant changes in melatonin secretion both in young and old animals. The observed CL inhibition of adrenal cortical reactivity to ASE may be useful to correct increased vulnerability to ASE observed in individuals with preexisting anxiety and depression-like stress behaviors. On the other hand, the CL induced decrease in adrenal stress reactivity of behaviorally normal animals suggests a potential risk of reducing the adaptive capacity of the organism under conditions of continuous light exposure.
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Hadoush H, Alqudah A, Banihani SA, Al-Jarrah M, Amro A, Aldajah S. Melatonin serum level, sleep functions, and depression level after bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease: a feasibility study. Sleep Sci 2021; 14:25-30. [PMID: 34917270 PMCID: PMC8663735 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with non-motor complications such as sleep disturbance and depression. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) showed therapeutic effects on the motor dysfunctions. However, the potential effects of tDCS therapy on melatonin hormone, sleep dysfunctions, and depression in patients with PD still unclear. This feasibility study aimed to identify any potential changes in melatonin serum level, sleep functions and depression after the bilateral anodal tDCS in patients with PD. Material and Methods Tensessions of bilateral anodal tDCS stimulation applied over left and right prefrontal and motor areas were given to twenty-five patients with PD. Melatonin serum level, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and geriatric depression scale examined before and after tDCS stimulation. Results After bilateral anodal tDCS, there was a significant reduction in melatonin serum level, improvement in depression, improvements in overall sleep quality, and sleep latency. Correlations test showed significant associations between melatonin serum level reduction and changes in subjective sleep quality, and sleep duration, as well as between improvements in depression and overall sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep disturbance. Conclusion Bilateral anodal tDCS therapy was a feasible and safe tool that showed potential therapeutic effects on melatonin serum level, sleep quality, and depression level in patients with PD. Although the further large scale and randomized-control trial studies are crucially needed, there is still a need for such a feasibility study to be established before such trials can be implemented as is recommended in the new medical research council guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat Hadoush
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Rehabilitation Sciences -Irbid - Irbid - Jordan
| | - Ansam Alqudah
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Rehabilitation Sciences -Irbid - Irbid - Jordan
| | - Saleem A Banihani
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Medical Laboratory Sciences - Irbid - Irbid - Jordan
| | - Muhammed Al-Jarrah
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Rehabilitation Sciences -Irbid - Irbid - Jordan
| | - Akram Amro
- Al-Quds University, Physiotherapy - Jerusalem - Jerusalem - Palestinian Territories
| | - Salameh Aldajah
- Isra University, Rehabilitation Sciences -Amman - Amman - Jordan
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6
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Verugina NI, Levin OS, Lyashenko EA. [Neuroendocrine and metabolic impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:67-73. [PMID: 33205933 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSRACT Neuroendocrine and neurometabolic disorders, although occasionally noted in Parkinson's disease (PD), existed in the shadow of motor and non-motor symptoms (hypokinesia, rigidity, tremor, depression, constipation, etc.). In recent years, they are increasingly being diagnosed and are the subject of special research. These include, in particular, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, changes in body weight, metabolic disorders in bone tissue, secretion, as well as the secretion of neurohormones, such as melatonin. They are associated with other non-motor symptoms, negatively affect patients' general condition and quality of life, but can be treatable. At the same time, treatment of neuroendocrine and neurometabolic disorders can favorably influence the rate of progression of the disease as a whole. This review discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of neuroendocrine and neurometabolic disorders arising in PD, which have been relatively rarely covered in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Verugina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Lyashenko
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Hadoush H, Lababneh T, Banihani SA, Al-Jarrah M, Jamous M. Melatonin and dopamine serum level associations with motor, cognitive, and sleep dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson's disease: A cross-sectional research study. NeuroRehabilitation 2020; 46:539-549. [PMID: 32538881 DOI: 10.3233/nre-203075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem-progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by dopaminergic neurons, however, the role of the non-dopaminergic system (such as melatonin hormone) in the pathogenesis of PD is now emerging. OBJECTIVE To identify any potential correlation between the dopamine and melatonin serum levels, and motor, cognitive, and sleep dysfunctions in patients with PD. METHOD Cross-sectional piloting study conducted with a sample of 34 patients with PD (aged 50-72 yrs old). Correlation tests performed to identify any potential correlations between the biomarkers' serum levels and motor, cognitive, and sleep dysfunctional levels in "on-medication" status. RESULTS Spearman's test showed significant correlations between the melatonin serum level and sleep dysfunctions including overall sleep quality (P = 0.010) and subjective sleep quality sub-score (P = 0.001). On the other hand, spearman's test showed significant correlations between the dopamine serum level and motor dysfunctions including Berg Balance Scale (P = 0.026), 10-Meter Walk Test (P = 0.016), and Fear of Falling Index (P = 0.007), as well as comparisons between the dopamine serum level and cognitive dysfunction (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Melatonin serum level would serve as a potential biomarker in understanding the PD pathogenesis, and the melatonin serum level should be considered in future studies related to PD besides the dopamine serum level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat Hadoush
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tamara Lababneh
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saleem A Banihani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhammed Al-Jarrah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Physiotherapy, Fatima College of Health Sciences. Abu Dhabi. UAE
| | - Mohammed Jamous
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Osawa C, Kamei Y, Nozaki K, Furusawa Y, Murata M. Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series Study
1. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miho Murata
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Japan
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9
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Münch M, Wirz-Justice A, Brown SA, Kantermann T, Martiny K, Stefani O, Vetter C, Wright KP, Wulff K, Skene DJ. The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:61-85. [PMID: 33089192 PMCID: PMC7445840 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology. What are the consequences of living in industrialised urban areas with much less daylight and more use of electric light, throughout the day (and at night), on general health and quality of life? In this workshop report, we have classified key gaps of knowledge in daylight research into three main groups: (I) uncertainty as to daylight quantity and quality needed for "optimal" physiological and psychological functioning, (II) lack of consensus on practical measurement and assessment methods and tools for monitoring real (day) light exposure across multiple time scales, and (III) insufficient integration and exchange of daylight knowledge bases from different disciplines. Crucial short and long-term objectives to fill these gaps are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Faculty for Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), 45141 Essen, Germany;
- SynOpus, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
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De Nobrega AK, Luz KV, Lyons LC. Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:193-265. [PMID: 32304036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, individuals are living longer due to medical and scientific advances, increased availability of medical care and changes in public health policies. Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on managing chronic conditions and age-related diseases to ensure healthy aging. The endogenous circadian system regulates molecular, physiological and behavioral rhythms orchestrating functional coordination and processes across tissues and organs. Circadian disruption or desynchronization of circadian oscillators increases disease risk and appears to accelerate aging. Reciprocally, aging weakens circadian function aggravating age-related diseases and pathologies. In this review, we summarize the molecular composition and structural organization of the circadian system in mammals and humans, and evaluate the technological and societal factors contributing to the increasing incidence of circadian disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the adverse effects of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the bidirectional interactions through which aging affects circadian function using examples from mammalian research models and humans. Additionally, we review promising methods for managing healthy aging through behavioral and pharmacological reinforcement of the circadian system. Understanding age-related changes in the circadian clock and minimizing circadian dysfunction may be crucial components to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristine V Luz
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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11
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Chang YC, Kim JY. Therapeutic implications of circadian clocks in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:1095-1113. [PMID: 31833091 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks, endogenous oscillators generating daily biological rhythms, have important roles in the nervous system to control diverse cellular processes-not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), where the master clocks reside to synchronize all circadian clocks in the body but also in other non-SCN areas. Accumulating evidence has shown relationships between circadian abnormalities (e.g., sleep disturbances and abnormal rest-activity rhythms) and disease progressions in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease. Although circadian abnormalities were frequently considered as consequences of disease onsets, recent studies suggest altered circadian clocks as risk factors to develop neurodegenerative diseases via altered production or clearance rates of toxic metabolites like amyloid β. In this review, we will summarize circadian clock-related pathologies in the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system, AD and PD. Then, we will introduce the current clinical trials to rescue circadian abnormalities in AD and PD patients. Finally, a discussion about how to improve targeting circadian clocks to increase treatment efficiencies and specificities will be followed. This discussion will provide insight into circadian clocks as potential therapeutic targets to attenuate onsets and progressions of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen Chang
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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12
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Liebert A, Bicknell B, Johnstone DM, Gordon LC, Kiat H, Hamblin MR. "Photobiomics": Can Light, Including Photobiomodulation, Alter the Microbiome? PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:681-693. [PMID: 31596658 PMCID: PMC6859693 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this review is to consider the dual effects of microbiome and photobiomodulation (PBM) on human health and to suggest a relationship between these two as a novel mechanism. Background: PBM describes the use of low levels of visible or near-infrared (NIR) light to heal and stimulate tissue, and to relieve pain and inflammation. In recent years, PBM has been applied to the head as an investigative approach to treat diverse brain diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Also, in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the total microbial population that colonizes the human body, chiefly in the gut and the mouth, called the microbiome. It is known that the composition and health of the gut microbiome affects many diseases related to metabolism, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmunity, and even brain disorders. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted for published reports on the effect of light on the microbiome. Results: Recent work by our research group has demonstrated that PBM (red and NIR light) delivered to the abdomen in mice, can alter the gut microbiome in a potentially beneficial way. This has also now been demonstrated in human subjects. Conclusions: In consideration of the known effects of PBM on metabolomics, and the now demonstrated effects of PBM on the microbiome, as well as other effects of light on the microbiome, including modulating circadian rhythms, the present perspective introduces a new term "photobiomics" and looks forward to the application of PBM to influence the microbiome in humans. Some mechanisms by which this phenomenon might occur are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Australasian Research Institute, Wahroonga, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Brian Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Luke C Gordon
- Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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13
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Abbott SM, Malkani RG, Zee PC. Circadian disruption and human health: A bidirectional relationship. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:567-583. [PMID: 30549337 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disorders have been classically associated with disorders of abnormal timing of the sleep-wake cycle, however circadian dysfunction can play a role in a wide range of pathology, ranging from the increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and malignancy in shift workers, prompting the need for a new field focused on the larger concept of circadian medicine. The relationship between circadian disruption and human health is bidirectional, with changes in circadian amplitude often preceding the classical symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders. As our understanding of the importance of circadian dysfunction in disease grows, we need to develop better clinical techniques for identifying circadian rhythms and also develop circadian based strategies for disease management. Overall this review highlights the need to bring the concept of time to all aspects of medicine, emphasizing circadian medicine as a prime example of both personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra M Abbott
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roneil G Malkani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Willis GL, Boda J, Freelance CB. Polychromatic Light Exposure as a Therapeutic in the Treatment and Management of Parkinson's Disease: A Controlled Exploratory Trial. Front Neurol 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 30778331 PMCID: PMC6156259 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by loss of dopamine (DA) in the nigro-striatal dopamine (NSD) system with the primary symptoms of bradykinaesia, rigidity, tremor, and altered gate. Secondary symptoms including depression, insomnia, involuntary movement, and psychiatric side effects are also commonly observed. While the treatment focus for the past 50 years has been aimed at replacing deficient DA, to relieve the primary symptoms, more recent studies have suggested that the circadian system plays a critical role in the etiology and treatment of this disorder. Several case studies and open label trials have implemented bright light therapy (BT) in an attempt to repair sleep, depression and even the primary motor symptoms of this disorder, however controlled studies are yet to be fully implemented. In this controlled trial, patients that had been maintained on BT daily for 4 months to 5 years previously were assigned to one of three groups: continued polychromatic light, continued with red light or discontinued polychromatic light for a 2 week period. The Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDSUPDRS), The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), The Beck Depression Inventory II, The Beck Anxiety Inventory, The Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) and a global rating scale were used to assess patients prior to and at 1 and 2 weeks after commencing the trial. Patients continuing polychromatic BT showed significant improvement on the MDSUPDRS Rating Scale (12 points; p = 0.028), the PDQ-39 (10 points; p = 0.011), ESS (4 points; p = 0.013), and numerous motor and secondary symptoms on a global rating scale. Performance on standardized motor tests also incrementally improved in this group while those exposed to red light and those that discontinued BT treatment deteriorated. These results demonstrate that strategically applied polychromatic light was beneficial in reducing many primary motor and secondary symptoms of PD. Further work investigating the role of light in mitigating PD symptoms and involvement of the circadian system will provide further advances in the treatment of PD. Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.anzctr.org.au, identifier ACTRN12617001309370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Willis
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, The Bronowski Clinic, Coliban Medical Centre, Kyneton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamilee Boda
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, The Bronowski Clinic, Coliban Medical Centre, Kyneton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher B Freelance
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, The Bronowski Clinic, Coliban Medical Centre, Kyneton, VIC, Australia
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Alghamdi BS. The neuroprotective role of melatonin in neurological disorders. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1136-1149. [PMID: 29498103 PMCID: PMC6001545 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted from the pineal gland and has a wide-ranging regulatory and neuroprotective role. It has been reported that melatonin level is disturbed in some neurological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, which indicates its involvement in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Its properties qualify it to be a promising potential therapeutic neuroprotective agent, with no side effects, for some neurological disorders. This review discusses and localizes the effect of melatonin in the pathophysiology of some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahKSA
- Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahKSA
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mono.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Precision Light for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5868570. [PMID: 29593784 PMCID: PMC5821959 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5868570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping can be reset by brief flashes of light using stimulation protocols thousands of times shorter than those previously assumed to be necessary for traditional phototherapy. These observations point to a future where flexible architectures of nanosecond-, microsecond-, and millisecond-scale light pulses are compiled to reprogram the brain's internal clock when it has been altered by psychiatric illness or advanced age. In the current review, we present a chronology of seminal experiments that established the synchronizing influence of light on the human circadian system and the efficacy of prolonged bright-light exposure for reducing symptoms associated with seasonal affective disorder. We conclude with a discussion of the different ways that precision flashes could be parlayed during sleep to effect neuroadaptive changes in brain function. This article is a contribution to a special issue on Circadian Rhythms in Regulation of Brain Processes and Role in Psychiatric Disorders curated by editors Shimon Amir, Karen Gamble, Oliver Stork, and Harry Pantazopoulos.
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Winkler-Pjrek E, Spies M, Baldinger-Melich P, Perkmann L, Kasper S, Winkler D. Use of Light Therapy by Office-Based Physicians. Neuropsychobiology 2017. [PMID: 28637048 DOI: 10.1159/000477094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light therapy (LT) is a non-pharmacological biological treatment that has been used in psychiatry since the 1980s. Previous research has investigated the usage of LT in hospitals. The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of use of LT by office-based physicians. METHODS A questionnaire was sent by mail to 400 randomly selected doctors in Austria. We made sure that the sample was equally representative of general practitioners (GPs) and psychiatrists, public health service doctors and private doctors, physicians in cities and in the country as well as male and female doctors. Non-responders were asked by phone and e-mail to answer the questionnaire. We achieved a response rate of 27.7%. RESULTS LT was generally recommended by 67.3% of all physicians (91.6% of the psychiatrists but only 46.6% of the GPs). The recommended location of treatment was patients' homes in 90%. Physicians were asked whether they considered LT to be an appropriate treatment for various disorders. There were affirmative answers from: 94.2% for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 93.3% for sub-syndromal SAD, 60.6% for non-seasonal recurrent major depressive disorder, 35.6% for jet lag syndrome, 35.6% for chronobiological problems with shift work, 22.1% for insomnia, 13.5% for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and 10.6% for behavioural problems with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that LT is regularly recommended by office-based physicians, especially psychiatrists. However, there is potential for greater application of LT in indications other than depressive disorder. The results found here are comparable to previous findings in psychiatric hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Winkler-Pjrek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sauerbier A, Cova I, Rosa-Grilo M, Taddei RN, Mischley LK, Chaudhuri KR. Treatment of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 132:361-379. [PMID: 28554415 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are integral to Parkinson's disease (PD) and the management can often be challenging. In spite of the growing evidence that NMS have a key impact on the quality of life of patients and caregivers, most clinical trials still focus on motor symptoms as primary outcomes. As a consequence strong evidence-based treatment recommendations for NMS occurring in PD are spare. In this chapter, the current data addressing the treatment of major NMS such as sleep, cognitive and autonomic dysfunction, and depression and anxiety are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sauerbier
- King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ilaria Cova
- Center for Research and Treatment on Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of Clinical Neurology, Luigi Sacco' Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Rosa-Grilo
- King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel N Taddei
- King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie K Mischley
- Bastyr University Research Institute, Kenmore, WA, United States; UW Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington (UW), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, Kings College and Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Kings College, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Rutten S, Vriend C, Smit JH, Berendse HW, Hoogendoorn AW, van den Heuvel OA, van der Werf YD. A double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of bright light therapy on depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:355. [PMID: 27769202 PMCID: PMC5073442 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disturbed circadian rhythm seems to be a causal factor in the occurrence of depressive disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The circadian rhythm can be restored with light. Therefore, Bright Light Therapy (BLT) might be a new treatment option for depression in PD patients. METHODS/DESIGN In this double-blind controlled trial, 84 subjects with idiopathic PD are randomized to either BLT or a control light condition. The BLT condition emits white light with an intensity of 10,000 Lux, while the control device emits dim white light of 200 Lux, which is presumed to be too low to influence the circadian rhythm. Subjects receive 30 min of home treatment twice daily for three months. Timing of treatment is based on the individual chronotype. After finishing treatment, subjects enter a follow-up period of six months. The primary outcome of the study is the severity of depressive symptoms, as measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Secondary outcomes are alternative depression measures, objective and subjective sleep measures, and salivary melatonin and cortisol concentrations. For exploratory purposes, we also assess the effects on motor symptoms, global cognitive function, comorbid psychiatric disorders, quality of life and caregiver burden. Data will be analyzed using a linear mixed models analysis. DISCUSSION Performing a placebo-controlled trial on the effects of BLT in PD patients is challenging, as the appearance of the light may provide clues on the treatment condition. Moreover, fixed treatment times lead to an improved sleep-wake rhythm, which also influences the circadian system. With our study design, we do not compare BLT to placebo treatment, i.e. an ineffective control treatment. Rather, we compare structuring of the sleep-wake cycle in both conditions with additional BLT in the experimental condition, and additional dim light in the control condition. Participants are not informed about the exact details of the two light devices and the expected therapeutic effect, and expectancies are rated prior to the start of treatment. Ideally, the design of a future study on BLT should include two extra treatment arms where BLT and control light are administered at random times. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on May 17th 2012 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01604876 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Chris Vriend
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W. Berendse
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, A.J. Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D. van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1000 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Melatoninergic System in Parkinson's Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3472032. [PMID: 27829983 PMCID: PMC5088323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3472032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is synthesized by several tissues besides the pineal gland, and beyond its regulatory effects in light-dark cycle, melatonin is a hormone with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Melatonin acts as a free-radical scavenger, reducing reactive species and improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Melatonin also regulates the expression of neurotrophins that are involved in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and reduces α-synuclein aggregation, thus protecting the dopaminergic system against damage. The unbalance of pineal melatonin synthesis can predispose the organism to inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the potential role of the melatoninergic system in the pathogenesis and treatment of PD. The literature reviewed here indicates that PD is associated with impaired brain expression of melatonin and its receptors MT1 and MT2. Exogenous melatonin treatment presented an outstanding neuroprotective effect in animal models of PD induced by different toxins, such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb. Despite the neuroprotective effects and the improvement of motor impairments, melatonin also presents the potential to improve nonmotor symptoms commonly experienced by PD patients such as sleep and anxiety disorders, depression, and memory dysfunction.
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Mattis J, Sehgal A. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:192-203. [PMID: 26947521 PMCID: PMC4808513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-wake cycles are known to be disrupted in people with neurodegenerative disorders. These findings are now supported by data from animal models for some of these disorders, raising the question of whether the disrupted sleep/circadian regulation contributes to the loss of neural function. As circadian rhythms and sleep consolidation also break down with normal aging, changes in these may be part of what makes aging a risk factor for disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mechanisms underlying the connection between circadian/sleep dysregulation and neurodegeneration remain unclear, but several recent studies provide interesting possibilities. While mechanistic analysis is under way, it is worth considering treatment of circadian/sleep disruption as a means to alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mattis
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- HHMI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Camardese G, Leone B, Serrani R, Walstra C, Di Nicola M, Della Marca G, Bria P, Janiri L. Augmentation of light therapy in difficult-to-treat depressed patients: an open-label trial in both unipolar and bipolar patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:2331-8. [PMID: 26396517 PMCID: PMC4574883 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s74861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the clinical benefits of bright light therapy (BLT) as an adjunct treatment to ongoing psychopharmacotherapy, both in unipolar and bipolar difficult-to-treat depressed (DTD) outpatients. METHODS In an open-label study, 31 depressed outpatients (16 unipolar and 15 bipolar) were included to undergo 3 weeks of BLT. Twenty-five completed the treatment and 5-week follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical outcomes were evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale and the Depression Retardation Rating Scale were used to assess changes in anhedonia and psychomotor retardation, respectively. RESULTS The adjunctive BLT seemed to influence the course of the depressive episode, and a statistically significant reduction in HDRS scores was reported since the first week of therapy. The treatment was well-tolerated, and no patients presented clinical signs of (hypo)manic switch during the overall treatment period. At the end of the study (after 5 weeks from BLT discontinuation), nine patients (36%, eight unipolar and one bipolar) still showed a treatment response. BLT augmentation also led to a significant improvement of psychomotor retardation. CONCLUSION BLT combined with the ongoing pharmacological treatment offers a simple approach, and it might be effective in rapidly ameliorating depressive core symptoms of vulnerable DTD outpatients. These preliminary results need to be confirmed in placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial on larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Camardese
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Leone
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Serrani
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Coco Walstra
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Della Marca
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Bria
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Kutscher SJ, Farshidpanah S, Claassen DO. Sleep dysfunction and its management in Parkinson's disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2014; 16:304. [PMID: 24930678 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-014-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PD). In some cases, symptoms can precede a diagnosis of PD by many years, but otherwise they are commonly encountered during the clinical care of patients. Unfortunately, sleep problems are under-recognized and subsequently inadequately addressed. In our experience, when properly addressed, physicians and patients are quickly aware of the often-debilitating nature of sleep dysfunction. This does not mean that solutions are easily attainable. Sleep in PD is held in a delicate balance, influenced by the disease process, medications, co-morbid symptoms, and a variety of other factors. For this reason, management of sleep in PD often requires an inter-disciplinary approach. Physicians should have an intimate knowledge of the many sleep problems apparent in PD, as well as appreciate the challenge presented by diverse therapeutic options that can both ameliorate and aggravate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Kutscher
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-0118 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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Willis GL, Moore C, Armstrong SM. Parkinson's disease, lights and melanocytes: looking beyond the retina. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3921. [PMID: 24473093 PMCID: PMC5379242 DOI: 10.1038/srep03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical analysis of recent research suggesting that light pollution causes Parkinson's disease (PD) reveals that such a hypothesis is unsustainable in the context of therapeutic use of light in treating various neuropsychiatric conditions. Reinterpretation of their findings suggests that retinal damage caused by prolonged light exposure may have contributed to the observed enhancement of experimental PD. To test this hypothesis further, forty-two Sprague Dawley rats received microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2, 4, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), paraquat or rotenone into the vitreal mass in doses so minute that the effects could not be attributed to diffusion into brain. Significant changes in five motor parameters consistent with symptoms of experimental PD were observed. These findings support the interpretation that the retina is involved in the control of motor function and in the aetiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Willis
- Neurosciences Section, The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Victoria 3444, Australia
| | - Cleo Moore
- Neurosciences Section, The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Victoria 3444, Australia
| | - Stuart Maxwell Armstrong
- Neurosciences Section, The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Victoria 3444, Australia
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Romeo S, Di Camillo D, Splendiani A, Capannolo M, Rocchi C, Aloisi G, Fasciani I, Corsini GU, Scarnati E, Lozzi L, Maggio R. Eyes as gateways for environmental light to the substantia nigra: relevance in Parkinson's disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:317879. [PMID: 24578627 PMCID: PMC3919091 DOI: 10.1155/2014/317879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicates that prolonged bright light exposure of rats induces production of neuromelanin and reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra. This effect was the result of direct light reaching the substantia nigra and not due to alteration of circadian rhythms. Here, we measured the spectrum of light reaching the substantia nigra in rats and analysed the pathway that light may take to reach this deep brain structure in humans. Wavelength range and light intensity, emitted from a fluorescent tube, were measured, using a stereotaxically implanted optical fibre in the rat mesencephalon. The hypothetical path of environmental light from the eye to the substantia nigra in humans was investigated by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Light with wavelengths greater than 600 nm reached the rat substantia nigra, with a peak at 709 nm. Eyes appear to be the gateway for light to the mesencephalon since covering the eyes with aluminum foil reduced light intensity by half. Using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of a human head, we identified the eye and the superior orbital fissure as possible gateways for environmental light to reach the mesencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Romeo
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Camillo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Splendiani
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marta Capannolo
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Rocchi
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Irene Fasciani
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni U. Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scarnati
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Lozzi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Schroeder AM, Colwell CS. How to fix a broken clock. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:605-19. [PMID: 24120229 PMCID: PMC3856231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fortunate are those who rise out of bed to greet the morning light well rested with the energy and enthusiasm to drive a productive day. Others, however, depend on hypnotics for sleep and require stimulants to awaken lethargic bodies. Sleep/wake disruption is a common occurrence in healthy individuals throughout their lifespan and is also a comorbid condition to many diseases (neurodegenerative) and psychiatric disorders (depression and bipolar). There is growing concern that chronic disruption of the sleep/wake cycle contributes to more serious conditions including diabetes (type 2), cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A poorly functioning circadian system resulting in misalignments in the timing of clocks throughout the body may be at the root of the problem for many people. In this article we discuss environmental (light therapy) and lifestyle changes (scheduled meals, exercise, and sleep) as interventions to help fix a broken clock. We also discuss the challenges and potential for future development of pharmacological treatments to manipulate this key biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analyne M Schroeder
- Laboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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