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Cicalău GIP, Babes PA, Calniceanu H, Popa A, Ciavoi G, Iova GM, Ganea M, Scrobotă I. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Carvacrol and Magnolol, in Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2021; 26:6899. [PMID: 34833990 PMCID: PMC8623889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are two pathologies that are extremely widespread worldwide and share the feature of chronic inflammation. Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid, produced by a variety of herbs, the most well-known of which is Origanum vulgare. Magnolol is a traditional polyphenolic compound isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, mainly used in Chinese medicine. The purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic properties of these bioactive compounds, in the treatment of periodontitis and diabetes. Based on our search strategy we conducted a literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies. A total of one hundred eighty-four papers were included in the current review. The results show that carvacrol and magnolol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-osteoclastic, and anti-diabetic properties that benefit both pathologies. Knowledge of the multiple activities of carvacrol and magnolol can assist with the development of new treatment strategies, and the design of clinical animal and human trials will maximize the potential benefits of these extracts in subjects suffering from periodontitis or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Ioana Potra Cicalău
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Science, University of Oradea, 1st University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.C.); (G.M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Petru Aurel Babes
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Science, University of Oradea, 1st University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Horia Calniceanu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Periodontal and Periimplant Diseases Research Center “Prof. Dr. Anton Sculean”, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adelina Popa
- Department of Orthodontics, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Orthodontic Research Center (ORTHO-CENTER), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gabriela Ciavoi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.C.); (G.M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Gilda Mihaela Iova
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.C.); (G.M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Mariana Ganea
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Ioana Scrobotă
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.C.); (G.M.I.); (I.S.)
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Lin Y, Li Y, Zeng Y, Tian B, Qu X, Yuan Q, Song Y. Pharmacology, Toxicity, Bioavailability, and Formulation of Magnolol: An Update. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632767. [PMID: 33815113 PMCID: PMC8010308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol (MG) is one of the primary active components of Magnoliae officinalis cortex, which has been widely used in traditional Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine and possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities. In recent years, attention has been drawn to this component due to its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor drug. To summarize the new biological and pharmacological data on MG, we screened the literature from January 2011 to October 2020. In this review, we provide an actualization of already known anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, antiangiogenesis, antidiabetes, hypoglycemic, antioxidation, neuroprotection, gastrointestinal protection, and antibacterial activities of MG. Besides, results from studies on antitumor activity are presented. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms, toxicity, bioavailability, and formulations of MG. Therefore, we provide a valid cognition of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanlian Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianghua Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Badran SA, Atia-tul-Wahab, Fayyaz S, Muhammad BT, Choudhary MI. Effect of Steroidal Hormone Pregnenolone on Proliferation and Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast like Cells. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666200204110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bone remodeling is a complex process that includes continuous resorption
by osteoclast cells and bone formation by osteoblast cells. Bone fragility is a common health issue
of the elderly population, particularly in postmenopausal women. It has been established that steroidal
hormones have an important role in bone homeostasis. Therefore hormone replacement therapy
could have beneficial effects on bone health as compared to other treatments.
Objectives:
An imbalance between the rate of bone formation and bone resorption leads to the fragility
of bones. During the current study, we aimed to explore the ability of pregnenolone (1) (PRE),
on proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. We further aimed to investigate the underlying
mechanism of action for the anabolic effect of PRE (1).
Methods:
The effects of pregnenolone (1) on proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of
MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells were determined. Cell viability was analyzed using MTT assay and
flow cytometry. ALP activity and alizarin staining were employed to evaluate the effect of pregnenolone
on osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, western blot for analysis of certain important proteins,
crucial for the regulation of bone homeostasis, such as BMP2 and RANKL, was also performed.
Results:
Our results showed that pregnenolone (1) at a concentration of 5 μM
caused a significant (p< 0.05) rise in the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas a comparable effect
was observed in osteoblast differentiating assays. A significant decrease in RANKL expression was
observed at (0.04 – 1 .M). Our results, therefore, indicated the possible role of pregnenolone (1) in
positive regulation of bone homeostasis by suppressing RANKL expression.
Conclusion:
Taken together, our results indicate that pregnenolone (1) has the potential to enhance
osteoblast proliferation, as inferred from the increased number of cells. These results demonstrated that
pregnenolone (1) could be a potential anabolic agent for the treatment of fragility related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene Adnan Badran
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman-11942, Jordan
| | - Atia-tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sharmeen Fayyaz
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Taj Muhammad
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Badran SA, Fayyaz S, Taj B, Choudhary MI. Megestrol acetate induced proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells: A drug repurposing approach. Steroids 2020; 157:108607. [PMID: 32084501 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Drug repurposing or repositioning i.e.; identifying new indications for existing drugs have recently accelerated the process of drug discovery and development. Megestrol acetate (1) is a well-known progestin. It is commonly used as an appetite stimulant, and also in the treatment of breast, and endometrial cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of megestrol acetate (1) in osteoblast differentiation, and to determine the possible mechanism involved in megestrol acetate (1) induced osteoblast differentiation. MAIN METHODS Cytotoxicity of different steroidal drugs was evaluated using MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was also determined, and alizarin red S (ARS) staining was performed to measure extracellular mineralization. Osteogenic protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Results of the current study indicated that the megestrol acetate (1) enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells at 1, 0.2, and 0.04 µM. This stimulatory effect of the megestrol acetate (1) was more prominent at 0.2 µM for cell proliferation, while the maximum cell differentiation (ALPase activity, and calcification) was observed at 0.04 μM. Western blot analysis also showed that megestrol acetate (1) altered the expression of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP2), p38, and pJNK proteins. Hence, only moderate doses of MGA (1) can enhance osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE Our results identified that megestrol acetate (1) could be a potential lead for further research towards bone fragility related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene A Badran
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sharmeen Fayyaz
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Taj
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Fei WY, Huo Q, Zhao PQ, Qin LJ, Li T. Magnolol prevents ovariectomy‑induced bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of the nuclear factor‑κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinase pathways. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1669-1678. [PMID: 30816431 PMCID: PMC6414173 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol is the active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Magnolia officinalis, and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, as well as an effect on bone metabolism in vitro. In the present study, it is reported that magnolol suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Magnolol prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss and osteoclastogenesis in vivo, and decreased the serum levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5B. In vitro, magnolol inhibited the osteoclastogenesis induced by the receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand, and impaired the osteoclast function in bone marrow monocytes and RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, magnolol suppressed the expression levels of the osteoclastogenesis markers cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Therefore, magnolol is a promising agent for the treatment of osteoporosis and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yong Fei
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huo
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Shandong University, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Qing Zhao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Shandong University, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Long-Juan Qin
- Orthopedic Basic and Translational Research Center, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Shandong University, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
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Huang Y, Liu C, Liu S, Liu Z, Li S, Wang Y. In vitro metabolism of magnolol and honokiol in rat liver microsomes and their interactions with seven cytochrome P substrates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:229-238. [PMID: 30343517 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Magnolol and honokiol are the main active components of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. The study of their interactions with liver microsomes is very important for the clinical safety of M. officinalis Rehd. et Wils. METHODS The main metabolites of magnolol and honokiol in rat liver microsomes were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and their possible structures were identified. In addition, cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes of the major rat metabolites of magnolol and honokiol were identified using a specific inhibitor. RESULTS This study suggests that the CYP2E1 subtype is responsible for the oxidation of magnolol and honokiol terminal double bonds to epoxy metabolites. CYP3A4 appears to be the major subtype responsible for further hydrolytic metabolism, while CYP1A2 may promote decarboxylation of the metabolites. CYP2A6 may be the main subtype responsible for the hydrogenation of magnolol (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that different CYP450 enzyme isoforms showed different activities in the in vitro metabolism of magnolol and honokiol in rat liver microsomes. It has certain practical applications in that we should pay attention to drug-drug interactions in clinical medications and also to drug-enzyme interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625 Renmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625 Renmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun, 130032, China
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Magnolol Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation via Suppression of RANKL Expression. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071598. [PMID: 30004401 PMCID: PMC6100296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol, a compound from the traditional Korean herb Magnolia sp., has been exhaustively investigated as a therapeutic agent against several diseases including systemic and local inflammation. We examined the effects of magnolol on osteoclastic differentiation associated with inflammation. Magnolol markedly reduced interleukin (IL)-1-induced osteoclast formation in co-cultures of murine osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, whereas it had no effect on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation in bone marrow macrophage cultures. In osteoblasts, magnolol markedly inhibited both the up-regulation of RANKL expression and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to IL-1 treatment. Addition of exogenous PGE2 reversed the inhibitory effects of magnolol on IL-1-induced RANKL expression in osteoblasts and osteoclast formation in co-cultures. Magnolol inhibited IL-1-induced PGE2 production, at least in part by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that magnolol inhibits IL-1-induced RANKL expression in osteoblasts through suppression of COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, resulting in inhibition of osteoclast differentiation in co-cultures.
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Tang D, Ju C, Liu Y, Xu F, Wang Z, Wang D. Therapeutic effect of icariin combined with stem cells on postmenopausal osteoporosis in rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:180-188. [PMID: 28681147 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by skeletal fragility and microarchitectural deterioration. The side effects of drugs to treat osteoporosis will negatively affect the health of patients. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of icariin combined with adipose-derived stem cells on osteoporosis in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model after ovariectomy in rats. After ovariectomy the rats were treated with icariin combined with adipose-derived stem cell transplantation. The levels of alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, osteoprotegerin, and bone γ-carboxyglutamate protein in serum were determined by ELISA. The bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mechanical properties were determined by a three-point bending test. The kidney functions were evaluated by an automatic analyzer and a diagnostic kit. Icariin combined with stem cells significantly reduced body weight gain caused by ovariectomy, significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and bone γ-carboxyglutamate protein content in serum, significantly increased osteoprotegerin content, significantly elevated bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, left femur, and right femur, and enhanced bone biomechanical properties of the femur, including maximum bending load, bending rigidity, and fracture energy, in osteoporotic rats. In addition, icariin combined with stem cells substantially decreased the damage to the liver and kidney in osteoporotic rats. Icariin combined with stem cells can not only ameliorate reduction of bone mass and disruption of the microarchitectural structure of bone tissue caused by osteoporosis in a rat model but can also have a beneficial effect on organ functions, such as those of the liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Tang
- Department of Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Xingfu Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Cuiling Ju
- Department of Pharmacy, The Wendeng Osteopath Hospital, Weihai, 264400, Shandong, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Xingfu Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Xingfu Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengguang Wang
- Department of Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Xingfu Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Department of Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Xingfu Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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Suh KS, Chon S, Jung WW, Choi EM. Magnolol protects pancreatic β-cells against methylglyoxal-induced cellular dysfunction. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gu C, Fu L, Yuan X, Liu Z. Promoting Effect of Pinostrobin on the Proliferation, Differentiation, and Mineralization of Murine Pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101735. [PMID: 29035339 PMCID: PMC6151515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinostrobin (PI), a natural flavonoid found in a variety of plants, is well known for its rich pharmacological activities. However, its osteogenic function remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of PI on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of murine pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro using MTT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the synthesis of collagen I (Col I) assay, and Von-Kossa staining, respectively. The expression of osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA in cells was detected by real-time PCR. The effect of PI on the differentiation of dexamethasone (DEX)-suppressed cells was also investigated. The results showed that PI greatly promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells at 5–80 μg/mL (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and caused a significant elevation of ALP activity, Col I content, and mineralization of osteoblasts at 10–40 μg/mL (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and the expression levels of OCN gene were greatly upregulated after PI treatment (p < 0.01). Furthermore, PI could rescue the inhibition effect of cell differentiation induced by DEX. Taken together, these results indicated that PI could directly promote proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells and has potential for use as a natural treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Linan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xiaohan Yuan
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Rahman MZ, Shigeishi H, Sasaki K, Ota A, Ohta K, Takechi M. Combined effects of melatonin and FGF-2 on mouse preosteoblast behavior within interconnected porous hydroxyapatite ceramics - in vitro analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:153-61. [PMID: 27119764 PMCID: PMC4836923 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Biocompatible materials such as interconnected porous hydroxyapatite ceramics (IP-CHA) loaded with osteogenic cells and bioactive agents are part of an evolving concept for overcoming craniofacial defects by use of artificial bone tissue regeneration. Amongst the bioactive agents, melatonin (MEL) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) have been independently reported to induce osteoblastic activity. The present in vitro study was undertaken to examine the relationship between these two bioactive agents and their combinatory effects on osteoblastic activity and mineralization in vitro. Material and Methods Mouse preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were seeded and cultured within cylindrical type of IP-CHA block (ø 4x7 mm) by vacuum-assisted method. The IP-CHA/MC3T3 composites were subjected to FGF-2 and/or MEL. The proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity (ALP), mRNA expressions of late bone markers, namely Osteocalcin (OCN) and Osteopontin (OPN), and Alizarin Red staining were examined over a period of 7 days. Results FGF-2 mainly enhanced the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells within the IP-CHA constructs. MEL mainly induced the mRNA expression of late bone markers (OCN and OPN) and showed increased ALP activity of MC3T3 cells cultured within IP-CHA construct. Moreover, the combination of FGF-2 and MEL showed increased osteogenic activity within the IP-CHA construct in terms of cell proliferation, upregulated expressions of OCN and OPN, increased ALP activity and mineralization with Alizarin Red. The synergy of the proliferative potential of FGF-2 and the differentiation potential of MEL showed increased osteogenic activity in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured within IP-CHA constructs. Conclusion These findings indicate that the combination of FGF-2 and MEL may be utilized with biocompatible materials to attain augmented osteogenic activity and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zeshaan Rahman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Ota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Wu AG, Lam CWK, Yu MXY, Wong VKW. New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy. Molecules 2016; 21:359. [PMID: 26999089 PMCID: PMC6274228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Margaret Xin Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Siddiqi MH, Siddiqi MZ, Ahn S, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Ginsenoside Rh1 induces mouse osteoblast growth and differentiation through the bone morphogenetic protein 2/runt-related gene 2 signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1763-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the stimulative and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 (hereinafter referred to as: Rh1) on differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast and its possible mechanism of action on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/Runt-related gene 2 (Runx2) signalling pathways using mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line as in-vitro model.
Methods
An in-vitro stimulative activity of Rh1 was assessed by analyzing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), type-I collagen (Coll-I) synthesis, mineralization and glutathione content. Its antioxidant activity was measured by evaluating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the presence of antimycin A (AMA), one of the mitochondrial dysfunction factors. The level of BMP-2/Runx2 signal-regulated osteoblast-specific proteins such as osteocalcin (OCN), Coll-I and ALP were detected using Western blot analysis.
Key findings
Rh1 was capable to stimulate cell growth, ALP activity, Coll-I synthesis, mineralization and glutathione content in the MC3T3-E1 cells. BMP-2 and Runx2 expression were also increased by Rh1 concentration dependently. Additionally, Rh1 also showed inhibitory action on the level of ROS production enhanced by AMA in MC3T3-E1 cells. Rh1 could increase the expression level of BMP-2/Runx2 signal-regulated osteogenic markers such as ALP, Coll-I and OCN.
Conclusions
Rh1, a protopanaxatriol type's active ingredients of Panax ginseng Meyer, possesses osteoblast differentiation, osteogenic stimulatory and anti-oxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Siddiqi
- Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi
- Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheunggu Yonginsi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
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Role of reactive oxygen species in angiotensin II: induced receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand expression in mouse osteoblastic cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:249-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ouyang L, Zhang Q, Ruan X, Feng Y, Wang X. Treatment effect of Bushen Huayu extract on postmenopausal osteoporosis in vivo.. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1687-1690. [PMID: 24926367 PMCID: PMC4043592 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bushen Huayu extract (BSHY), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, however, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of BSHY and the mechanisms underlying this effect in an in vivo postmenopausal osteoporosis animal model. A total of 1 g BSHY containing 7.12 μg icariin was prepared. Low-dose BSHY (BSHY-L; 11.1 g/kg), medium-dose BSHY (BSHY-M; 22.2 g/kg) and high-dose BSHY (BSHY-H; 44.4 g/kg) was administered to oophorectomized rats using intragastric infusion. Estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, as well as bone density, were determined. It was found that the levels of serum ALP in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (197.75±41.74, 166.63±44.83 and 165.63±44.90 IU/l, respectively) were significantly decreased compared with the model group (299.13±45.79 IU/l; P<0.05), whilst the levels of E2 (16.89±1.71, 17.95±1.40 and 18.34±1.43 pg/ml, respectively) increased compared with the model group (14.54±1.61; P<0.05). In addition, the levels of IL-6 decreased in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (91.85±14.81, 82.99±15.65 and 80.54±14.61 pg/ml, respectively) compared with the model group (105.93±16.50 pg/ml; P<0.05). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that BSHY increased the bone density in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (0.20±0.014, 0.22±0.016 and 0.22±0.017 g/cm2, respectively) compared with the model group (0.19±0.011 g/cm2; P<0.05). BSHY was also found to increase the number of osteoblasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (25.38±2.17, 29.25±2.12 and 30.00±2.39, respectively), compared with in the model group (14.75±2.38; P<0.05), and decrease the number of osteoclasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (4.00±1.85, 4.25±1.39 and 5.75±1.49, respectively) compared with 9.50±1.60 observed in the model group (P<0.05). These results suggest that BSHY is a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of osteoporosis in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that the mechanism by which BSHY decreases the serum levels of IL-6 may be by regulating E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ouyang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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Siddiqi MH, Siddiqi MZ, Ahn S, Kang S, Kim YJ, Veerappan K, Yang DU, Yang DC. Stimulative effect of ginsenosides Rg5:Rk1 on murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1447-55. [PMID: 24643957 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng), hereafter referred to as P. ginseng, is known to exert a wide range of pharmacological effects both in vitro and in vivo; however, few studies have investigated the effects of ginseng on bone metabolism. We therefore investigated the potential antiosteoporotic properties of ginseng on the growth and differentiation of murine MC3T3-E1 cells. Rg5:Rk1 is a mixture of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, isolated from fresh P. ginseng root, via a repetitive steaming and drying process. In this study, we examined the stimulatory effects of Rg5:Rk1 on the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. Undifferentiated cells were treated with a range of concentrations of Rg5:Rk1 (1-50 µg/mL), and cell viability was measured with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Treatment with Rg5:Rk1 significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate the possible mechanisms by which Rg5:Rk1 affects the early differentiation phase of MC3T3-E1 cells, the cells were treated with Rg5:Rk1 for 14-24 days before assessing the levels of multiple osteoblastic markers. The markers examined included alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity type I collagen content (Coll-I), calcium deposition (by Alizarin Red S staining), extracellular mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and the level of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Rg5:Rk1 treatment also increased the activities of proteins associated with osteoblast growth and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, we found that the Rg5:Rk1 mixture of ginsenosides improved the osteoblastic function of MC3T3-E1 cells by increasing their proliferative capacity. This improvement is due to the action of Rg5:Rk1 on BMP-2, which is mediated by Runx2-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Siddiqi
- Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, 449-701, Korea
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Magnolol ameliorates ligature-induced periodontitis in rats and osteoclastogenesis: in vivo and in vitro study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:634095. [PMID: 23573141 PMCID: PMC3618931 DOI: 10.1155/2013/634095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease characterized by alveolar bone resorption and bacterial pathogen-evoked inflammatory response has been believed to have an important impact on human oral health. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether magnolol, a main constituent of Magnolia officinalis, could inhibit the pathological features in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats and osteoclastogenesis. The sterile, 3–0 (diameter; 0.2 mm) black braided silk thread, was placed around the cervix of the upper second molars bilaterally and knotted medially to induce periodontitis. The morphological changes around the ligated molars and alveolar bone were examined by micro-CT. The distances between the amelocemental junction and the alveolar crest of the upper second molars bilaterally were measured to evaluate the alveolar bone loss. Administration of magnolol (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited alveolar bone resorption, the number of osteoclasts on bony surface, and protein expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a key mediator promoting osteoclast differentiation, in ligated rats. Moreover, the ligature-induced neutrophil infiltration, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9, superoxide formation, and nuclear factor-κB activation in inflamed gingival tissues were all attenuated by magnolol. In the in vitro study, magnolol also inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans that are key pathogens initiating periodontal disease. Furthermore, magnolol dose dependently reduced RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation from RAW264.7 macrophages, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity of differentiated cells accompanied by a significant attenuation of resorption pit area caused by osteoclasts. Collectively, we demonstrated for the first time that magnolol significantly ameliorates the alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis by suppressing periodontopathic microorganism accumulation, NF-κB-mediated inflammatory mediator synthesis, RANKL formation, and osteoclastogenesis. These activities support that magnolol is a potential agent to treat periodontal disease.
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