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Thweatt JL, Harman CE, Araújo MN, Marlow JJ, Oliver GC, Sabuda MC, Sevgen S, Wilpiszeki RL. Chapter 6: The Breadth and Limits of Life on Earth. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:S124-S142. [PMID: 38498824 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Scientific ideas about the potential existence of life elsewhere in the universe are predominantly informed by knowledge about life on Earth. Over the past ∼4 billion years, life on Earth has evolved into millions of unique species. Life now inhabits nearly every environmental niche on Earth that has been explored. Despite the wide variety of species and diverse biochemistry of modern life, many features, such as energy production mechanisms and nutrient requirements, are conserved across the Tree of Life. Such conserved features help define the operational parameters required by life and therefore help direct the exploration and evaluation of habitability in extraterrestrial environments. As new diversity in the Tree of Life continues to expand, so do the known limits of life on Earth and the range of environments considered habitable elsewhere. The metabolic processes used by organisms living on the edge of habitability provide insights into the types of environments that would be most suitable to hosting extraterrestrial life, crucial for planning and developing future astrobiology missions. This chapter will introduce readers to the breadth and limits of life on Earth and show how the study of life at the extremes can inform the broader field of astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Thweatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. (Former)
| | - C E Harman
- Planetary Systems Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - M N Araújo
- Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey J Marlow
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina C Oliver
- Department of Geology, San Bernardino Valley College, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Mary C Sabuda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Serhat Sevgen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ujaoney AK, Anaganti N, Padwal MK, Basu B. Tracing the serendipitous genesis of radiation resistance. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:142-151. [PMID: 38082498 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Free-living organisms frequently encounter unfavorable abiotic environmental factors. Those who adapt and cope with sudden changes in the external environment survive. Desiccation is one of the most common and frequently encountered stresses in nature. On the contrary, ionizing radiations are limited to high local concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials and related anthropogenic activities. Yet, resistance to high doses of ionizing radiation is evident across the tree of life. The evolution of desiccation resistance has been linked to the evolution of ionizing radiation resistance, although, evidence to support the idea that the evolution of desiccation tolerance is a necessary precursor to ionizing radiation resistance is lacking. Moreover, the presence of radioresistance in hyperthermophiles suggests multiple paths lead to radiation resistance. In this minireview, we focus on the molecular aspects of damage dynamics and damage response pathways comprising protective and restorative functions with a definitive survival advantage, to explore the serendipitous genesis of ionizing radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar Ujaoney
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Narasimha Anaganti
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Padwal
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhakti Basu
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Schneider A, Bergsch J, Lipps G. The monomeric archaeal primase from Nanoarchaeum equitans harbours the features of heterodimeric archaeoeukaryotic primases and primes sequence-specifically. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5087-5105. [PMID: 37099378 PMCID: PMC10250227 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine thermophilic archaeon Nanoarchaeum equitans possesses a monomeric primase encompassing the conserved domains of the small catalytic and the large regulatory subunits of archaeoeukaryotic heterodimeric primases in one protein chain. The recombinant protein primes on templates containing a triplet with a central thymidine, thus displaying a pronounced sequence specificity typically observed with bacterial type primases only. The N. equitans primase (NEQ395) is a highly active primase enzyme synthesizing short RNA primers. Termination occurs preferentially at about nine nucleotides, as determined by HPLC analysis and confirmed with mass spectrometry. Possibly, the compact monomeric primase NEQ395 represents the minimal archaeoeukaryotic primase and could serve as a functional and structural model of the heterodimeric archaeoeukaryotic primases, whose study is hindered by engagement in protein assemblies and rather low activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Schneider
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Jan Bergsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georg Lipps
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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A Multi-Analytical Approach to Infer Mineral–Microbial Interactions Applied to Petroglyph Sites in the Negev Desert of Israel. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12146936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Petroglyph sites exist all over the world. They are one of the earliest forms of mankind’s expression and a precursor to art. Despite their outstanding value, comprehensive research on conservation and preservation of rock art is minimal, especially as related to biodeterioration. For this reason, the main objective of this study was to explore the factors involved in the degradation of petroglyph sites in the Negev desert of Israel, with a focus on biodegradation processes. Through the use of culture-independent microbiological methods (metagenomics), we characterized the microbiomes of the samples, finding they were dominated by bacterial communities, in particular taxa of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, with resistance to radiation and desiccation. By means of XRF and Raman spectroscopies, we defined the composition of the stone (calcite and quartz) and the dark crust (clay minerals with Mn and Fe oxides), unveiling the presence of carotenoids, indicative of biological colonization. Optical microscopy and SEM–EDX analyses on thin sections highlighted patterns of weathering, possibly connected to the presence of biodeteriorative microorganisms that leach the calcareous matrix from the bedrock and mobilize metal cations from the black varnish for metabolic processes, slowly weathering it.
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Small-Molecule Mn Antioxidants in Caenorhabditis elegans and Deinococcus radiodurans Supplant MnSOD Enzymes during Aging and Irradiation. mBio 2022; 13:e0339421. [PMID: 35012337 PMCID: PMC8749422 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03394-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Denham Harman's oxidative damage theory identifies superoxide (O2•-) radicals as central agents of aging and radiation injury, with Mn2+-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) as the principal O2•--scavenger. However, in the radiation-resistant nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme MnSOD is dispensable for longevity, and in the model bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, it is dispensable for radiation resistance. Many radiation-resistant organisms accumulate small-molecule Mn2+-antioxidant complexes well-known for their catalytic ability to scavenge O2•-, along with MnSOD, as exemplified by D. radiodurans. Here, we report experiments that relate the MnSOD and Mn-antioxidant content to aging and oxidative stress resistances and which indicate that C. elegans, like D. radiodurans, may rely on Mn-antioxidant complexes as the primary defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Wild-type and ΔMnSOD D. radiodurans and C. elegans were monitored for gamma radiation sensitivities over their life spans while gauging Mn2+-antioxidant content by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, a powerful new approach to determining the in vivo Mn-antioxidant content of cells as they age. As with D. radiodurans, MnSOD is dispensable for radiation survivability in C. elegans, which hyperaccumulates Mn-antioxidants exceptionally protective of proteins. Unexpectedly, ΔMnSOD mutants of both the nematodes and bacteria exhibited increased gamma radiation survival compared to the wild-type. In contrast, the loss of MnSOD renders radiation-resistant bacteria sensitive to atmospheric oxygen during desiccation. Our results support the concept that the disparate responses to oxidative stress are explained by the accumulation of Mn-antioxidant complexes which protect, complement, and can even supplant MnSOD. IMPORTANCE The current theory of cellular defense against oxidative damage identifies antioxidant enzymes as primary defenders against ROS, with MnSOD being the preeminent superoxide (O2•-) scavenger. However, MnSOD is shown to be dispensable both for radiation resistance and longevity in model organisms, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, small-molecule Mn-antioxidant content was shown to decline in unison with age-related decreases in cell proliferation and radioresistance, which again are independent of MnSOD presence. Most notably, the Mn-antioxidant content of C. elegans drops precipitously in the last third of its life span, which links with reports that the steady-state level of oxidized proteins increases exponentially during the last third of the life span in animals. This leads us to propose that global responses to oxidative stress must be understood through an extended theory that includes small-molecule Mn-antioxidants as potent O2•--scavengers that complement, and can even supplant, MnSOD.
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Yadav A, Maertens L, Meese T, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Mysara M, Leys N, Cuypers A, Janssen PJ. Genetic Responses of Metabolically Active Limnospira indica Strain PCC 8005 Exposed to γ-Radiation during Its Lifecycle. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081626. [PMID: 34442705 PMCID: PMC8400943 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two morphotypes of the cyanobacterial Limnospira indica (formerly Arthrospira sp.) strain PCC 8005, denoted as P2 (straight trichomes) and P6 (helical trichomes), were subjected to chronic gamma radiation from spent nuclear fuel (SNF) rods at a dose rate of ca. 80 Gy·h-1 for one mass doubling period (approximately 3 days) under continuous light with photoautotrophic metabolism fully active. Samples were taken for post-irradiation growth recovery and RNA-Seq transcriptional analysis at time intervals of 15, 40, and 71.5 h corresponding to cumulative doses of ca. 1450, 3200, and 5700 Gy, respectively. Both morphotypes, which were previously reported by us to display different antioxidant capacities and differ at the genomic level in 168 SNPs, 48 indels and 4 large insertions, recovered equally well from 1450 and 3200 Gy. However, while the P2 straight type recovered from 5700 Gy by regaining normal growth within 6 days, the P6 helical type took about 13 days to recover from this dose, indicating differences in their radiation tolerance and response. To investigate these differences, P2 and P6 cells exposed to the intermediate dose of gamma radiation (3200 Gy) were analyzed for differential gene expression by RNA-Seq analysis. Prior to batch normalization, a total of 1553 genes (887 and 666 of P2 and P6, respectively, with 352 genes in common) were selected based on a two-fold change in expression and a false discovery rate FDR smaller or equal to 0.05. About 85% of these 1553 genes encoded products of yet unknown function. Of the 229 remaining genes, 171 had a defined function while 58 genes were transcribed into non-coding RNA including 21 tRNAs (all downregulated). Batch normalization resulted in 660 differentially expressed genes with 98 having a function and 32 encoding RNA. From PCC 8005-P2 and PCC 8005-P6 expression patterns, it emerges that although the cellular routes used by the two substrains to cope with ionizing radiation do overlap to a large extent, both strains displayed a distinct preference of priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Yadav
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.Y.); (L.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.)
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Laurens Maertens
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.Y.); (L.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.)
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Tim Meese
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.M.); (F.V.N.)
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.M.); (F.V.N.)
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.Y.); (L.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Natalie Leys
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.Y.); (L.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Paul Jaak Janssen
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.Y.); (L.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-14-332-129
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Mishra S, Kota S, Chaudhary R, Misra HS. Guanine quadruplexes and their roles in molecular processes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:482-499. [PMID: 34162300 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1926417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of guanine quadruplexes (G4) in fundamental biological processes like DNA replication, transcription, translation and telomere maintenance is recognized. G4 structure dynamics is regulated by G4 structure binding proteins and is thought to be crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Growing research over the last decade has expanded the existing knowledge of the functional diversity of G4 (DNA and RNA) structures across the working models. The control of G4 structure dynamics using G4 binding drugs has been suggested as the putative targets in the control of cancer and bacterial pathogenesis. This review has brought forth the collections of recent information that indicate G4 (mostly G4 DNA) roles in microbial pathogenesis, DNA damaging stress response in bacteria and mammalian cells. Studies in mitochondrial gene function regulation by G4s have also been underscored. Finally, the interdependence of G4s and epigenetic modifications and their speculated medical implications through G4 interacting proteins has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mishra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE Deemed to be University), Mumbai, India
| | - Swathi Kota
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE Deemed to be University), Mumbai, India
| | - Reema Chaudhary
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE Deemed to be University), Mumbai, India
| | - H S Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE Deemed to be University), Mumbai, India
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Micewicz ED, Damoiseaux RD, Deng G, Gomez A, Iwamoto KS, Jung ME, Nguyen C, Norris AJ, Ratikan JA, Ruchala P, Sayre JW, Schaue D, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH. Classes of Drugs that Mitigate Radiation Syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666776. [PMID: 34084139 PMCID: PMC8167044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported several vignettes on types and classes of drugs able to mitigate acute and, in at least one case, late radiation syndromes in mice. Most of these had emerged from high throughput screening (HTS) of bioactive and chemical drug libraries using ionizing radiation-induced lymphocytic apoptosis as a readout. Here we report the full analysis of the HTS screen of libraries with 85,000 small molecule chemicals that identified 220 "hits." Most of these hits could be allocated by maximal common substructure analysis to one of 11 clusters each containing at least three active compounds. Further screening validated 23 compounds as being most active; 15 of these were cherry-picked based on drug availability and tested for their ability to mitigate acute hematopoietic radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in mice. Of these, five bore a 4-nitrophenylsulfonamide motif while 4 had a quinoline scaffold. All but two of the 15 significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated H-ARS in mice. We had previously reported that the lead 4-(nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-phenylpiperazine compound (NPSP512), was active in mitigating multiple acute and late radiation syndromes in mice of more than one sex and strain. Unfortunately, the formulation of this drug had to be changed for regulatory reasons and we report here on the synthesis and testing of active analogs of NPSP512 (QS1 and 52A1) that have increased solubility in water and in vivo bioavailability while retaining mitigator activity against H-ARS (p < 0.0001) and other radiation syndromes. The lead quinoline 057 was also active in multiple murine models of radiation damage. Taken together, HTS of a total of 150,000 bioactive or chemical substances, combined with maximal common substructure analysis has resulted in the discovery of diverse groups of compounds that can mitigate H-ARS and at least some of which can mitigate multiple radiation syndromes when given starting 24 h after exposure. We discuss what is known about how these agents might work, and the importance of formulation and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D. Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James W. Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics and Radiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Kouřilová X, Schwarzerová J, Pernicová I, Sedlář K, Mrázová K, Krzyžánek V, Nebesářová J, Obruča S. The First Insight into Polyhydroxyalkanoates Accumulation in Multi-Extremophilic Rubrobacter xylanophilus and Rubrobacter spartanus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:909. [PMID: 33923216 PMCID: PMC8146576 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria belonging to the genus Rubrobacter are known for their multi-extremophilic growth conditions-they are highly radiation-resistant, halotolerant, thermotolerant or even thermophilic. This work demonstrates that the members of the genus are capable of accumulating polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) since PHA-related genes are widely distributed among Rubrobacter spp. whose complete genome sequences are available in public databases. Interestingly, all Rubrobacter strains possess both class I and class III synthases (PhaC). We have experimentally investigated the PHA accumulation in two thermophilic species, R. xylanophilus and R. spartanus. The PHA content in both strains reached up to 50% of the cell dry mass, both bacteria were able to accumulate PHA consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate monomeric units, none other monomers were incorporated into the polymer chain. The capability of PHA accumulation likely contributes to the multi-extremophilic characteristics since it is known that PHA substantially enhances the stress robustness of bacteria. Hence, PHA can be considered as extremolytes enabling adaptation to extreme conditions. Furthermore, due to the high PHA content in biomass, a wide range of utilizable substrates, Gram-stain positivity, and thermophilic features, the Rubrobacter species, in particular Rubrobacter xylanophilus, could be also interesting candidates for industrial production of PHA within the concept of Next-Generation Industrial Biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenie Kouřilová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (X.K.); (I.P.)
| | - Jana Schwarzerová
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Iva Pernicová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (X.K.); (I.P.)
| | - Karel Sedlář
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kateřina Mrázová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Vladislav Krzyžánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Jana Nebesářová
- Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Obruča
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (X.K.); (I.P.)
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The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system. Biochem J 2020; 477:1983-2006. [PMID: 32470138 PMCID: PMC7261415 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.
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Effects of Heavy Ion Particle Irradiation on Spore Germination of Bacillus spp. from Extremely Hot and Cold Environments. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110264. [PMID: 33143156 PMCID: PMC7693761 DOI: 10.3390/life10110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles are optimal models in experimentally addressing questions about the effects of cosmic radiation on biological systems. The resistance to high charge energy (HZE) particles, and helium (He) ions and iron (Fe) ions (LET at 2.2 and 200 keV/µm, respectively, until 1000 Gy), of spores from two thermophiles, Bacillushorneckiae SBP3 and Bacilluslicheniformis T14, and two psychrotolerants, Bacillus sp. A34 and A43, was investigated. Spores survived He irradiation better, whereas they were more sensitive to Fe irradiation (until 500 Gy), with spores from thermophiles being more resistant to irradiations than psychrotolerants. The survived spores showed different germination kinetics, depending on the type/dose of irradiation and the germinant used. After exposure to He 1000 Gy, D-glucose increased the lag time of thermophilic spores and induced germination of psychrotolerants, whereas L-alanine and L-valine increased the germination efficiency, except alanine for A43. FTIR spectra showed important modifications to the structural components of spores after Fe irradiation at 250 Gy, which could explain the block in spore germination, whereas minor changes were observed after He radiation that could be related to the increased permeability of the inner membranes and alterations of receptor complex structures. Our results give new insights on HZE resistance of extremophiles that are useful in different contexts, including astrobiology.
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Mycobacterial OtsA Structures Unveil Substrate Preference Mechanism and Allosteric Regulation by 2-Oxoglutarate and 2-Phosphoglycerate. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02272-19. [PMID: 31772052 PMCID: PMC6879718 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02272-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are a significant source of mortality worldwide, causing millions of deaths annually. Trehalose is a multipurpose disaccharide that plays a fundamental structural role in these organisms as a component of mycolic acids, a molecular hallmark of the cell envelope of mycobacteria. Here, we describe the first mycobacterial OtsA structures. We show mechanisms of substrate preference and show that OtsA is regulated allosterically by 2-oxoglutarate and 2-phosphoglycerate at an interfacial site. These results identify a new allosteric site and provide insight on the regulation of trehalose synthesis through the OtsAB pathway in mycobacteria. Trehalose is an essential disaccharide for mycobacteria and a key constituent of several cell wall glycolipids with fundamental roles in pathogenesis. Mycobacteria possess two pathways for trehalose biosynthesis. However, only the OtsAB pathway was found to be essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with marked growth and virulence defects of OtsA mutants and strict essentiality of OtsB2. Here, we report the first mycobacterial OtsA structures from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in both apo and ligand-bound forms. Structural information reveals three key residues in the mechanism of substrate preference that were further confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Additionally, we identify 2-oxoglutarate and 2-phosphoglycerate as allosteric regulators of OtsA. The structural analysis in this work strongly contributed to define the mechanisms for feedback inhibition, show different conformational states of the enzyme, and map a new allosteric site.
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David SC, Laan Z, Minhas V, Chen AY, Davies J, Hirst TR, McColl SR, Alsharifi M, Paton JC. Enhanced safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal surface antigen A mutant whole-cell inactivated pneumococcal vaccine. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:726-739. [PMID: 31050022 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Existing capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against pneumococcal disease are highly effective against vaccine-included serotypes, but they are unable to combat serotype replacement. We have developed a novel pneumococcal vaccine that confers serotype-independent protection, and could therefore constitute a "universal" vaccine formulation. This preparation is comprised of whole un-encapsulated pneumococci inactivated with gamma irradiation (γ-PN), and we have previously reported induction of cross-reactive immunity after nonadjuvanted intranasal vaccination. To further enhance vaccine immunogenicity and safety, we modified the pneumococcal vaccine strain to induce a stressed state during growth. Specifically, the substrate binding component of the psaBCA operon for manganese import was mutated to create a pneumococcal surface antigen A (psaA) defective vaccine strain. psaA mutation severely attenuated the growth of the vaccine strain in vitro without negatively affecting pneumococcal morphology, thereby enhancing vaccine safety. In addition, antibodies raised against vaccine preparations based on the modified strain [γ-PN(ΔPsaA)] showed more diversified reactivity to wild-type pneumococcal challenge strains compared to those induced by the original formulation. The modified vaccine also induced comparable protective TH 17 responses in the lung, and conferred greater protection against lethal heterologous pneumococcal challenge. Overall, the current study demonstrates successful refinement of a serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidate to enhance safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zoe Laan
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vikrant Minhas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Austen Y Chen
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.,Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.,Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
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14
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Sajjad W, Qadir S, Ahmad M, Rafiq M, Hasan F, Tehan R, McPhail KL, Shah AA. Ectoine: a compatible solute in radio-halophilic Stenotrophomonas sp. WMA-LM19 strain to prevent ultraviolet-induced protein damage. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:457-467. [PMID: 29729069 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Thiss study was conducted to investigate the possible role of a compatible solute from radio-halophilic bacterium against desiccation and ultra-violet radiation-induced oxidative stress. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine different radio-resistant bacteria were isolated from desert soil, where strain WMA-LM19 was chosen for detailed studies on the basis of its high tolerance to ultraviolet radiation among all these isolates. Here, 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated the bacterium was closely related to Stenotrophomonas sp. (KT008383). A bacterial milking strategy was applied for extraction of intracellular compatible solutes in 70% (v/v) ethanol, which were purified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The compound was characterized as ectoine by 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mass Spectrometry (MS). Ectoine inhibited oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in comparison to the standard ascorbic acid. It also demonstrated more efficient prevention (54·80%) against lysis to erythrocytes membrane by surface active agents than lecithin. Furthermore, a high level of ectoine-mediated protection of bovine serum albumin against ionizing radiation (1 500-2 000Jm-2 ) was observed, as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. CONCLUSION The results indicated that ectoine from Stenotrophomonas sp. WMA-LM19 can be used as a potential mitigator and radio-protective agent to overcome radiation- and salinity-mediated oxidative damages in extreme environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Due to its anti-oxidant properties, ectoine from a radio-halophilic bacterium might be used in sunscreen formulation for protection against UV-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sajjad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - S Qadir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - F Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - R Tehan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - K L McPhail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - A A Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Cai JY, Wang YY, Ma K, Hou YN, Yao GD, Hayashi T, Itoh K, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Salicylate induces reactive oxygen species and reduces ultraviolet C susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4931717. [PMID: 29546276 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of salicylate reduces ultraviolet C (UVC)-induced cell death and increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, compounds that scavenge ROS (N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase) reverse the increased UVC survival induced by growth in the presence of salicylate, while ROS donors (tert-butylhydroperoxide, H2O2 and NaClO) enhance survival of salicylate challenged cultures. Collectively, these findings suggest that ROS production induced by growth in the presence of salicylate protects S. aureus from UVC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Cai
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.,Department of Drug Discover and Development, Shanghai FrontHealth Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Ma
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yong-Na Hou
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kikuji Itoh
- Biochemical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka 431-1103, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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16
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Pérez V, Dorador C, Molina V, Yáñez C, Hengst M. Rhodobacter sp. Rb3, an aerobic anoxygenic phototroph which thrives in the polyextreme ecosystem of the Salar de Huasco, in the Chilean Altiplano. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1449-1465. [PMID: 29569108 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Salar de Huasco is an evaporitic basin located in the Chilean Altiplano, which presents extreme environmental conditions for life, i.e. high altitude (3800 m.a.s.l.), negative water balance, a wide salinity range, high daily temperature changes and the occurrence of the highest registered solar radiation on the planet (> 1200 W m-2). This ecosystem is considered as a natural laboratory to understand different adaptations of microorganisms to extreme conditions. Rhodobacter, an anoxygenic aerobic phototrophic bacterial genus, represents one of the most abundant groups reported based on taxonomic diversity surveys in this ecosystem. The bacterial mat isolate Rhodobacter sp. strain Rb3 was used to study adaptation mechanisms to stress-inducing factors potentially explaining its success in a polyextreme ecosystem. We found that the Rhodobacter sp. Rb3 genome was characterized by a high abundance of genes involved in stress tolerance and adaptation strategies, among which DNA repair and oxidative stress were the most conspicuous. Moreover, many other molecular mechanisms associated with oxidative stress, photooxidation and antioxidants; DNA repair and protection; motility, chemotaxis and biofilm synthesis; osmotic stress, metal, metalloid and toxic anions resistance; antimicrobial resistance and multidrug pumps; sporulation; cold shock and heat shock stress; mobile genetic elements and toxin-antitoxin system were detected and identified as potential survival mechanism features in Rhodobacter sp. Rb3. In total, these results reveal a wide set of strategies used by the isolate to adapt and thrive under environmental stress conditions as a model of polyextreme environmental resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile.,Centre for Biotechnology & Bioengineering (CeBiB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Centre for Biotechnology & Bioengineering (CeBiB), Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta & Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Verónica Molina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Carolina Yáñez
- Laboratorio Microbiología, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Martha Hengst
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile. .,Centre for Biotechnology & Bioengineering (CeBiB), Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Beblo-Vranesevic K, Bohmeier M, Perras AK, Schwendner P, Rabbow E, Moissl-Eichinger C, Cockell CS, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Monaghan EP, Ehrenfreund P, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Gaboyer F, Westall F, Cabezas P, Walter N, Rettberg P. Lack of correlation of desiccation and radiation tolerance in microorganisms from diverse extreme environments tested under anoxic conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4883205. [PMID: 29474542 PMCID: PMC5939664 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four facultative anaerobic and two obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from extreme environments (deep subsurface halite mine, sulfidic anoxic spring, mineral-rich river) in the frame MASE (Mars Analogues for Space Exploration) project. The isolates were investigated under anoxic conditions for their survivability after desiccation up to 6 months and their tolerance to ionizing radiation up to 3000 Gy. The results indicated that tolerances to both stresses are strain-specific features. Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 showed a high desiccation tolerance but its radiation tolerance was very low. The most radiation-tolerant strains were Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 and Halanaerobium sp. MASE-BB-1. In both cases, cultivable cells were detectable after an exposure to 3 kGy of ionizing radiation, but cells only survived desiccation for 90 and 30 days, respectively. Although a correlation between desiccation and ionizing radiation resistance has been hypothesized for some aerobic microorganisms, our data showed that there was no correlation between tolerance to desiccation and ionizing radiation, suggesting that the physiological basis of both forms of tolerances is not necessarily linked. In addition, these results indicated that facultative and obligate anaerobic organisms living in extreme environments possess varied species-specific tolerances to extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Bohmeier
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Perras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auerbruggerplatz 15, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwendner
- UK Center for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, EH9 3FD, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auerbruggerplatz 15, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Charles S Cockell
- UK Center for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, EH9 3FD, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Viggo T Marteinsson
- MATISProkaria, Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Euan P Monaghan
- Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 Leiden, Netherland
| | - Pascale Ehrenfreund
- Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 Leiden, Netherland
- Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, 1957 E Street, 20052 Washington DC, USA
| | - Laura Garcia-Descalzo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moustafa Malki
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Amils
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frédéric Gaboyer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Frances Westall
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Patricia Cabezas
- European Science Foundation (ESF), Quai Lezay-Marnésia, 67080 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Walter
- European Science Foundation (ESF), Quai Lezay-Marnésia, 67080 Strasbourg, France
| | - Petra Rettberg
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
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18
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Lu L, Li K, Mao YH, Qu H, Yao B, Zhong WW, Ma B, Wang ZY. Gold-chrysophanol nanoparticles suppress human prostate cancer progression through inactivating AKT expression and inducing apoptosis and ROS generation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1089-1103. [PMID: 28849003 PMCID: PMC5592865 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled releasing of regulations remains the most convenient method to deliver various drugs. In the present study, we precipitated gold nanoparticles with chrysophanol. The gold-chrysophanol into poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles was loaded and the biological activity of chrysophanol nanoparticles on human LNCap prostate cancer cells, was tested to acquire the sustained releasing property. The circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that chrysophanol nanoparticles effectively resulted in conformational alterations in DNA and regulated different proteins associated with cell cycle arrest. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage, Cyto-c and caspase-3 activity were analyzed, and the expression levels of different anti- and pro-apoptotic were studied using immunoblotting analysis. The cytotoxicity assay suggested that chrysophanol nanoparticles preferentially killed prostate cancer cells in comparison to the normal cells. Chrysophanol nanoparticles reduced histone deacetylases (HDACs) to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle in sub-G phase. In addition, the cell cycle-related proteins, including p27, CHK1, cyclin D1, CDK1, p-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p-protein kinase B (AKT), were regulated by chrysophanol nanoparticles to prevent human prostate cancer cell progression. Chrysophanol nanoparticles induced apoptosis in LNCap cells by promoting p53/ROS crosstalk to prevent proliferation. Pharmacokinetic study in mice indicated that chrysophanol nanoparticle injection showed high bioavailability compared to the free chrysophanol. Also, in vivo study revealed that chrysophanol nanoparticles obviously reduced tumor volume and weight. In conclusion, the data above suggested that chrysophanol nanoparticles might be effective to prevent human prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hua Mao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Hu Qu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhong
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
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19
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Jung KW, Lim S, Bahn YS. Microbial radiation-resistance mechanisms. J Microbiol 2017; 55:499-507. [PMID: 28664512 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organisms living in extreme environments have evolved a wide range of survival strategies by changing biochemical and physiological features depending on their biological niches. Interestingly, organisms exhibiting high radiation resistance have been discovered in the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya), even though a naturally radiationintensive environment has not been found. To counteract the deleterious effects caused by radiation exposure, radiation- resistant organisms employ a series of defensive systems, such as changes in intracellular cation concentration, excellent DNA repair systems, and efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Here, we overview past and recent findings about radiation-resistance mechanisms in the three domains of life for potential usage of such radiationresistant microbes in the biotechnology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Woo Jung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Ranawat P, Rawat S. Radiation resistance in thermophiles: mechanisms and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:112. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Ranawat P, Rawat S. Stress response physiology of thermophiles. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:391-414. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Unraveling Fungal Radiation Resistance Regulatory Networks through the Genome-Wide Transcriptome and Genetic Analyses of Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01483-16. [PMID: 27899501 PMCID: PMC5137497 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01483-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycetous fungus Cryptococcus neoformans has been known to be highly radiation resistant and has been found in fatal radioactive environments such as the damaged nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the radiation resistance phenotype of C. neoformans, we identified genes affected by gamma radiation through genome-wide transcriptome analysis and characterized their functions. We found that genes involved in DNA damage repair systems were upregulated in response to gamma radiation. Particularly, deletion of recombinase RAD51 and two DNA-dependent ATPase genes, RAD54 and RDH54, increased cellular susceptibility to both gamma radiation and DNA-damaging agents. A variety of oxidative stress response genes were also upregulated. Among them, sulfiredoxin contributed to gamma radiation resistance in a peroxiredoxin/thioredoxin-independent manner. Furthermore, we found that genes involved in molecular chaperone expression, ubiquitination systems, and autophagy were induced, whereas genes involved in the biosynthesis of proteins and fatty acids/sterols were downregulated. Most importantly, we discovered a number of novel C. neoformans genes, the expression of which was modulated by gamma radiation exposure, and their deletion rendered cells susceptible to gamma radiation exposure, as well as DNA damage insults. Among these genes, we found that a unique transcription factor containing the basic leucine zipper domain, named Bdr1, served as a regulator of the gamma radiation resistance of C. neoformans by controlling expression of DNA repair genes, and its expression was regulated by the evolutionarily conserved DNA damage response protein kinase Rad53. Taken together, the current transcriptome and functional analyses contribute to the understanding of the unique molecular mechanism of the radiation-resistant fungus C. neoformans. Although there are no natural environments under intense radiation, some living organisms have been found to show high radiation resistance. Organisms harboring the ability of radiation resistance have unique regulatory networks to overcome this stress. Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the radiation-resistant fungi and is found in highly radioactive environments. However, it remains elusive how radiation-resistant eukaryotic microorganisms work differentially from radiation-sensitive ones. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis of C. neoformans to explore gene expression profiles after gamma radiation exposure and functionally characterized some of identified radiation resistance genes. Notably, we identified a novel regulator of radiation resistance, named Bdr1 (a bZIP TF for DNA damage response 1), which is a transcription factor (TF) that is not closely homologous to any known TF and is transcriptionally controlled by the Rad53 kinase. Therefore, our work could shed light on understanding not only the radiation response but also the radiation resistance mechanism of C. neoformans.
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23
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Barbier E, Lagorce A, Hachemi A, Dutertre M, Gorlas A, Morand L, Saint-Pierre C, Ravanat JL, Douki T, Armengaud J, Gasparutto D, Confalonieri F, Breton J. Oxidative DNA Damage and Repair in the Radioresistant Archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1796-1809. [PMID: 27676238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans can resist huge doses of γ-irradiation, up to 5.0 kGy, without loss of viability. The potential to withstand such harsh conditions is probably due to complementary passive and active mechanisms, including repair of damaged chromosomes. In this work, we documented the formation and repair of oxidative DNA lesions in T. gammatolerans. The basal level of the oxidized nucleoside, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo), was established at 9.2 (± 0.9) 8-oxo-dGuo per 106 nucleosides, a higher level than those usually measured in eukaryotic cells or bacteria. A significant increase in oxidative damage, i.e., up to 24.2 (± 8.0) 8-oxo-dGuo/106 nucleosides, was measured for T. gammatolerans exposed to a 5.0 kGy dose of γ-rays. Surprisingly, the yield of radiation-induced modifications was lower than those previously observed for human cells exposed to doses corresponding to a few grays. One hour after irradiation, 8-oxo-dGuo levels were significantly reduced, indicating an efficient repair. Two putative base excision repair (BER) enzymes, TGAM_1277 and TGAM_1653, were demonstrated both by proteomics and transcriptomics to be present in the cells without exposure to ionizing radiation. Their transcripts were moderately upregulated after gamma irradiation. After heterologous production and purification of these enzymes, biochemical assays based on electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) mass spectrometry indicated that both have a β-elimination cleavage activity. TGAM_1653 repairs 8-oxo-dGuo, whereas TGAM_1277 is also able to remove lesions affecting pyrimidines (1-[2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-5-hydroxyhydantoin (5-OH-dHyd) and 1-[2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-5-hydroxy-5-methylhydantoin (5-OH-5-Me-dHyd)). This work showed that in normal growth conditions or in the presence of a strong oxidative stress, T. gammatolerans has the potential to rapidly reduce the extent of DNA oxidation, with at least these two BER enzymes as bodyguards with distinct substrate ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Barbier
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Lagorce
- University of Paris-Sud, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Orsay, France.,University of Perpignan, IHPE - UMR 5244 CNRS/IFREMER/Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France
| | - Amine Hachemi
- University of Paris-Sud, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Murielle Dutertre
- University of Paris-Sud, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Aurore Gorlas
- University of Paris-Sud, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Lucie Morand
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Saint-Pierre
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- CEA, DSV-Li2D, Laboratory "Innovative Technologies for Detection and Diagnostics", BP 17171, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, F-30207, France
| | - Didier Gasparutto
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Confalonieri
- University of Paris-Sud, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Jean Breton
- University of Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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24
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Etemadifar Z, Gholami M, Derikvand P. UV-Resistant Bacteria with Multiple-Stress Tolerance Isolated from Desert Areas in Iran. GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 33:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/01490451.2015.1063025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Etemadifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Gholami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Derikvand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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25
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Leuko S, Domingos C, Parpart A, Reitz G, Rettberg P. The Survival and Resistance of Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus hamelinensis, and Halococcus morrhuae to Simulated Outer Space Solar Radiation. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:987-997. [PMID: 26539978 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Solar radiation is among the most prominent stress factors organisms face during space travel and possibly on other planets. Our analysis of three different halophilic archaea, namely Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus morrhuae, and Halococcus hamelinensis, which were exposed to simulated solar radiation in either dried or liquid state, showed tremendous differences in tolerance and survivability. We found that Hcc. hamelinensis is not able to withstand high fluences of simulated solar radiation compared to the other tested organisms. These results can be correlated to significant differences in genomic integrity following exposure, as visualized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. In contrast to the other two tested strains, Hcc. hamelinensis accumulates compatible solutes such as trehalose for osmoprotection. The addition of 100 mM trehalose to the growth medium of Hcc. hamelinensis improved its survivability following exposure. Exposure of cells in liquid at different temperatures suggests that Hbt. salinarum NRC-1 is actively repairing cellular and DNA damage during exposure, whereas Hcc. morrhuae exhibits no difference in survival. For Hcc. morrhuae, the high resistance against simulated solar radiation may be explained with the formation of cell clusters. Our experiments showed that these clusters shield cells on the inside against simulated solar radiation, which results in better survival rates at higher fluences when compared to Hbt. salinarum NRC-1 and Hcc. hamelinensis. Overall, this study shows that some halophilic archaea are highly resistant to simulated solar radiation and that they are of high astrobiological significance. KEY WORDS Halophiles-Solar radiation-Stress resistance-Survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leuko
- 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany
| | - C Domingos
- 2 Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Parpart
- 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany
| | - G Reitz
- 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany
| | - P Rettberg
- 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin , Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Astrobiologie, Köln, Germany
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26
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Badri H, Monsieurs P, Coninx I, Nauts R, Wattiez R, Leys N. Temporal Gene Expression of the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira in Response to Gamma Rays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135565. [PMID: 26308624 PMCID: PMC4550399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible cyanobacterium Arthrospira is resistant to ionising radiation. The cellular mechanisms underlying this radiation resistance are, however, still largely unknown. Therefore, additional molecular analysis was performed to investigate how these cells can escape from, protect against, or repair the radiation damage. Arthrospira cells were shortly exposed to different doses of 60Co gamma rays and the dynamic response was investigated by monitoring its gene expression and cell physiology at different time points after irradiation. The results revealed a fast switch from an active growth state to a kind of 'survival modus' during which the cells put photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen assimilation on hold and activate pathways for cellular protection, detoxification, and repair. The higher the radiation dose, the more pronounced this global emergency response is expressed. Genes repressed during early response, suggested a reduction of photosystem II and I activity and reduced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycles, combined with an activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). For reactive oxygen species detoxification and restoration of the redox balance in Arthrospira cells, the results suggested a powerful contribution of the antioxidant molecule glutathione. The repair mechanisms of Arthrospira cells that were immediately switched on, involve mainly proteases for damaged protein removal, single strand DNA repair and restriction modification systems, while recA was not induced. Additionally, the exposed cells showed significant increased expression of arh genes, coding for a novel group of protein of unknown function, also seen in our previous irradiation studies. This observation confirms our hypothesis that arh genes are key elements in radiation resistance of Arthrospira, requiring further investigation. This study provides new insights into phasic response and the cellular pathways involved in the radiation resistance of microbial cells, in particularly for photosynthetic organisms as the cyanobacterium Arthrospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanène Badri
- Expert Groups for Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Proteomics and Microbiology Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pieter Monsieurs
- Expert Groups for Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Ilse Coninx
- Expert Groups for Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Robin Nauts
- Expert Groups for Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomics and Microbiology Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Natalie Leys
- Expert Groups for Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li L, Chen Z, Ding X, Shan Z, Liu L, Guo J. Deep sequencing analysis of the Kineococcus radiotolerans transcriptome in response to ionizing radiation. Microbiol Res 2014; 170:248-54. [PMID: 25467197 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Kineococcus radiotolerans is a gram-positive, radiation-resistant bacterium that was isolated from a radioactive environment. The synergy of several groups of genes is thought to contribute to the radio-resistance of this species of bacteria. Sequencing of the transcriptome, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), using deep sequencing technology can reveal the genes that are differentially expressed in response to radiation in this bacterial strain. In this study, the transcriptomes of two samples (with and without irradiation treatment) were sequencing by deep sequencing technology. After the bioinformatics process, 143 genes were screened out by the differential expression (DE) analysis. In all 143 differentially expressed genes, 20 genes were annotated to be related to the radio-resistance based on the cluster analysis by the cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG) annotation which were validated by the quantitative RT-PCR. The pathway analysis revealed that these 20 validated genes were related to DNA damage repair, including recA, ruvA and ruvB, which were considered to be the key genes in DNA damage repair. This study provides the foundation to investigate the regulatory mechanism of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No.2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Zhouwei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No.2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Xianfeng Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No.2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Zhan Shan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No.2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Lili Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No.2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Jiangfeng Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No.2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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28
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Emanuele E, Bertona M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Protective effect of trehalose-loaded liposomes against UVB-induced photodamage in human keratinocytes. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:755-759. [PMID: 25054023 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose, a naturally occurring non-reducing disaccharide, is known to act as a major protein stabilizer that can reduce ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced corneal damage when topically applied to the eye. However, due to the low skin permeability of trehalose, which makes the development of topical formulations difficult, its use as a skin photoprotective agent has been limited. Previous findings demonstrated that liposomes may significantly improve the intracellular delivery of trehalose. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the protective effects of trehalose-loaded liposomes against UVB-induced photodamage using the immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. The effects were also compared to those of the common skin photoprotective compounds, including L-carnosine, L-(+)-ergothioneine, L-ascorbic acid and DL-α-tocopherol. The levels of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and protein carbonylation in HaCaT cells were used as biological markers of UVB-induced damage. Compared to other compounds, trehalose-loaded liposomes showed the highest efficacy in reducing the levels of the three markers following UVB irradiation of HaCaT cells (all P<0.001 when compared to each of the four other photoprotective compounds). Therefore, these findings indicate that there may be a clinical application for trehalose-loaded liposomes, and further studies should be performed to assess the potential usefulness in skin photoprotection and the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Emanuele
- Living Research s.a.s., I-27038 Robbio, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Bertona
- Living Research s.a.s., I-27038 Robbio, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid 28041, Spain ; School of Doctorate Studies and Research, Universidad Europea Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain
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Nobre A, Alarico S, Maranha A, Mendes V, Empadinhas N. The molecular biology of mycobacterial trehalose in the quest for advanced tuberculosis therapies. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1547-1570. [PMID: 24858083 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural glucose disaccharide identified in the 19th century in fungi and insect cocoons, and later across the three domains of life. In members of the genus Mycobacterium, which includes the tuberculosis (TB) pathogen and over 160 species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), many of which are opportunistic pathogens, trehalose has been an important focus of research over the last 60 years. It is a crucial player in the assembly and architecture of the remarkable mycobacterial cell envelope as an element of unique highly antigenic glycolipids, namely trehalose dimycolate ('cord factor'). Free trehalose has been detected in the mycobacterial cytoplasm and occasionally in oligosaccharides with unknown function. TB and NTM infection statistics and death toll, the decline in immune responses in the aging population, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS or other debilitating conditions, and the proliferation of strains with different levels of resistance to the dated drugs in use, all merge into a serious public-health threat urging more effective vaccines, efficient diagnostic tools and new drugs. This review deals with the latest findings on mycobacterial trehalose biosynthesis, catabolism, processing and recycling, as well with the ongoing quest for novel trehalose-related mechanisms to be targeted by novel TB therapeutics. In this context, the drug-discovery pipeline has recently included new lead compounds directed toward trehalose-related targets highlighting the potential of these pathways to stem the tide of rising drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nobre
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Alarico
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maranha
- Biosciences PhD Program, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vitor Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- III/UC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Emanuele E. Challenging the central dogma of skin photobiology: are proteins more important than DNA? J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2052-2053. [PMID: 24492242 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Responses of Mn2+ speciation in Deinococcus radiodurans and Escherichia coli to γ-radiation by advanced paramagnetic resonance methods. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5945-50. [PMID: 23536297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303376110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable ability of bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans to survive extreme doses of γ-rays (12,000 Gy), 20 times greater than Escherichia coli, is undiminished by loss of Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (SodA). D. radiodurans radiation resistance is attributed to the accumulation of low-molecular-weight (LMW) "antioxidant" Mn(2+)-metabolite complexes that protect essential enzymes from oxidative damage. However, in vivo information about such complexes within D. radiodurans cells is lacking, and the idea that they can supplant reactive-oxygen-species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes remains controversial. In this report, measurements by advanced paramagnetic resonance techniques [electron-spin-echo (ESE)-EPR/electron nuclear double resonance/ESE envelope modulation (ESEEM)] reveal differential details of the in vivo Mn(2+) speciation in D. radiodurans and E. coli cells and their responses to 10 kGy γ-irradiation. The Mn(2+) of D. radiodurans exists predominantly as LMW complexes with nitrogenous metabolites and orthophosphate, with negligible EPR signal from Mn(2+) of SodA. Thus, the extreme radiation resistance of D. radiodurans cells cannot be attributed to SodA. Correspondingly, 10 kGy irradiation causes no change in D. radiodurans Mn(2+) speciation, despite the paucity of holo-SodA. In contrast, the EPR signal of E. coli is dominated by signals from low-symmetry enzyme sites such as that of SodA, with a minority pool of LMW Mn(2+) complexes that show negligible coordination by nitrogenous metabolites. Nonetheless, irradiation of E. coli majorly changes LMW Mn(2+) speciation, with extensive binding of nitrogenous ligands created by irradiation. We infer that E. coli is highly susceptible to radiation-induced ROS because it lacks an adequate supply of LMW Mn antioxidants.
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32
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Effects of intracellular Mn on the radiation resistance of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. Extremophiles 2013; 17:485-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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