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Lyu F, Zhang T, Gui M, Wang Y, Zhao L, Wu X, Rao L, Liao X. The underlying mechanism of bacterial spore germination: An update review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2728-2746. [PMID: 37125461 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spores are highly resilient and universally present on earth and can irreversibly enter the food chain to cause food spoilage or foodborne illness once revived to resume vegetative growth. Traditionally, extensive thermal processing has been employed to efficiently kill spores; however, the relatively high thermal load adversely affects food quality attributes. In recent years, the germination-inactivation strategy has been developed to mildly kill spores based on the circumstance that germination can decrease spore-resilient properties. However, the failure to induce all spores to geminate, mainly owing to the heterogeneous germination behavior of spores, hampers the success of applying this strategy in the food industry. Undoubtedly, elucidating the detailed germination pathway and underlying mechanism can fill the gap in our understanding of germination heterogeneity, thereby facilitating the development of full-scale germination regimes to mildly kill spores. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms of spore germination of Bacillus and Clostridium species, and update the molecular basis of the early germination events, for example, the activation of germination receptors, ion release, Ca-DPA release, and molecular events, combined with the latest research evidence. Moreover, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), an advanced non-thermal food processing technology, can also trigger spore germination, providing a basis for the application of a germination-inactivation strategy in HHP processing. Here, we also summarize the diverse germination behaviors and mechanisms of spores of Bacillus and Clostridium species under HHP, with the aim of facilitating HHP as a mild processing technology with possible applications in food sterilization. Practical Application: This work provides fundamental basis for developing efficient killing strategies of bacterial spores in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Lyu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Gui
- Fisheries Science Institute Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Rao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zammuto V, Rizzo MG, De Plano LM, Franco D, Guglielmino S, Caccamo MT, Magazù S, Fujimori A, Giudice AL, Guglielmin M, McAlpin KR, Moeller R, Gugliandolo C. Effects of Heavy Ion Particle Irradiation on Spore Germination of Bacillus spp. from Extremely Hot and Cold Environments. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E264. [PMID: 33143156 DOI: 10.3390/life10110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles are optimal models in experimentally addressing questions about the effects of cosmic radiation on biological systems. The resistance to high charge energy (HZE) particles, and helium (He) ions and iron (Fe) ions (LET at 2.2 and 200 keV/µm, respectively, until 1000 Gy), of spores from two thermophiles, Bacillushorneckiae SBP3 and Bacilluslicheniformis T14, and two psychrotolerants, Bacillus sp. A34 and A43, was investigated. Spores survived He irradiation better, whereas they were more sensitive to Fe irradiation (until 500 Gy), with spores from thermophiles being more resistant to irradiations than psychrotolerants. The survived spores showed different germination kinetics, depending on the type/dose of irradiation and the germinant used. After exposure to He 1000 Gy, D-glucose increased the lag time of thermophilic spores and induced germination of psychrotolerants, whereas L-alanine and L-valine increased the germination efficiency, except alanine for A43. FTIR spectra showed important modifications to the structural components of spores after Fe irradiation at 250 Gy, which could explain the block in spore germination, whereas minor changes were observed after He radiation that could be related to the increased permeability of the inner membranes and alterations of receptor complex structures. Our results give new insights on HZE resistance of extremophiles that are useful in different contexts, including astrobiology.
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