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Cheung RS, Taniguchi T. Recent insights into the molecular basis of Fanconi anemia: genes, modifiers, and drivers. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:335-344. [PMID: 28631178 PMCID: PMC5904331 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA), the most common form of inherited bone marrow failure, predisposes to leukemia and solid tumors. FA is caused by the genetic disruption of a cellular pathway that repairs DNA interstrand crosslinks. The impaired function of this pathway, and the genetic instability that results, is considered the main pathogenic mechanism behind this disease. The identification of breast cancer susceptibility genes (for example, BRCA1/FANCS and BRCA2/FANCD1) as being major players in the FA pathway has led to a surge in molecular studies, resulting in the concept of the FA-BRCA pathway. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of FA from three viewpoints: (a) new FA genes, (b) modifier pathways that influence the cellular and clinical phenotypes of FA and (c) non-canonical functions of FA genes that may drive disease progression independently of deficient DNA repair. Potential therapeutic approaches for FA that are relevant to each will also be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Cheung
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA.
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
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2
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Chandrasekharappa SC, Chinn SB, Donovan FX, Chowdhury NI, Kamat A, Adeyemo AA, Thomas JW, Vemulapalli M, Hussey CS, Reid HH, Mullikin JC, Wei Q, Sturgis EM. Assessing the spectrum of germline variation in Fanconi anemia genes among patients with head and neck carcinoma before age 50. Cancer 2017; 123:3943-3954. [PMID: 28678401 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) have an increased risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The authors sought to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed FA and FA carriers among patients with HNSCC as well as an age cutoff for FA genetic screening. METHODS Germline DNA samples from 417 patients with HNSCC aged <50 years were screened for sequence variants by targeted next-generation sequencing of the entire length of 16 FA genes. RESULTS The sequence revealed 194 FA gene variants in 185 patients (44%). The variant spectrum was comprised of 183 nonsynonymous point mutations, 9 indels, 1 large deletion, and 1 synonymous variant that was predicted to effect splicing. One hundred eight patients (26%) had at least 1 rare variant that was predicted to be damaging, and 57 (14%) had at least 1 rare variant that was predicted to be damaging and had been previously reported. Fifteen patients carried 2 rare variants or an X-linked variant in an FA gene. Overall, an age cutoff for FA screening was not identified among young patients with HNSCC, because there were no significant differences in mutation rates when patients were stratified by age, tumor site, ethnicity, smoking status, or human papillomavirus status. However, an increased burden, or mutation load, of FA gene variants was observed in carriers of the genes FA complementation group D2 (FANCD2), FANCE, and FANCL in the HNSCC patient cohort relative to the 1000 Genomes population. CONCLUSIONS FA germline functional variants offer a novel area of study in HNSCC tumorigenesis. FANCE and FANCL, which are components of the core complex, are known to be responsible for the recruitment and ubiquitination, respectively, of FANCD2, a critical step in the FA DNA repair pathway. In the current cohort, the increased mutation load of FANCD2, FANCE, and FANCL variants among younger patients with HNSCC indicates the importance of the FA pathway in HNSCC. Cancer 2017;123:3943-54. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven B Chinn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Frank X Donovan
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naweed I Chowdhury
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Aparna Kamat
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adebowale A Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Thomas
- Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Caroline S Hussey
- The University of Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Holly H Reid
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James C Mullikin
- Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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3
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A defined role for multiple Fanconi anemia gene products in DNA-damage-associated ubiquitination. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:27-32. [PMID: 28315701 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited blood disorder that causes bone marrow failure and high predisposition to cancers. The FA pathway guards the cell's genome stability by orchestrating the repair of interstrand cross-linking during the S phase of the cell cycle, preventing the chromosomal instability that is a key event in bone marrow failure syndrome. Central to the FA pathway is loss of monoubiquitinated forms of the Fanconi proteins FANCI and FANCD2, a process that is normally mediated by a "core complex" of seven other Fanconi proteins. Each protein, when mutated, can cause FA. The FA core-complex-catalyzed reaction is critical for signaling DNA cross-link damage such as that induced by chemotherapies. Here, we present a perspective on the current understanding of FANCI and FANCD2 monoubiquitination-mediated DNA repair. Our recent biochemical reconstitution of the monoubiquitination (and deubiquitination) reactions creates a paradigm for understanding FA. Further biochemical analysis will create new opportunities to address the leukemic phenotype of FA patients.
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van Twest S, Murphy VJ, Hodson C, Tan W, Swuec P, O'Rourke JJ, Heierhorst J, Crismani W, Deans AJ. Mechanism of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in the Fanconi Anemia Pathway. Mol Cell 2016; 65:247-259. [PMID: 27986371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoubiquitination and deubiquitination of FANCD2:FANCI heterodimer is central to DNA repair in a pathway that is defective in the cancer predisposition syndrome Fanconi anemia (FA). The "FA core complex" contains the RING-E3 ligase FANCL and seven other essential proteins that are mutated in various FA subtypes. Here, we purified recombinant FA core complex to reveal the function of these other proteins. The complex contains two spatially separate FANCL molecules that are dimerized by FANCB and FAAP100. FANCC and FANCE act as substrate receptors and restrict monoubiquitination to the FANCD2:FANCI heterodimer in only a DNA-bound form. FANCA and FANCG are dispensable for maximal in vitro ubiquitination. Finally, we show that the reversal of this reaction by the USP1:UAF1 deubiquitinase only occurs when DNA is disengaged. Our work reveals the mechanistic basis for temporal and spatial control of FANCD2:FANCI monoubiquitination that is critical for chemotherapy responses and prevention of Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie van Twest
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Vincent J Murphy
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Charlotte Hodson
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Winnie Tan
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paolo Swuec
- Architecture and Dynamics of Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, London Research Institute, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Julienne J O'Rourke
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jörg Heierhorst
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wayne Crismani
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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5
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Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins by ubiquitination is an essential cellular regulatory process. Such regulation drives the cell cycle and cell division, signalling and secretory pathways, DNA replication and repair processes and protein quality control and degradation pathways. A huge range of ubiquitin signals can be generated depending on the specificity and catalytic activity of the enzymes required for attachment of ubiquitin to a given target. As a consequence of its importance to eukaryotic life, dysfunction in the ubiquitin system leads to many disease states, including cancers and neurodegeneration. This review takes a retrospective look at our progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the specificity of ubiquitin conjugation.
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Raghunandan M, Chaudhury I, Kelich SL, Hanenberg H, Sobeck A. FANCD2, FANCJ and BRCA2 cooperate to promote replication fork recovery independently of the Fanconi Anemia core complex. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:342-53. [PMID: 25659033 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.987614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited multi-gene cancer predisposition syndrome that is characterized on the cellular level by a hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). To repair these lesions, the FA pathway proteins are thought to act in a linear hierarchy: Following ICL detection, an upstream FA core complex monoubiquitinates the central FA pathway members FANCD2 and FANCI, followed by their recruitment to chromatin. Chromatin-bound monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and FANCI subsequently coordinate DNA repair factors including the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and FANCD1/BRCA2 to repair the DNA ICL. Importantly, we recently showed that FANCD2 has additional independent roles: it binds chromatin and acts in concert with the BLM helicase complex to promote the restart of aphidicolin (APH)-stalled replication forks, while suppressing the firing of new replication origins. Here, we show that FANCD2 fulfills these roles independently of the FA core complex-mediated monoubiquitination step. Following APH treatment, nonubiquitinated FANCD2 accumulates on chromatin, recruits the BLM complex, and promotes robust replication fork recovery regardless of the absence or presence of a functional FA core complex. In contrast, the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and BRCA2 share FANCD2's role in replication fork restart and the suppression of new origin firing. Our results support a non-linear FA pathway model at stalled replication forks, where the nonubiquitinated FANCD2 isoform - in concert with FANCJ and BRCA2 - fulfills a specific function in promoting efficient replication fork recovery independently of the FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raghunandan
- a Department of Biochemistry; Molecular Biology and Biophysics ; University of Minnesota ; Minneapolis , MN USA
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7
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Analysis of a FANCE Splice Isoform in Regard to DNA Repair. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3056-73. [PMID: 26277624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The FANC-BRCA DNA repair pathway is activated in response to interstrand crosslinks formed in DNA. A homozygous mutation in 1 of the 17 Fanconi anemia (FA) genes results in malfunctions of this pathway and development of FA syndrome. The integrity of this protein network is essential for good maintenance of DNA repair process and genome stability. Following the identification of an alternatively splice isoform of FANCE (Fanconi anemia complementation group E) significantly expressed in breast cancer individuals from high-risk non-BRCA1/2 families, we studied the impact of this FANCE splice isoform (FANCEΔ4) on DNA repair processes. We have demonstrated that FANCEΔ4 mRNA was efficiently translated into a functional protein and expressed in normal and breast cancer cell lines. Following treatment with the crosslinking agent mitomycin C, EUFA130 (FANCE-deficient) cells infected with FANCEΔ4 were blocked into G2/M phase, while cell survival was significantly reduced compared with FANCE-infected EUFA130 cells. In addition, FANCEΔ4 did not allow FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination, which represents a crucial step of the FANC-BRCA functional pathway. As observed for FANCE wild-type protein, localization of FANCEΔ4 protein was confined to the nucleus following mitomycin C treatment. Although FANCEΔ4 protein showed interaction with FANCE, FANCEΔ4 did not support normal function of FANCE protein in this pathway and could have deleterious effects on FANCE protein activity. We have demonstrated that FANCEΔ4 seems to act as a regulator of FANCD2 protein expression level by promoting its degradation. This study highlights the importance of an efficient regulation of alternative splicing expression of FA genes for proper DNA repair.
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8
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Rajendra E, Garaycoechea JI, Patel KJ, Passmore LA. Abundance of the Fanconi anaemia core complex is regulated by the RuvBL1 and RuvBL2 AAA+ ATPases. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13736-48. [PMID: 25428364 PMCID: PMC4267650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genome instability disease caused by defects in the FA DNA repair pathway that senses and repairs damage caused by DNA interstrand crosslinks. At least 8 of the 16 genes found mutated in FA encode proteins that assemble into the FA core complex, a multisubunit monoubiquitin E3 ligase. Here, we show that the RuvBL1 and RuvBL2 AAA+ ATPases co-purify with FA core complex isolated under stringent but native conditions from a vertebrate cell line. Depletion of the RuvBL1-RuvBL2 complex in human cells causes hallmark features of FA including DNA crosslinker sensitivity, chromosomal instability and defective FA pathway activation. Genetic knockout of RuvBL1 in a murine model is embryonic lethal while conditional inactivation in the haematopoietic stem cell pool confers profound aplastic anaemia. Together these findings reveal a function for RuvBL1-RuvBL2 in DNA repair through a physical and functional association with the FA core complex. Surprisingly, depletion of RuvBL1-RuvBL2 leads to co-depletion of the FA core complex in human cells. This suggests that a potential mechanism for the role of RuvBL1-RuvBL2 in maintaining genome integrity is through controlling the cellular abundance of FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeson Rajendra
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lori A Passmore
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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9
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive chromosomal instability syndrome. It is a hereditary disorder with defects in DNA repair characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, variable congenital malformations and predisposition to develop hematological or solid tumors. Bi-allelic gene mutations in FA cause not only the FA phenotype but also genome instability and additional mutations in their somatic cells resulting in a high predisposition to many different types of cancers. Mono-allelic mutation in FA genes increases the susceptibility to several types of cancers in a sporadic manner in non-FA patients. The strong link between cancer from bi-allelic and mono-allelic FA gene mutations has been well established. Studies have demonstrated a link between FA and cancer due to gene defects which cause the disruption of the FA pathways in a proportion of familial and sporadic cancers. The convincing evidence is that one of the FA genes, FANCD1 is identical to the well-known breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2. Another three FA genes were found to be associated with genes mutated from breast cancer and other types of cancers such as prostate cancer as well. Studies on FA's biological function in genome instability maintenance, DNA damage/repair and its complex regulation pathways have become the main focus within the genetic cancer research field because of many unique features of FA. The lessons learnt from FA studies provided invaluable information towards the understanding of cancer pathogenesis to be translated into targeting cancer therapies. Studies also demonstrated that FA is a paradigm of cancer-prone inherited monogenic disease, offering insights into the pathogenesis of many types of human diseases, particularly in bone marrow failure, cancer and aging. In this review, brief FA clinical characteristics, identification of FA genes and their protein pathways, the pathogenic linking between cancers from bi-allelic and mono-allelic mutated FA genes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer, Qiqihaer 161005, China ; 2 Department of Neonatology, Qiqihaer Hospital of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qiqihaer 161000, China ; 3 Western Sydney Genomic Diagnostics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer, Qiqihaer 161005, China ; 2 Department of Neonatology, Qiqihaer Hospital of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qiqihaer 161000, China ; 3 Western Sydney Genomic Diagnostics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhanhe Wu
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer, Qiqihaer 161005, China ; 2 Department of Neonatology, Qiqihaer Hospital of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qiqihaer 161000, China ; 3 Western Sydney Genomic Diagnostics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
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10
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Genetic Counseling for Fanconi Anemia: Crosslinking Disciplines. J Genet Couns 2014; 23:910-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) represents a paradigm of rare genetic diseases, where the quest for cause and cure has led to seminal discoveries in cancer biology. Although a total of 16 FA genes have been identified thus far, the biochemical function of many of the FA proteins remains to be elucidated. FA is rare, yet the fact that 5 FA genes are in fact familial breast cancer genes and FA gene mutations are found frequently in sporadic cancers suggest wider applicability in hematopoiesis and oncology. Establishing the interaction network involving the FA proteins and their associated partners has revealed an intersection of FA with several DNA repair pathways, including homologous recombination, DNA mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, and translesion DNA synthesis. Importantly, recent studies have shown a major involvement of the FA pathway in the tolerance of reactive aldehydes. Moreover, despite improved outcomes in stem cell transplantation in the treatment of FA, many challenges remain in patient care.
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12
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Rajendra E, Oestergaard VH, Langevin F, Wang M, Dornan GL, Patel KJ, Passmore LA. The genetic and biochemical basis of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. Mol Cell 2014; 54:858-69. [PMID: 24905007 PMCID: PMC4051986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by cellular sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinkers. The molecular defect in FA is an impaired DNA repair pathway. The critical event in activating this pathway is monoubiquitination of FANCD2. In vivo, a multisubunit FA core complex catalyzes this step, but its mechanism is unclear. Here, we report purification of a native avian FA core complex and biochemical reconstitution of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. This demonstrates that the catalytic FANCL E3 ligase subunit must be embedded within the complex for maximal activity and site specificity. We genetically and biochemically define a minimal subcomplex comprising just three proteins (FANCB, FANCL, and FAAP100) that functions as the monoubiquitination module. Residual FANCD2 monoubiquitination activity is retained in cells defective for other FA core complex subunits. This work describes the in vitro reconstitution and characterization of this multisubunit monoubiquitin E3 ligase, providing key insight into the conserved FA DNA repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeson Rajendra
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Vibe H Oestergaard
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Frédéric Langevin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Meng Wang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gillian L Dornan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Lori A Passmore
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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13
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Walden H, Deans AJ. The Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway: structural and functional insights into a complex disorder. Annu Rev Biophys 2014; 43:257-78. [PMID: 24773018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in any of at least sixteen FANC genes (FANCA-Q) cause Fanconi anemia, a disorder characterized by sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents. The clinical features of cytopenia, developmental defects, and tumor predisposition are similar in each group, suggesting that the gene products participate in a common pathway. The Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway consists of an anchor complex that recognizes damage caused by interstrand crosslinks, a multisubunit ubiquitin ligase that monoubiquitinates two substrates, and several downstream repair proteins including nucleases and homologous recombination enzymes. We review progress in the use of structural and biochemical approaches to understanding how each FANC protein functions in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walden
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
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Cappelli E, Ravera S, Vaccaro D, Cuccarolo P, Bartolucci M, Panfoli I, Dufour C, Degan P. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I defects in Fanconi anemia. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:513-4. [PMID: 23932594 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, complex disorder that manifests in childhood. Children with FA suffer bone marrow failure, leukemias, or solid tumors. FA-associated mutations are found in 15 proteins that are involved in DNA repair. Some of these proteins have extranuclear activities involving redox balance, apoptosis, and energy metabolism; and recent data demonstrate respiratory impairment in FA cells, suggesting that altered mitochondrial function is a factor in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cappelli
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is characterised with multiple gene mutations, multiple types of genetic abnormalities, multiple organ involvements and multiple types of cancer risks. It is a life threatening disease commonly at 5 years old children. Research on FA is one of the fastest areas in medical research field. The identification of 15 different FA genes and the elucidation of the FA molecular pathways have translated into the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism and practically provided the directions for therapies. Studies on FA rendered invaluable information for the studies on cancers because FA possesses the unique features in many different biological aspects. Studies revealed the genetic linking between FA and cancers that FA genes are in cancers and cancers genes are in FA. As a result, FA is named as a paradigmatic disease for the understanding of cancer and aging. In clinical practice, an early and accurate diagnosis of FA before the stage of bone marrow failure, cancer/leukemia is crucial for the adequate treatment, the prevention of serious medical complications and also for the properly management in the other caring areas including paediatric, hematology, immunology, endocrinology, reproductive/IVF, obstetrics and surgery. However, an early and accurate diagnosis for FA is often difficult because FA is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disease. Diagnosis in more or less cases can be delayed until bone marrow failure or cancer/leukemia occurs. As a result that delayed or misdiagnosis even wrong treatment received for patients with FA are not uncommon events clinically in some regions or countries due to the lack of recognition of FA from the clinicians and the limitation in testing resource in laboratory. In this review, the new concept, brief clinical characteristics, research advancing, diagnostic guidelines/differential diagnosis, laboratory testing issues and strategies on FA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-He Wu
- Western Sydney Genomics, Western Sydney Genetic Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
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