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Hu S, Wang W. ARHGAP44 expression is associated with the metastasis of osteosarcoma and is a promising prognostic biomarker. J Orthop Res 2022; 41:1348-1355. [PMID: 36317850 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most domain primary malignant bone tumor. Treatment resistances and metastases result in a decreasing 5-year overall survival rate of OS. However, Rho GTPase-activating protein 44 (ARHGAP44) has not been well studied in OS. The OS patient data were obtained from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. We utilized Survival and Survminer package for survival analysis based on Kaplan-Meier method. The association between ARHGAP44 expression with the prognosis of OS was determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were conducted to validate the results. Gene set enrichment analysis was done to find significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The OS sample ARHGAP44 expression level was significantly higher than that in normal samples, which was validated in cell lines. High ARHGAP44 expression was associated with metastasis of OS. The OS patients with high ARHGAP44 expression had worse prognosis compared with low ARHGAP44 expression OS patients. In total, 10 KEGG pathways significantly activated in high ARHGAP44 expression OS patients, such as Hedgehog signaling pathway, Steroid biosynthesis, and so on. In summary, high ARHGAP44 expression was closely correlated with the metastasis and poor prognosis of OS. ARHGAP44 was a potential prognostic biomarker for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Baodi Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Baodi Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Huang X, Wang L, Guo H, Zhang W, Shao Z. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the regulative roles of cancer associated fibroblasts in tumor immune microenvironment of recurrent osteosarcoma. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5877-5887. [PMID: 35966586 PMCID: PMC9373820 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor with a poor prognosis, but the detailed mechanism is still unclear. A comprehensive investigation of tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS might help find effective anti-tumor strategies. Single-cell transcriptomics is a powerful new tool to explore TME. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the TME and gene expression pattern of primary and recurrent OS at the single-cell level. Methods: The single-cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were conducted to investigate the cellular constitution of primary, recurrent, and lung metastatic OS lesions according to the datasets of GSE152048 and GSE162454. TIMER database was used to investigate the role of LOX in the prognosis of sarcoma. The functions of related cells and markers were further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were found with a higher infiltrating level in recurrent OS, and were enriched in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. CAFs showed remarkably increased expression of LOX, which might lead to EMT and poor prognosis of OS. Mechanically, LOX regulated the function of CAFs and macrophage polarization to remodel the tumor immune microenvironment. Moreover, LOX inhibitor could inhibit migration and promote apoptosis of OS both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: This study revealed the heterogeneity of recurrent OS and highlighted an innovative mechanism that CAFs regulate EMT of OS via LOX. Targeting LOX of CAFs showed promising efficacy in remodeling TME and treating recurrent OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lutong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haoyu Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weiyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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3
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Transcription factor c-Myb: novel prognostic factor in osteosarcoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:375-390. [PMID: 34994868 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Myb is an oncoprotein promoting cell proliferation and survival when aberrantly activated/expressed, thus contributing to malignant transformation. Overexpression of c-Myb has been found in leukemias, breast, colon and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Recent studies revealed its expression also in osteosarcoma cell lines and suggested its functional importance during bone development. However, the relevance of c-Myb in control of osteosarcoma progression remains unknown. A retrospective clinical study was carried out to assess a relationship between c-Myb expression in archival osteosarcoma tissues and prognosis in a cohort of high-grade osteosarcoma patients. In addition, MYB was depleted in metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines SAOS-2 LM5 and 143B and their growth, chemosensitivity, migration and metastatic activity were determined. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that high c-Myb expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in the cohort and metastatic progression in young patients. Increased level of c-Myb was detected in metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines and its depletion suppressed their growth, colony-forming capacity, migration and chemoresistance in vitro in a cell line-dependent manner. MYB knock-out resulted in reduced metastatic activity of both SAOS-2 LM5 and 143B cell lines in immunodeficient mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the c-Myb-driven functional programs enriched for genes involved in the regulation of cell growth, stress response, cell adhesion and cell differentiation/morphogenesis. Wnt signaling pathway was identified as c-Myb target in osteosarcoma cells. Taken together, we identified c-Myb as a negative prognostic factor in osteosarcoma and showed its involvement in the regulation of osteosarcoma cell growth, chemosensitivity, migration and metastatic activity.
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Chen X, Margaret C, Hicks MJ, Sarkar P, Gaber MW, Man TK. LOX upregulates FAK phosphorylation to promote metastasis in osteosarcoma. Genes Dis 2022; 10:254-266. [PMID: 37013056 PMCID: PMC10066266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that commonly occurs in the pediatric population. Despite the use of chemotherapy and surgery, metastasis remains to be the leading cause of death in patients with osteosarcoma. We have previously reported that cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 is associated with a poor outcome in osteosarcoma. In this study, we further show that lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression was associated with p27 mislocalization. LOX is an enigmatic molecule that acts as a tumor suppressor or a metastatic promoter; however, its role in osteosarcoma is still unclear. Hence, we performed both in vitro and in vivo analyses to dissect the role of LOX in osteosarcoma. The result of our survival analysis indicated that LOX expression significantly correlated with a poor outcome in osteosarcoma with or without controlling for the initial metastasis status (P < 0.05). Functionally, we found that higher LOX expression promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro and produced a higher number of mice with pulmonary metastases in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, phospho-FAK was increased in osteosarcoma cells with high LOX expression. Our results further showed that FAK inhibition significantly reduced tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as LOX-mediated metastasis in mice. Together, our findings suggest that there is a novel link between p27 mislocalization and LOX expression. LOX plays a pivotal role in osteosarcoma metastasis by upregulating FAK phosphorylation. FAK inhibition may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the development of metastasis in osteosarcoma with LOX overexpression.
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5
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Sokołowska P, Siatkowska M, Białkowska K, Rosowski M, Komorowski P, Walkowiak B. Osteosarcoma cells in early and late stages as cancer in vitro progression model for assessing the responsiveness of cells to silver nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:1319-1334. [PMID: 34953019 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of biology of osteosarcoma malignant progression is indispensable for enhancement of conventional chemotherapy by the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We presented an in vitro model of cancer progression closely resembling processes occurring in vivo in terms of protein profile. A comparison of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of AgNPs in Saos-2 cells in early stages of cancerous progression (early passages) with the cells in advanced stages (late passages) demonstrated significantly reduced responsiveness of the late passage cells to nanoparticles toxicity. It was also confirmed by proteome analysis as we identified considerably higher number of differentially expressed proteins in Saos-2 cells in early passages compared to the late passage cells. Our studies showed that the ability of AgNPs as potential drug carriers to deliver a medication and/or to evoke toxic effects might be significantly diminished in advanced stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sokołowska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Kamila Białkowska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland.,Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Rosowski
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland.,Department of Chemical Textiles Technologies, Lukasiewicz Research Network, Textile Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland.,Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland.,Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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6
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Ma Y, Guo J, Li D, Cai X. Identification of potential key genes and functional role of CENPF in osteosarcoma using bioinformatics and experimental analysis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:80. [PMID: 34934449 PMCID: PMC8652394 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, which arises from bone tissue, is considered to be one of the most common types of cancer in children and teenagers. As the etiology of osteosarcoma has not been fully elucidated, the overall prognosis for patients is generally poor. In recent years, the development of bioinformatical technology has allowed researchers to identify numerous molecular biological characteristics associated with the prognosis of osteosarcoma using online databases. In the present study, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used and three microarray datasets were obtained. The GEO2R web tool was utilized and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in osteosarcoma tissue were identified. Venn analysis was performed to determine the intersection of the DEG profiles. DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between these DEGs were analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and the PPI network was then visualized using Cytoscape software. The top ten genes were identified based on measurement of degree, density of maximum neighborhood component, maximal clique centrality and mononuclear cell counts in the PPI network, and five overlapping genes [origin recognition complex subunit 6 (ORC6), IGF-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5), minichromosome maintenance 10 replication initiation factor (MCM10), MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) and centromere protein F (CENPF)] were identified. Additionally, three module networks were analyzed by Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE), and six key genes [ORC6, MCM10, DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1), CENPF, TIMELESS interacting protein (TIPIN) and shugoshin 1 (SGOL1)] were screened. Combined with the results from Cytoscape and MCODE, eight hub genes (ORC6, MCM10, DEPDC1, CENPF, TIPIN, SGOL1, MET and IGFBP5) were obtained. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier plotter survival analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic value of these eight hub genes in patients with osteosarcoma. Oncomine and GEPIA databases were applied to further confirm the expression levels of hub genes in tissue. Finally, the functional roles of the core gene CENPF were investigated using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and Transwell assays, which indicated that CENPF knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. These results provided potential prognostic markers, as well as a basis for further investigation of the mechanism underlying osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Ma
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiaping Guo
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Zheng S, Liu Y, Sun H, Jia J, Wu T, Ding R, Cheng X. Identification of abnormally high expression of POGZ as a new biomarker associated with a poor prognosis in osteosarcoma. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34474553 PMCID: PMC8431870 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. There is an urgent need for a novel biomarker related to the prognosis of OS. We performed a meta-analysis incorporating six independent datasets and performed a survival analysis with one independent dataset GSE21257 in the GEO database for gene screening. The results revealed that one potential biomarker related to OS survival, POGZ was the most significantly upregulated gene. We also verified that the POGZ was overexpressed in clinical samples. The survival analysis revealed that POGZ is associated with a poor prognosis in OS. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis of isolated OS cells demonstrated that OS cells were arrested in the G1 phase after POGZ knockdown. The RNA-seq results indicated that POGZ was co-expressed with CCNE1 and CCNB1. Pathway analysis showed that genes associated with high expression levels of POGZ were related to the cell cycle pathway. A cell model was constructed to detect the effects of POGZ. After POGZ knockdown, OS cell proliferation, invasion and migration were all decreased. Therefore, POGZ is an important gene for evaluating the prognosis of OS patients and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikuan Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Yue Liu
- Queen Mary School, Medical collage of Nanchang University.
| | - Haohe Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Medical collage of Nanchang University.
| | - Jingyu Jia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Tianlong Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Rui Ding
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
| | - Xigao Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province; Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics of Nanchang University.
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8
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Roundhill EA, Chicon-Bosch M, Jeys L, Parry M, Rankin KS, Droop A, Burchill SA. RNA sequencing and functional studies of patient-derived cells reveal that neurexin-1 and regulators of this pathway are associated with poor outcomes in Ewing sarcoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1065-1085. [PMID: 34403115 PMCID: PMC8516792 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The development of biomarkers and molecularly targeted therapies for patients with Ewing sarcoma (ES) in order to minimise morbidity and improve outcome is urgently needed. Here, we set out to isolate and characterise patient-derived ES primary cell cultures and daughter cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) to identify biomarkers of high-risk disease and candidate therapeutic targets. Methods Thirty-two patient-derived primary cultures were established from treatment-naïve tumours and primary ES-CSCs isolated from these cultures using functional methods. By RNA-sequencing we analysed the transcriptome of ES patient-derived cells (n = 24) and ES-CSCs (n = 11) to identify the most abundant and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Expression of the top DEG(s) in ES-CSCs compared to ES cells was validated at both RNA and protein levels. The functional and prognostic potential of the most significant gene (neurexin-1) was investigated using knock-down studies and immunohistochemistry of two independent tumour cohorts. Results ES-CSCs were isolated from all primary cell cultures, consistent with the premise that ES is a CSC driven cancer. Transcriptional profiling confirmed that these cells were of mesenchymal origin, revealed novel cell surface targets for therapy that regulate cell-extracellular matrix interactions and identified candidate drivers of progression and relapse. High expression of neurexin-1 and low levels of regulators of its activity, APBA1 and NLGN4X, were associated with poor event-free and overall survival rates. Knock-down of neurexin-1 decreased viable cell numbers and spheroid formation. Conclusions Genes that regulate extracellular interactions, including neurexin-1, are candidate therapeutic targets in ES. High levels of neurexin-1 at diagnosis are associated with poor outcome and identify patients with localised disease that will relapse. These patients could benefit from more intensive or novel treatment modalities. The prognostic significance of neurexin-1 should be validated independently. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13402-021-00619-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ann Roundhill
- Children's Cancer Research Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Mariona Chicon-Bosch
- Children's Cancer Research Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lee Jeys
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Road South, Northfield, Birmingham, B31 2AP, UK
| | - Michael Parry
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Road South, Northfield, Birmingham, B31 2AP, UK
| | - Kenneth S Rankin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susan Ann Burchill
- Children's Cancer Research Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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9
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Targeting Mechanotransduction in Osteosarcoma: A Comparative Oncology Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207595. [PMID: 33066583 PMCID: PMC7589883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is the process in which cells can convert extracellular mechanical stimuli into biochemical changes within a cell. While this a normal process for physiological development and function in many organ systems, tumour cells can exploit this process to promote tumour progression. Here we summarise the current state of knowledge of mechanotransduction in osteosarcoma (OSA), the most common primary bone tumour, referencing both human and canine models and other similar mesenchymal malignancies (e.g., Ewing sarcoma). Specifically, we discuss the mechanical properties of OSA cells, the pathways that these cells utilise to respond to external mechanical cues, and mechanotransduction-targeting strategies tested in OSA so far. We point out gaps in the literature and propose avenues to address them. Understanding how the physical microenvironment influences cell signalling and behaviour will lead to the improved design of strategies to target the mechanical vulnerabilities of OSA cells.
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Czarnecka AM, Synoradzki K, Firlej W, Bartnik E, Sobczuk P, Fiedorowicz M, Grieb P, Rutkowski P. Molecular Biology of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2130. [PMID: 32751922 PMCID: PMC7463657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone cancer in children and adolescents and the third most frequent in adults. Many inherited germline mutations are responsible for syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomas including Li Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. TP53 is the most frequently altered gene in osteosarcoma. Among other genes mutated in more than 10% of OS cases, c-Myc plays a role in OS development and promotes cell invasion by activating MEK-ERK pathways. Several genomic studies showed frequent alterations in the RB gene in pediatric OS patients. Osteosarcoma driver mutations have been reported in NOTCH1, FOS, NF2, WIF1, BRCA2, APC, PTCH1 and PRKAR1A genes. Some miRNAs such as miR-21, -34a, -143, -148a, -195a, -199a-3p and -382 regulate the pathogenic activity of MAPK and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CD133+ osteosarcoma cells have been shown to exhibit stem-like gene expression and can be tumor-initiating cells and play a role in metastasis and development of drug resistance. Although currently osteosarcoma treatment is based on adriamycin chemoregimens and surgery, there are several potential targeted therapies in development. First of all, activity and safety of cabozantinib in osteosarcoma were studied, as well as sorafenib and pazopanib. Finally, novel bifunctional molecules, of potential imaging and osteosarcoma targeting applications may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Firlej
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Shi Y, He R, Zhuang Z, Ren J, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wu J, Jiang S, Wang K. A risk signature-based on metastasis-associated genes to predict survival of patients with osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3479-3490. [PMID: 31898371 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary solid malignant bone tumor, and its metastasis is a prominent cause of high mortality in patients. In this study, a prognosis risk signature was constructed based on metastasis-associated genes. Four microarrays datasets with clinical information were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, and 256 metastasis-associated genes were identified by limma package. Further, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and survival analysis was performed using data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments data matrix, identifying 19 genes correlated with prognosis. Six genes were selected by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression for multivariate cox analysis. Finally, a three-gene (MYC, CPE, and LY86) risk signature was constructed, and datasets GSE21257 and GSE16091 were used to validate the prediction efficiency of the signature. The survival times of low- and high-risk groups were significantly different in the training set and validation set. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the genes in the signature may affect the cell cycle, gap junctions, and interleukin-6 production. Therefore, the three-gene survival risk signature could potentially predict the prognosis of patients with OS. Further, proteins encoded by CPE and LY86 may provide novel insights into the prediction of OS prognosis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ronghan He
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze Zhuang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Ren
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuangao Liu
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihai Jiang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Withers SS, York D, Choi JW, Woolard KD, Laufer-Amorim R, Sparger EE, Burton JH, McSorley SJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ, Canter RJ, Rebhun RB. Metastatic immune infiltrates correlate with those of the primary tumour in canine osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:242-252. [PMID: 30684301 PMCID: PMC6658355 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our lack of understanding of the immune microenvironment in canine osteosarcoma (cOSA) has limited the identification of potential immunotherapeutic targets. In particular, our ability to utilize readily available tissue from a dog's primary tumour to predict the type and extent of immune response in their pulmonary metastatic lesions is unknown. We, therefore, collected 21 matched pairs of primary tumours and pulmonary metastatic lesions from dogs with OSA and performed immunohistochemistry to quantify T-lymphocyte (CD3), FOXP3+ cell, B-lymphocyte (Pax-5), and CD204+ macrophage infiltration. We found that T-lymphocytes and FOXP3+ infiltrates in primary tumours positively correlated with that of metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.512, P = 0.038 and ρ = 0.698, P = 0.007, respectively), while a strong trend existed for CD204+ infiltrates (ρ = 0.404, P = 0.087). We also observed T- and B-lymphocytes, and CD204+ macrophages to be significantly higher in a dog's pulmonary metastasis compared to their primary tumour (P = 0.018, P = 0.018, P = 0.016, respectively), while FOXP3+ cells were only significantly higher in metastases when all primary tumour and metastasis lesions were compared without pairing (P = 0.036). Together, these findings suggest that the metastatic immune microenvironment may be influenced by that of the primary cOSA, and that primary tumour immune biomarkers could potentially be applied to predict immunotherapeutic responses in gross metastatic disease. We, therefore, provide a rationale for the treatment of cOSA pulmonary metastases with immunotherapeutics that enhance the anti-tumour activity of these immune cells, particularly in dogs with moderate to high immune cell infiltration in their primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita S Withers
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Daniel York
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jin W Choi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jenna H Burton
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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13
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Holenstein CN, Horvath A, Schär B, Schoenenberger AD, Bollhalder M, Goedecke N, Bartalena G, Otto O, Herbig M, Guck J, Müller DA, Snedeker JG, Silvan U. The relationship between metastatic potential and in vitro mechanical properties of osteosarcoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:887-898. [PMID: 30785850 PMCID: PMC6589788 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary tumor of bone and is characterized by its high tendency to metastasize in lungs. Although treatment in cases of early diagnosis results in a 5-yr survival rate of nearly 60%, the prognosis for patients with secondary lesions at diagnosis is poor, and their 5-yr survival rate remains below 30%. In the present work, we have used a number of analytical methods to investigate the impact of increased metastatic potential on the biophysical properties and force generation of osteosarcoma cells. With that aim, we used two paired osteosarcoma cell lines, with each one comprising a parental line with low metastatic potential and its experimentally selected, highly metastatic form. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of atomic force microscopy, tensile biaxial deformation, and real-time deformability, and cell traction was measured using two-dimensional and micropost-based traction force microscopy. Our results reveal that the low metastatic osteosarcoma cells display larger spreading sizes and generate higher forces than the experimentally selected, highly malignant variants. In turn, the outcome of cell stiffness measurements strongly depends on the method used and the state of the probed cell, indicating that only a set of phenotyping methods provides the full picture of cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude N Holenstein
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aron Horvath
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Schär
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angelina D Schoenenberger
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Bollhalder
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Goedecke
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Bartalena
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz, Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel A Müller
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Unai Silvan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Dong S, Huo H, Mao Y, Li X, Dong L. A risk score model for the prediction of osteosarcoma metastasis. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:519-526. [PMID: 30868060 PMCID: PMC6396159 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary solid malignancy of the bone, and its high mortality usually correlates with early metastasis. In this study, we developed a risk score model to help predict metastasis at the time of diagnosis. We downloaded and mined four expression profile datasets associated with osteosarcoma metastasis from the Gene Expression Omnibus. After data normalization, we performed LASSO logistic regression analysis together with 10-fold cross validation using the GSE21257 dataset. A combination of eight genes (RAB1,CLEC3B,FCGBP,RNASE3,MDL1,ALOX5AP,VMO1 and ALPK3) were identified as being associated with osteosarcoma metastasis. These genes were put into a gene risk score model, and the prediction efficiency of the model was then validated using three independent datasets (GSE33383, GSE66673, and GSE49003) by plotting receiver operating characteristic curves. The expression levels of the eight genes in all datasets were shown as heatmaps, and gene ontology gene annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed. These eight genes play a role in cancer-related biological processes, such as apoptosis and biosynthetic processes. Our results may aid in elucidating the possible mechanisms of osteosarcoma metastasis, and may help to facilitate the individual management of patients with osteosarcoma after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Dong
- Surgeon of Orthopedics Department II First Hospital of Qin Huangdao China
| | | | - Yu Mao
- Department of Oncology First Hospital of Qinhuangdao China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oncology First Hospital of Qinhuangdao China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Oncology First Hospital of Qinhuangdao China
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15
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Tian H, Guan D, Li J. Identifying osteosarcoma metastasis associated genes by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10781. [PMID: 29901575 PMCID: PMC6023727 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common malignant bone tumor, accounts for the heavy healthy threat in the period of children and adolescents. OS occurrence usually correlates with early metastasis and high death rate. This study aimed to better understand the mechanism of OS metastasis.Based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we downloaded 4 expression profile data sets associated with OS metastasis, and selected differential expressed genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) approach allowed us to investigate the most OS metastasis-correlated module. Gene Ontology functional and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were used to give annotation of selected OS metastasis-associated genes.We select 897 differential expressed genes from OS metastasis and OS non-metastasis groups. Based on these selected genes, WGCNA further explored 142 genes included in the most OS metastasis-correlated module. Gene Ontology functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that significantly OS metastasis-associated genes were involved in pathway correlated with insulin-like growth factor binding.Our research figured out several potential molecules participating in metastasis process and factors acting as biomarker. With this study, we could better explore the mechanism of OS metastasis and further discover more therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglai Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Donghui Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua West Road, Jinan City, Shandong, China
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16
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Wu VM, Mickens J, Uskoković V. Bisphosphonate-Functionalized Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for the Delivery of the Bromodomain Inhibitor JQ1 in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25887-25904. [PMID: 28731328 PMCID: PMC5794714 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common neoplasia among children, and its survival statistics have been stagnating since the combinatorial anticancer therapy triad was first introduced. Here, we report on the assessment of the effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles loaded with medronate, the simplest bisphosphonate, as a bone-targeting agent and JQ1, a small-molecule bromodomain inhibitor, as a chemotherapeutic in different 2D and 3D K7M2 OS in vitro models. Both additives decreased the crystallinity of HAp, but the effect was more intense for medronate because of its higher affinity for HAp. As the result of PO43--NH+ binding, JQ1 shielded the surface phosphates of HAp and pushed its surface charge to more positive values, exhibiting the opposite effect from calcium-blocking medronate. In contrast to the faster and more exponential release of JQ1 from monetite, its release from HAp nanoparticles followed a zero-order kinetics, but 98% of the payload was released after 48 h. The apoptotic effect of HAp nanoparticles loaded with JQ1, with medronate and with both JQ1 and medronate, was selective in 2D culture: pronounced against the OS cells and nonexistent against the healthy fibroblasts. While OS cell invasion was significantly inhibited by all of the JQ1-containing HAp formulations, that is, with and without medronate, all of the combinations of the targeting compound, medronate, and the chemotherapeutic, JQ1, delivered using HAp, but not HAp alone, inhibited OS cell migration from the tumor spheroids. JQ1 delivered using HAp had an effect on tumor migration, invasion, and apoptosis even at extremely low, subnanomolar concentrations, at which no effect of JQ1 per se was observed, meaning that this form of delivery could help achieve a multifold increase of this drug's efficacy. More than 80% of OS cells internalized JQ1-loaded HAp nanoparticles after 24 h of coincubation, suggesting that this augmentation of the activity of JQ1 may be due to the intracellular delivery and sustained release of the drug enabled by HAp. In addition to the reduction of the OS cell viability, the reduction of the migration and invasion radii was observed in OS tumor spheroids challenged with even JQ1-free medronate-functionalized HAp nanoparticles, demonstrating a definite anticancer activity of medronate alone when combined with HAp. The effect of medronate-functionalized JQ1-loaded HAp nanoparticles was most noticeable against OS cells differentiated into an osteoblastic lineage, in which case they surpassed in effect pure JQ1 and medronate-free compositions. The activity of JQ1 was mediated through increased Ezrin expression and decreased RUNX2 expression and was MYC and FOSL1 independent, but these patterns of gene expression changed in cells challenged with the nanoparticulate form of delivery, having been accompanied by the upregulation of RUNX2 and downregulation of Ezrin in OS cells treated with medronate-functionalized JQ1-loaded HAp nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Wu
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, California 92618-1908, United States
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7052, United States
| | - Jarrett Mickens
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7052, United States
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, California 92618-1908, United States
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7052, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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17
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Bellanger A, Donini CF, Vendrell JA, Lavaud J, Machuca-Gayet I, Ruel M, Vollaire J, Grisard E, Győrffy B, Bièche I, Peyruchaud O, Coll JL, Treilleux I, Maguer-Satta V, Josserand V, Cohen PA. The critical role of the ZNF217 oncogene in promoting breast cancer metastasis to the bone. J Pathol 2017; 242:73-89. [PMID: 28207159 DOI: 10.1002/path.4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis affects >70% of patients with advanced breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. On the basis of analysis of clinical datasets, and in vitro and in vivo experiments, we report that the ZNF217 oncogene is a crucial mediator and indicator of bone metastasis. Patients with high ZNF217 mRNA expression levels in primary breast tumours had a higher risk of developing bone metastases. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells stably transfected with ZNF217 (MDA-MB-231-ZNF217) showed the dysregulated expression of a set of genes with bone-homing and metastasis characteristics, which overlapped with two previously described 'osteolytic bone metastasis' gene signatures, while also highlighting the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. The latter was activated in MDA-MB-231-ZNF217 cells, and its silencing by inhibitors (Noggin and LDN-193189) was sufficient to rescue ZNF217-dependent cell migration, invasion or chemotaxis towards the bone environment. Finally, by using non-invasive multimodal in vivo imaging, we found that ZNF217 increases the metastatic growth rate in the bone and accelerates the development of severe osteolytic lesions. Altogether, the findings of this study highlight ZNF217 as an indicator of the emergence of breast cancer bone metastasis; future therapies targeting ZNF217 and/or the BMP signalling pathway may be beneficial by preventing the development of bone metastases. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bellanger
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Caterina F Donini
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Unité Cancer et Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Julie A Vendrell
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Lavaud
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM, Unit 1033 (Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est), Lyon, France
| | - Maëva Ruel
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Vollaire
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Grisard
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Second Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM, Unit 1033 (Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est), Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Véronique Maguer-Satta
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Josserand
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale A Cohen
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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18
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Ren L, Mendoza A, Zhu J, Briggs JW, Halsey C, Hong ES, Burkett SS, Morrow J, Lizardo MM, Osborne T, Li SQ, Luu HH, Meltzer P, Khanna C. Characterization of the metastatic phenotype of a panel of established osteosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29469-81. [PMID: 26320182 PMCID: PMC4745740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in pediatric patients. Metastasis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The rarity of this disease coupled with the challenges of drug development for metastatic cancers have slowed the delivery of improvements in long-term outcomes for these patients. In this study, we collected 18 OS cell lines, confirmed their expression of bone markers and complex karyotypes, and characterized their in vivo tumorgenicity and metastatic potential. Since prior reports included conflicting descriptions of the metastatic and in vivo phenotypes of these models, there was a need for a comparative assessment of metastatic phenotypes using identical procedures in the hands of a single investigative group. We expect that this single characterization will accelerate the study of this metastatic cancer. Using these models we evaluated the expression of six previously reported metastasis-related OS genes. Ezrin was the only gene consistently differentially expressed in all the pairs of high/low metatstatic OS cells. We then used a subtractive gene expression approach of the high and low human metastatic cells to identify novel genes that may be involved in OS metastasis. PHLDA1 (pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A) was identified as one of the genes more highly expressed in the high metastatic compared to low metastatic cells. Knocking down PHLDA1 with siRNA or shRNA resulted in down regulation of the activities of MAPKs (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Reducing the expression of PHLDA1 also delayed OS metastasis progression in mouse xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ren
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Zhu
- Genetic Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph W Briggs
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Halsey
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen S Hong
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra S Burkett
- Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Morrow
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanasa Osborne
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel Q Li
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago, Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetic Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Sun W, Ma X, Shen J, Yin F, Wang C, Cai Z. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed pathways related to the metastatic characteristics of osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:466-74. [PMID: 27353415 PMCID: PMC4935462 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, gene expression data of osteosarcoma (OSA) were analyzed to identify metastasis-related biological pathways. Four gene expression data sets (GSE21257, GSE9508, GSE49003 and GSE66673) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). An analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed using the Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) method. Gene expression levels were converted into scores of pathways by the Functional Analysis of Individual Microarray Expression (FAIME) algorithm and the differentially expressed pathways (DEPs) were then disclosed by a t-test. The distinguishing and prediction ability of the DEPs for metastatic and non-metastatic OSA was further confirmed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and 3 gene expression data sets (GSE9508, GSE49003 and GSE66673) based on the support vector machines (SVM) model. A total of 616 downregulated and 681 upregulated genes were identified in the data set, GSE21257. The DEGs could not be used to distinguish metastatic OSA from non-metastatic OSA, as shown by PCA. Thus, an analysis of DEPs was further performed, resulting in 14 DEPs, such as NRAS signaling, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) regulation of cytokines and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-mediated interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) activation. Cluster analysis indicated that these pathways could be used to distinguish between metastatic OSA from non-metastatic OSA. The prediction accuracy was 91, 66.7 and 87.5% for the data sets, GSE9508, GSE49003 and GSE66673, respectively. The results of PCA further validated that the DEPs could be used to distinguish metastatic OSA from non-metastatic OSA. On the whole, several DEPs were identified in metastatic OSA compared with non-metastatic OSA. Further studies on these pathways and relevant genes may help to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis and may thus aid in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jiakang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | | | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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20
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MicroRNAs in the pathobiology of sarcomas. J Transl Med 2015; 95:987-94. [PMID: 26121318 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors. The last decade has witnessed extensive efforts to understand the pathobiology of many aggressive sarcoma types. In parallel, we have also begun to unravel the complex gene regulation processes mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in sarcomas and other cancers, discovering that microRNAs have critical roles in the majority of both oncogenic and tumor suppressor signaling networks. Expression profiles and a greater understanding of the biologic roles of microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs have considerably expanded our current knowledge and provided key pathobiological insights into many sarcomas, and helped identify novel therapeutic targets. The limited number of sarcoma patients in each sarcoma type and their heterogeneity pose distinct challenges in translating this knowledge into the clinic. It will be critical to prioritize these novel targets and choose those that have a broad applicability. A small group of microRNAs have conserved roles across many types of sarcomas and other cancers. Therapies that target these key microRNA-gene signaling and regulatory networks, in combination with standard of care treatment, may be the pivotal component in significantly improving treatment outcomes in patients with sarcoma or other cancers.
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Genomic instability of osteosarcoma cell lines in culture: impact on the prediction of metastasis relevant genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125611. [PMID: 25992885 PMCID: PMC4438062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is a rare but highly malignant cancer of the bone. As a consequence, the number of established cell lines used for experimental in vitro and in vivo osteosarcoma research is limited and the value of these cell lines relies on their stability during culture. Here we investigated the stability in gene expression by microarray analysis and array genomic hybridization of three low metastatic cell lines and derivatives thereof with increased metastatic potential using cells of different passages. Principal Findings The osteosarcoma cell lines showed altered gene expression during in vitro culture, and it was more pronounced in two metastatic cell lines compared to the respective parental cells. Chromosomal instability contributed in part to the altered gene expression in SAOS and LM5 cells with low and high metastatic potential. To identify metastasis-relevant genes in a background of passage-dependent altered gene expression, genes involved in "Pathways in cancer" that were consistently regulated under all passage comparisons were evaluated. Genes belonging to "Hedgehog signaling pathway" and "Wnt signaling pathway" were significantly up-regulated, and IHH, WNT10B and TCF7 were found up-regulated in all three metastatic compared to the parental cell lines. Conclusions Considerable instability during culture in terms of gene expression and chromosomal aberrations was observed in osteosarcoma cell lines. The use of cells from different passages and a search for genes consistently regulated in early and late passages allows the analysis of metastasis-relevant genes despite the observed instability in gene expression in osteosarcoma cell lines during culture.
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de Sá Rodrigues LC, Holmes KE, Thompson V, Newton MA, Stein TJ. Tumourigenic canine osteosarcoma cell lines associated with frizzled-6 up-regulation and enhanced side population cell frequency. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:78-93. [PMID: 25689105 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An increased serum alkaline phosphatase concentration is known to be associated with a negative prognosis in canine and human osteosarcoma. To expand upon previous studies regarding the biological relevance of increased serum alkaline phosphatase as a negative prognostic factor, xenogeneic heterotopic transplants were performed using six canine primary osteosarcoma cell lines generated from patients with differing serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations (three normal and three increased). Three of the six cell lines were capable of generating tumours and tumour formation was independent of the serum alkaline phosphatase status of the cell line. Microarray analysis identified 379 genes as being differentially expressed between the tumourigenic and non-tumourigenic cell lines. Frizzled-6 was upregulated to the greatest extent (7.78-fold) in tumourigenic cell lines compared with non-tumourigenic cell lines. Frizzled-6, a co-receptor for Wnt ligands has been associated with enhanced tumour-initiating cells and poor prognosis for other tumours. The increased expression of frizzled-6 was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) and Western blot analysis. Additionally, the tumourigenic cell lines also had an increase in the percentage of side population cells compared with non-tumourigenic cell lines (5.89% versus 1.58%, respectively). There were no differences in tumourigenicity, frizzled-6 or percentage of side population cells noted between osteosarcoma cell lines generated from patients of differing serum alkaline phosphatase concentration. However, to our knowledge this is the first study to identified frizzled-6 as a possible marker of osteosarcoma cell populations with enhanced tumourigenicity and side population cells. Future work will focus on defining the role of frizzled-6 in osteosarcoma tumourigenesis and tumour-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C de Sá Rodrigues
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K E Holmes
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - V Thompson
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M A Newton
- Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T J Stein
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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NKD2, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in osteosarcoma. Oncogene 2015; 34:5069-79. [PMID: 25579177 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent pediatric malignant bone tumor that has a high propensity for metastases. Through osteoblast-specific alteration of p53 status, we developed a genetically engineered mouse model of localized and metastatic OS to gain an understanding into the molecular pathogenesis of OS. Microarray analysis of both localized tumors and metastatic tumors identified the downregulation of the naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2) gene, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Overexpression of NKD2 in metastatic human and mouse OS cells significantly decreases cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability in vitro and drastically diminishes OS tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, whereas downregulation enhances migratory and invasive potential. Evaluation of NKD2-overexpressing tumors revealed upregulation of tumor-suppressor genes and downregulation of molecules involved in blood vessel formation and cell migration. Furthermore, assessment of primary human OS revealed downregulation of NKD2 in metastatic and recurrent OS. Finally, we provide biological evidence that use of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Wnt pathway can have therapeutic efficacy in decreasing metastatic properties in OS. Our studies provide compelling evidence that downregulation of NKD2 expression and alterations in associated regulated pathways have a significant role in driving OS tumor growth and metastasis.
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Reduced Latency in the Metastatic Niche Contributes to the More Aggressive Phenotype of LM8 Compared to Dunn Osteosarcoma Cells. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:404962. [PMID: 24369449 PMCID: PMC3867932 DOI: 10.1155/2013/404962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death of osteosarcoma patients and its diagnosis remains difficult. In preclinical studies, however, forced expression of reporter genes in osteosarcoma cells has remarkably improved the detection of micrometastases and, consequently, the quality of the studies. We recently showed that Dunn cells equipped with a lacZ reporter gene disseminated from subcutaneous primary tumors as frequently as their highly metastatic subline LM8, but only LM8 cells grew to macrometastases. In the present time-course study, tail-vein-injected Dunn and LM8 cells settled within 24 h at the same frequency in the lung, liver, and kidney of mice. Furthermore, Dunn cells also grew to macrometastases, but, compared to LM8, with a delay of two weeks in lung and one week in liver and kidney tissue, consistent with prolonged survival of the mice. Dunn- and LM8-cell-derived ovary and spine metastases occurred less frequently. In vitro, Dunn cells showed less invasiveness and stronger contact inhibition and intercellular adhesion than LM8 cells and several cancer- and dormancy-related genes were differentially expressed. In conclusion, Dunn cells, compared to LM8, have a similar capability but a longer latency to form macrometastases and provide an interesting new experimental system to study tumor cell dormancy.
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