1
|
Tournier AL, Bonamin LV, Buchheim-Schmidt S, Cartwright S, Dombrowsky C, Doesburg P, Holandino C, Kokornaczyk MO, van de Kraats EB, López-Carvallo JA, Nandy P, Mazón-Suástegui JM, Mirzajani F, Poitevin B, Scherr C, Thieves K, Würtenberger S, Baumgartner S. Scientific guidelines for preclinical research on potentised preparations manufactured according to current pharmacopoeias-the PrePoP guidelines. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024:S2095-4964(24)00341-8. [PMID: 39013752 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacopoeias regulate the manufacture of potentised pharmaceutical preparations used in different branches of complementary and integrative medicine. The physicochemical properties and biological activity of these preparations are often investigated in preclinical research, yet no guidelines for experimental research currently exist in this area. The present PrePoP guidelines aim to provide recommendations to promote high-quality, statistically sound, and reproducible preclinical research on potentised preparations. METHODS Input was gathered from researchers nominated by the relevant scientific societies using a simplified Delphi consensus approach covering the most relevant aspects of basic research methodology in the field including appropriate controls, sample preparation and handling, and statistics. After three rounds of feedback, a consensus was finally reached on the most important aspects and considerations for conducting high-quality research on potentised preparations. RESULTS We present a series of recommendations on a range of topics including experimental controls, system stability, blinding and randomisation, environmental influences, and procedures for the preparation of potentised samples and controls, and we address some specific challenges of this research field. CONCLUSION This expert consensus process resulted in a robust set of methodological guidelines for research on potentised preparations and provides a valuable framework that will inform and improve the quality of subsequent research in this emerging field. PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS Tournier AL, Bonamin LV, Buchheim-Schmidt S, Cartwright S, Dombrowsky C, Doesburg P, Holandino C, Kokornaczyk MO, van de Kraats EB, López-Carvallo JA, Nandy P, Mazón-Suástegui JM, Mirzajani F, Poitevin B, Scherr C, Thieves K, Würtenberger S, Baumgartner S. Scientific guidelines for preclinical research on potentised preparations manufactured according to current pharmacopoeias-the PrePoP guidelines. J Integr Med. 2024; Epub ahead of print.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Tournier
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; Homeopathy Research Institute, London SW7 4EF, United Kingdom.
| | - Leoni V Bonamin
- Graduate Program on Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 01504-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susann Buchheim-Schmidt
- Department of Medical Science, Deutsche Homöopathie-Union DHU-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, 76227 Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Steven Cartwright
- Cherwell Laboratory for Fundamental Research in Homeopathy, Oxford OX2 8NU, Oxforeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Dombrowsky
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Doesburg
- Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Research Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carla Holandino
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Olga Kokornaczyk
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Research Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jesús Antonio López-Carvallo
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1790437 Coquimbo, Elqui, Chile
| | - Papiya Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, West Bengal 700068, West Bengal, India
| | - José Manuel Mazón-Suástegui
- Laboratorio de Homeopatía Acuícola y Semillas Marinas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Fateme Mirzajani
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Knowledge University, 44001 Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Claudia Scherr
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Research Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Thieves
- Sola Salus, Institute for Homeopathic Research, 52511 Geilenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Awada C, Saporito AF, Zelikoff JT, Klein CB. E-Cigarette Exposure Alters Neuroinflammation Gene and Protein Expression in a Murine Model: Insights from Perinatally Exposed Offspring and Post-Birth Mothers. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:322. [PMID: 38540381 PMCID: PMC10970539 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of E-cigarettes, often considered a safer alternative to traditional smoking, has been associated with high rates of cellular toxicity, genetic alterations, and inflammation. Neuroinflammatory impacts of cigarette smoking during pregnancy have been associated with increased risks of adverse childhood health outcomes; however, it is still relatively unknown if the same propensity is conferred on offspring by maternal vaping during gestation. Results from our previous mouse inhalation studies suggest such a connection. In this earlier study, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed daily to inhaled E-cig aerosols (i.e., propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, [PG/VG]), with or without nicotine (16 mg/mL) by whole-body inhalation throughout gestation (3 h/d; 5 d/week; total ~3-week) and continuing postnatally from post-natal day (PND) 4-21. As neuroinflammation is involved in the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis and weight gain, this study aimed to explore genes associated with these pathways in 1-mo.-old offspring (equivalent in humans to 12-18 years of age). Results in the offspring demonstrated a significant increase in glucose metabolism protein levels in both treatment groups compared to filtered air controls. Gene expression analysis in the hypothalamus of 1 mo. old offspring exposed perinatally to E-cig aerosols, with and without nicotine, revealed significantly increased gene expression changes in multiple genes associated with neuroinflammation. In a second proof-of-principal parallel study employing the same experimental design, we shifted our focus to the hippocampus of the postpartum mothers. We targeted the mRNA levels of several neurotrophic factors (NTFs) indicative of neuroinflammation. While there were suggestive changes in mRNA expression in this study, levels failed to reach statistical significance. These studies highlight the need for ongoing research on E-cig-induced alterations in neuroinflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Awada
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (A.F.S.); (J.T.Z.); (C.B.K.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamre HJ, Glockmann A, von Ammon K, Riley DS, Kiene H. Efficacy of homoeopathic treatment: Systematic review of meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled homoeopathy trials for any indication. Syst Rev 2023; 12:191. [PMID: 37805577 PMCID: PMC10559431 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Since 1997, several meta-analyses (MAs) of placebo-controlled randomised efficacy trials of homoeopathy for any indication (PRETHAIs) have been published with different methods, results and conclusions. To date, a formal assessment of these MAs has not been performed. The main objective of this systematic review of MAs of PRETHAIs was to evaluate the efficacy of homoeopathic treatment. METHODS The inclusion criteria were as follows: MAs of PRETHAIs in humans; all ages, countries, settings, publication languages; and MAs published from 1 Jan. 1990 to 30 Apr. 2023. The exclusion criteria were as follows: systematic reviews without MAs; MAs restricted to age or gender groups, specific indications, or specific homoeopathic treatments; and MAs that did not assess efficacy. We searched 8 electronic databases up to 14 Dec. 2020, with an update search in 6 databases up to 30 April 2023. The primary outcome was the effect estimate for all included trials in each MA and after restricting the sample to trials with high methodological quality, according to predefined criteria. The risk of bias for each MA was assessed by the ROBIS (Risk Of Bias In Systematic reviews) tool. The quality of evidence was assessed by the GRADE framework. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the proportion of MAs showing a significant positive effect of homoeopathy vs. no significant difference. RESULTS Six MAs were included, covering individualised homoeopathy (I-HOM, n = 2), nonindividualised homoeopathy (NI-HOM, n = 1) and all homoeopathy types (ALL-HOM = I-HOM + NI-HOM, n = 3). The MAs comprised between 16 and 110 trials, and the included trials were published from 1943-2014. The median trial sample size ranged from 45 to 97 patients. The risk of bias (low/unclear/high) was rated as low for three MAs and high for three MAs. Effect estimates for all trials in each MA showed a significant positive effect of homoeopathy compared to placebo (5 of 5 MAs, no data in 1 MA). Sensitivity analyses with sample restriction to high-quality trials were available from 4 MAs; the effect remained significant in 3 of the MAs (2 MAs assessed ALL-HOM, 1 MA assessed I-HOM) and was no longer significant in 1 MA (which assessed NI-HOM). DISCUSSION The quality of evidence for positive effects of homoeopathy beyond placebo (high/moderate/low/very low) was high for I-HOM and moderate for ALL-HOM and NI-HOM. There was no support for the alternative hypothesis of no outcome difference between homoeopathy and placebo. The available MAs of PRETHAIs reveal significant positive effects of homoeopathy beyond placebo. This is in accordance with laboratory experiments showing partially replicable effects of homoeopathically potentised preparations in physico-chemical, in vitro, plant-based and animal-based test systems. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020209661. The protocol for this SR was finalised and submitted on 25 Nov. 2020 and registered on 26 Dec. 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Hamre
- Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology at Witten/Herdecke University (IFAEMM), Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Health, Department of Medicine, Chair of Medical Theory, Integrative and Anthroposophic Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - A Glockmann
- Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology at Witten/Herdecke University (IFAEMM), Freiburg, Germany
| | - K von Ammon
- Faculty of Health, Department of Medicine, Chair of Medical Theory, Integrative and Anthroposophic Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - D S Riley
- Maryland University of Integrative Health (MUIH), Laurel, MD, USA
- Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States (HPCUS), Southeastern, PA, USA
| | - H Kiene
- Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology at Witten/Herdecke University (IFAEMM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Health, Department of Medicine, Chair of Medical Theory, Integrative and Anthroposophic Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bellavite P, Bonafini C, Marzotto M. Experimental neuropharmacology of Gelsemium sempervirens: Recent advances and debated issues. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 9:69-74. [PMID: 29428604 PMCID: PMC5884012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsemium sempervirens L. (Gelsemium) is traditionally used for its anxiolytic-like properties and its action mechanism in laboratory models are under scrutiny. Evidence from rodent models was reported suggesting the existence of a high sensitivity of central nervous system to anxiolytic power of Gelsemium extracts and Homeopathic dilutions. In vitro investigation of extremely low doses of this plant extract showed a modulation of gene expression of human neurocytes. These studies were criticized in a few commentaries, generated a debate in literature and were followed by further experimental studies from various laboratories. Toxic doses of Gelsemium cause neurological signs characterized by marked weakness and convulsions, while ultra-low doses or high Homeopathic dilutions counteract seizures induced by lithium and pilocarpine, decrease anxiety after stress and increases the anti-stress allopregnanolone hormone, through glycine receptors. Low (non-Homeopathic) doses of this plant or its alkaloids decrease neuropathic pain and c-Fos expression in mice brain and oxidative stress. Due to the complexity of the matter, several aspects deserve interpretation and the main controversial topics, with a focus on the issues of high dilution pharmacology, are discussed and clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Clara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Van Wassenhoven M, Goyens M, Henry M, Capieaux E, Devos P. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance characterization of traditional homeopathically manufactured copper ( Cuprum metallicum ) and plant ( Gelsemium sempervirens ) medicines and controls. HOMEOPATHY 2017; 106:223-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Tournier AL, Roberts ER. Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: HRI's second international research conference in Rome. HOMEOPATHY 2016; 105:3-7. [PMID: 26827995 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rome, 3rd-5th June 2015, was the setting for the Homeopathy Research Institute's (HRI) second conference with the theme 'Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy'. Attended by over 250 delegates from 39 countries, this event provided an intense two and a half day programme of presentations and a forum for the sharing of ideas and the creation of international scientific collaborations. With 35 oral presentations from leaders in the field, the scientific calibre of the programme was high and the content diverse. This report summarises the key themes underpinning the cutting edge data presented by the speakers, including six key-note presentations, covering advancements in both basic and clinical research. Given the clear commitment of the global homeopathic community to high quality research, the resounding success of both Barcelona 2013 and Rome 2015 HRI conferences, and the dedicated support of colleagues, the HRI moves confidently forward towards the next biennial conference.
Collapse
|
7
|
Replications of fundamental research models in ultra high dilutions 1994 and 2015--update on a bibliometric study. HOMEOPATHY 2015; 104:234-45. [PMID: 26678723 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper focuses exclusively on experimental models with ultra high dilutions (i.e. beyond 10(-23)) that have been submitted to replication scrutiny. It updates previous surveys, considers suggestions made by the research community and compares the state of replication in 1994 with that in 2015. METHODS Following literature research, biochemical, immunological, botanical, cell biological and zoological studies on ultra high dilutions (potencies) were included. Reports were grouped into initial studies, laboratory-internal, multicentre and external replications. Repetition could yield either comparable, or zero, or opposite results. The null-hypothesis was that test and control groups would not be distinguishable (zero effect). RESULTS A total of 126 studies were found. From these, 28 were initial studies. When all 98 replicative studies were considered, 70.4% (i.e. 69) reported a result comparable to that of the initial study, 20.4% (20) zero effect and 9.2% (9) an opposite result. Both for the studies until 1994 and the studies 1995-2015 the null-hypothesis (dominance of zero results) should be rejected. Furthermore, the odds of finding a comparable result are generally higher than of finding an opposite result. Although this is true for all three types of replication studies, the fraction of comparable studies diminishes from laboratory-internal (total 82.9%) to multicentre (total 75%) to external (total 48.3%), while the fraction of opposite results was 4.9%, 10.7% and 13.8%. Furthermore, it became obvious that the probability of an external replication producing comparable results is bigger for models that had already been further scrutinized by the initial researchers. CONCLUSIONS We found 28 experimental models which underwent replication. In total, 24 models were replicated with comparable results, 12 models with zero effect, and 6 models with opposite results. Five models were externally reproduced with comparable results. We encourage further replications of studies in order to learn more about the model systems used.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bonamin LV, Cardoso TN, Cunha de Carvalho A, Amaral JG. The use of animal models in homeopathic research – a review of 2010–2014 PubMed indexed papers. HOMEOPATHY 2015; 104:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
9
|
Estores IM, Frye J. Healing Environments: Integrative Medicine and Palliative Care in Acute Care Settings. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2015; 27:369-82. [PMID: 26333757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional medicine is excellent at saving lives; however, it has little to offer to address the physical, mental, and emotional distress associated with life-threatening or life-limiting disease. An integrative approach to palliative care in acute care settings can meet this need by creating healing environments that support patients, families, and health care professionals. Mindful use of language enhances the innate healing response, improves communication, and invites patients and families to participate in their care. Staff should be offered access to skills training to cultivate compassion and mindful practice to enhance both patient and self-care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Estores
- Integrative Medicine Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Joyce Frye
- Pharmacopeia Revision Committee, Homeopathic Pharmacopeia Convention of the United States, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marzotto M, Olioso D, Bellavite P. Gene expression and highly diluted molecules. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:237. [PMID: 25429268 PMCID: PMC4228849 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marzotto
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Debora Olioso
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Bellavite
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bellavite P, Marzotto M, Olioso D, Moratti E, Conforti A. High-dilution effects revisited. 1. Physicochemical aspects. HOMEOPATHY 2014; 103:4-21. [PMID: 24439452 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that homeopathic high dilutions (HDs) can effectively have a pharmacological action, and so cannot be considered merely placebos. However, until now there has been no unified explanation for these observations within the dominant paradigm of the dose-response effect. Here the possible scenarios for the physicochemical nature of HDs are reviewed. A number of theoretical and experimental approaches, including quantum physics, conductometric and spectroscopic measurements, thermoluminescence, and model simulations investigated the peculiar features of diluted/succussed solutions. The heterogeneous composition of water could be affected by interactive phenomena such as coherence, epitaxy and formation of colloidal nanobubbles containing gaseous inclusions of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, silica and, possibly, the original material of the remedy. It is likely that the molecules of active substance act as nucleation centres, amplifying the formation of supramolecular structures and imparting order to the solvent. Three major models for how this happens are currently being investigated: the water clusters or clathrates, the coherent domains postulated by quantum electrodynamics, and the formation of nanoparticles from the original solute plus solvent components. Other theoretical approaches based on quantum entanglement and on fractal-type self-organization of water clusters are more speculative and hypothetical. The problem of the physicochemical nature of HDs is still far from to be clarified but current evidence strongly supports the notion that the structuring of water and its solutes at the nanoscale can play a key role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Debora Olioso
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moratti
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Anita Conforti
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Piazza L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bell IR, Sarter B, Koithan M, Banerji P, Banerji P, Jain S, Ives J. Integrative nanomedicine: treating cancer with nanoscale natural products. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:36-53. [PMID: 24753994 PMCID: PMC3921611 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2013.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding safer and more effective treatments for specific cancers remains a significant challenge for integrative clinicians and researchers worldwide. One emerging strategy is the use of nanostructured forms of drugs, vaccines, traditional animal venoms, herbs, and nutraceutical agents in cancer treatment. The recent discovery of nanoparticles in traditional homeopathic medicines adds another point of convergence between modern nanomedicine and alternative interventional strategies. A way in which homeopathic remedies could initiate anticancer effects includes cell-to-cell signaling actions of both exogenous and endogenous (exosome) nanoparticles. The result can be a cascade of modulatory biological events with antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. The Banerji Protocols reflect a multigenerational clinical system developed by homeopathic physicians in India who have treated thousands of patients with cancer. A number of homeopathic remedy sources from the Banerji Protocols (eg, Calcarea phosphorica; Carcinosin-tumor-derived breast cancer tissue prepared homeopathically) overlap those already under study in nonhomeopathic nanoparticle and nanovesicle tumor exosome cancer vaccine research. Past research on antineoplastic effects of nano forms of botanical extracts such as Phytolacca, Gelsemium, Hydrastis, Thuja, and Ruta as well as on homeopathic remedy potencies made from the same types of source materials suggests other important overlaps. The replicated finding of silica, silicon, and nano-silica release from agitation of liquids in glassware adds a proven nonspecific activator and amplifier of immunological effects. Taken together, the nanoparticulate research data and the Banerji Protocols for homeopathic remedies in cancer suggest a way forward for generating advances in cancer treatment with natural product-derived nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris R Bell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson (Dr Bell), United States
| | - Barbara Sarter
- Hahn School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of San Diego, California, and Bastyr University - California (Dr Sarter), United States
| | - Mary Koithan
- College of Nursing, The University of Arizona (Drs Koithan), United States
| | | | - Pratip Banerji
- PBH Research Foundation, Kolkata, India (Drs Banerji), India
| | - Shamini Jain
- Samueli Institute, Alexandria, Virginia (Dr Jain), United States
| | - John Ives
- Samueli Institute, Alexandria, Virginia (Dr Ives), United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Olioso D, Marzotto M, Moratti E, Brizzi M, Bellavite P. Effects of Gelsemium sempervirens L. on pathway-focused gene expression profiling in neuronal cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:535-539. [PMID: 24613275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gelsemium sempervirens L. is a traditional medicinal plant mainly distributed in the southeastern of the United States, employed in phytotheraphy and homeopathy as nervous system relaxant to treat various types of anxiety, pain, headache and other ailments. Although animal models showed its effectiveness, the mechanisms by which it might operate on the nervous system are largely unknown. This study investigated for the first time by a real-time PCR technique (RT-PCR Array) the gene expression of a panel of human neurotransmitter receptors and regulators, involved in neuronal excitatory signaling, on a neurocyte cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed for 24h to Gelsemium sempervirens at 2c and 9c dilutions (i.e. 2 and 9-fold centesimal dilutions from mother tincture) and the gene expression profile compared to that of cells treated with control vehicle solutions. RESULTS Exposure to the Gelsemium sempervirens 2c dilution, containing a nanomolar concentration of active principle gelsemine, induced a down-regulation of most genes of this array. In particular, the treated cells showed a statistically significant decrease of the prokineticin receptor 2, whose ligand is a neuropeptide involved in nociception, anxiety and depression-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicate a negative modulation trend in neuronal excitatory signaling, which can suggest new working hypotheses on the anxiolytic and analgesic action of this plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Olioso
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Moratti
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Brizzi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marzotto M, Olioso D, Brizzi M, Tononi P, Cristofoletti M, Bellavite P. Extreme sensitivity of gene expression in human SH-SY5Y neurocytes to ultra-low doses of Gelsemium sempervirens. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:104. [PMID: 24642002 PMCID: PMC3999908 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Gelsemium sempervirens L. (Gelsemium s.) is a traditional medicinal plant, employed as an anxiolytic at ultra-low doses and animal models recently confirmed this activity. However the mechanisms by which it might operate on the nervous system are largely unknown. This work investigates the gene expression of a human neurocyte cell line treated with increasing dilutions of Gelsemium s. extract. Methods Starting from the crude extract, six 100 × (centesimal, c) dilutions of Gelsemium s. (2c, 3c, 4c, 5c, 9c and 30c) were prepared according to the French homeopathic pharmacopoeia. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed for 24 h to test dilutions, and their transcriptome compared by microarray to that of cells treated with control vehicle solutions. Results Exposure to the Gelsemium s. 2c dilution (the highest dose employed, corresponding to a gelsemine concentration of 6.5 × 10-9 M) significantly changed the expression of 56 genes, of which 49 were down-regulated and 7 were overexpressed. Several of the down-regulated genes belonged to G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways, calcium homeostasis, inflammatory response and neuropeptide receptors. Fisher exact test, applied to the group of 49 genes down-regulated by Gelsemium s. 2c, showed that the direction of effects was significantly maintained across the treatment with high homeopathic dilutions, even though the size of the differences was distributed in a small range. Conclusions The study shows that Gelsemium s., a medicinal plant used in traditional remedies and homeopathy, modulates a series of genes involved in neuronal function. A small, but statistically significant, response was detected even to very low doses/high dilutions (up to 30c), indicating that the human neurocyte genome is extremely sensitive to this regulation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bellavite P, Marzotto M, Conforti A. Scientific criticism in homoeopathy: need to test more than disputes. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68:403-4. [PMID: 24588949 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Bellavite
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jin GL, Su YP, Liu M, Xu Y, Yang J, Liao KJ, Yu CX. Medicinal plants of the genus Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae, Gentianales)--a review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:33-52. [PMID: 24434844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the genus Gelsemium, Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Champ.) Benth. has been recognized as a toxic plant that is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid pain, neuropathic pain, spasticity, skin ulcers and cancers for many years. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil. has been used since the nineteenth century in homeopathy for treating anxiety, neuralgia, migraine and spasmodic disorders, such as asthma and whooping cough in North America. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of medicinal plants in the genus Gelsemium. The overall objective is to explore the evidence supporting its ethnopharmacological effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature survey was performed by searching the scientific databases Pubmed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Scopus, Web of Science and the Chinese CNKI, in addition to traditional Chinese medicine and homeopathic texts for information on Gelsemium. RESULTS Plants of the genus Gelsemium have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of migraines, neuralgia, sciatica, cancer and various types of sores. Studies into the phytochemical composition of this genus have shown that all of the species are rich sources of monoterpene indole alkaloids and that they have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their markedly diverse and complex architecture. To date, a total of 121 alkaloids have been isolated and identified from the genus. The crude extracts, as well as the monomeric compounds, from the genus possess anti-tumor, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating pharmacological activities. CONCLUSION It is evident from the available literature that Gelsemium species possess potential for use as a beneficial therapeutic remedy. However, the analysis of previous pharmacological research suggests that a clear assignment of active molecules and mechanisms of action is remain lacking. Due to their high toxicity, the studies available on toxicity and safety are inadequate for providing information on clinical utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Jun Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Xi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bellavite P, Marzotto M, Olioso D, Moratti E, Conforti A. High-dilution effects revisited. 2. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms. HOMEOPATHY 2014; 103:22-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Chirumbolo S. Bias and adverse effects of homeopathy: is scientific criticism in homeopathy a "mission impossible"? Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67:923-6. [PMID: 23952470 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
19
|
Testing the nanoparticle-allostatic cross-adaptation-sensitization model for homeopathic remedy effects. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 102:66-81. [PMID: 23290882 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Key concepts of the Nanoparticle-Allostatic Cross-Adaptation-Sensitization (NPCAS) Model for the action of homeopathic remedies in living systems include source nanoparticles as low level environmental stressors, heterotypic hormesis, cross-adaptation, allostasis (stress response network), time-dependent sensitization with endogenous amplification and bidirectional change, and self-organizing complex adaptive systems. The model accommodates the requirement for measurable physical agents in the remedy (source nanoparticles and/or source adsorbed to silica nanoparticles). Hormetic adaptive responses in the organism, triggered by nanoparticles; bipolar, metaplastic change, dependent on the history of the organism. Clinical matching of the patient's symptom picture, including modalities, to the symptom pattern that the source material can cause (cross-adaptation and cross-sensitization). Evidence for nanoparticle-related quantum macro-entanglement in homeopathic pathogenetic trials. This paper examines research implications of the model, discussing the following hypotheses: Variability in nanoparticle size, morphology, and aggregation affects remedy properties and reproducibility of findings. Homeopathic remedies modulate adaptive allostatic responses, with multiple dynamic short- and long-term effects. Simillimum remedy nanoparticles, as novel mild stressors corresponding to the organism's dysfunction initiate time-dependent cross-sensitization, reversing the direction of dysfunctional reactivity to environmental stressors. The NPCAS model suggests a way forward for systematic research on homeopathy. The central proposition is that homeopathic treatment is a form of nanomedicine acting by modulation of endogenous adaptation and metaplastic amplification processes in the organism to enhance long-term systemic resilience and health.
Collapse
|