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Ma X, Wang Q, Xu X, Zhang W, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Wang X, Man C. miR-214-PTEN pathway is a potential mechanism for stress-induced immunosuppression affecting chicken immune response to avian influenza virus vaccine. Virology 2024; 595:110094. [PMID: 38692133 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Stress-induced immunosuppression (SIIS) is one of common problems in the intensive poultry industry, affecting the effect of vaccine immunization and leading to high incidences of diseases. In this study, the expression characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of miR-214 in the processes of SIIS and its influence on the immune response to avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine in chicken were explored. The qRT-PCR results showed that serum circulating miR-214 was significantly differentially expressed (especially on 2, 5, and 28 days post immunization (dpi)) in the processes, so had the potential as a molecular marker. MiR-214 expressions from multiple tissues were closely associated with the changes in circulating miR-214 expression levels. MiR-214-PTEN regulatory network was a potential key regulatory mechanism for the heart, bursa of Fabricius, and glandular stomach to participate in the process of SIIS affecting AIV immune response. This study can provide references for further understanding of stress affecting immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Qiuyuan Wang
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Chaolai Man
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
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2
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Niu X, Hu C, Chen S, Wen J, Liu X, Yong Y, Yu Z, Ma X, Li C, Warda M, Abd El-Aty AM, Gooneratne R, Ju X. Chitosan-gentamicin conjugate attenuates heat stress-induced intestinal barrier injury via the TLR4/STAT6/MYLK signaling pathway: In vitro and in vivo studies. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121279. [PMID: 37739521 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has a negative impact on animal health. A modified chitosan-gentamicin conjugate (CS-GT) was prepared to investigate its potential protective effects and mechanism of action on heat stress-induced intestinal mucosa injury in IPEC-J2 cells and mouse 3D intestinal organs in a mouse model. CS-GT significantly (P < 0.01) reversed the decline in transmembrane resistance and increased the FITC-dextran permeability of the IPEC-J2 monolayer fusion epithelium caused by heat stress. Heat stress decreased the expression of the tight binding proteins occludin, claudin1, and claudin2. However, pretreatment with CS-GT significantly increased (P < 0.01) the expression of these tight binding proteins. Mechanistically, CS-GT inhibited the activation of the TLR4/STAT6/MYLK signaling pathway induced by heat stress. Molecular docking showed that CS-GT can bind effectively with TLR4. In conclusion, CS-GT alleviates heat stress-induced intestinal mucosal damage both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is mediated, at least partly, by the inhibition of the TLR4/STAT6/MYLK signaling pathway and upregulation of tight junction proteins. These findings suggest that CS-GT may have therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of heat stress-related intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Niu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzheng Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzheng 518120, China
| | - Canying Hu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzheng Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzheng 518120, China
| | - Shengwei Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzheng Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzheng 518120, China
| | - Jiaying Wen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzheng Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzheng 518120, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yanhong Yong
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xingbin Ma
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chengpeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Mohamad Warda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Xianghong Ju
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzheng Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzheng 518120, China.
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3
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Méndez SB, Matus-Ortega M, Miramontes RH, Salazar-Juárez A. The effect of chronic stress on the immunogenicity and immunoprotection of the M 6-TT vaccine in female mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114345. [PMID: 37704173 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Active vaccination is an effective therapeutic option to reduce the reinforcing effects of opioids. Several studies showed that chronic stress affects the immune system decreasing the efficiency of some vaccines. Heroin withdrawal is a stressor and it is a stage in which the patient who abuses heroin is vulnerable to stress affects the immune response and consequently its immunoprotective capacity, then, the objective was to determine the effect of heroin-withdrawal and heroin-withdrawal plus immobilization, on the immune (immunogenicity) and protective response (behavioral response) of morphine-6-hemisuccinate-tetanus toxoid (M6-TT) vaccine in animals of two inbred mice strains with different sensitivity to drug-opioid and stress. Female BALB/c and C57Bl/6 inbred mice were immunized with the M6-TT. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. During the vaccination period, the animals were subjected to two different stress conditions: drug-withdrawal (DW) and immobilization (IMM). The study used tail-flick testing to evaluate the heroin-induced antinociceptive effects. Additionally, heroin-induced locomotor activity was evaluated. Stress decreased the heroin-specific antibody titer generated by the M6-TT vaccine in the two inbred mouse strains evaluated. In the two stress conditions, the antibody titer was not able to decrease the heroin-induced antinociceptive effects and locomotor activity. These findings suggest that stress decreases the production of antibodies and the immunoprotective capacity of the M6-TT vaccine. This observation is important to determine the efficacy of active vaccination as a potential therapy for patients with opioid drug use disorder, since these patients during drug-withdrawal present stress disorders, which could affect the efficacy of therapy such as active vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México
| | - Ricardo Hernández Miramontes
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México.
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4
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Li Q, Ouyang J, Zhou H, You J, Li G. Effect of probiotic supplementation on the expression of tight junction proteins, innate immunity-associated genes, and microbiota composition of broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13719. [PMID: 35384158 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of probiotic on intestinal innate immunity-associated gene expression and cecal microbiota in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 180 21-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with four replicates per group. The thermoneutral group (TN) (23 ± 1°C) received a basal diet, and another two heat-stressed groups (28-35-28°C for 12 h daily) were fed the basal diet (HS) or the basal diet supplemented with probiotic at a dose of 1.5 × 108 CFU/kg (HS_Pro) for 21 consecutive days. Compared with the TN group, the abundance of beneficial bacteria was decreased (p < 0.05) in the caecum of heat-stressed broilers. Heat stress downregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and upregulated (p < 0.05) the expressions of TLR5, TLR15, avian β-defensin (AvBD)4, AvBD8, and AvBD14 in the ileum as compared with the TN group. Dietary supplementation of probiotic upregulated (p < 0.05) the occludin expression in the ileum, improved the microbiota balance in the caecum, and decreased (p < 0.05) the gene expressions of TLR5 and TLR15 in the ileum of heat-stressed broilers. Collectively, dietary probiotic supplementation could promote intestinal barrier function via improving gut microbiota community and regulating innate immunity-associated gene expressions in heat-stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingxin Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
| | - Guanhong Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Nanchang, China
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5
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Toward a universal influenza virus vaccine: Some cytokines may fulfill the request. Cytokine 2021; 148:155703. [PMID: 34555604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus annually causes widespread damages to the health and economy of the global community. Vaccination is currently the most crucial strategy in reducing the number of patients. Genetic variations, the high diversity of pandemic viruses, and zoonoses make it challenging to select suitable strains for annual vaccine production. If new pandemic viruses emerge, it will take a long time to produce a vaccine according to the new strains. In the present study, intending to develop a universal influenza vaccine, new bicistronic DNA vaccines were developed that expressed NP or NPm antigen with one of modified IL-18/ IL-17A/ IL-22 cytokine adjuvants. NPm is a mutant form of the antigen that has the ability for cytoplasmic accumulation. In order to investigate and differentiate the role of each of the components of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cellular immune systems in the performance of vaccines, Treg competent and Treg suppressed mouse groups were used. Mice were vaccinated with Foxp3-FC immunogen to produce Treg suppressed mouse groups. The potential of the vaccines to stimulate the immune system was assessed by IFN-γ/IL-17A Dual FluoroSpot. The vaccine's ability to induce humoral immune response was determined by measuring IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA-specific antibodies against the antigen. Kinetics of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cellular immune responses after vaccination, were assessed by evaluating the expression changes of IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-22, IL-4, and IL-2 cytokines by semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR. To assess the vaccines' ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, challenge tests with homologous and heterologous viruses were performed and then the virus titer was measured in the lungs of animals. Evaluation of the data obtained from this study showed that the DNA-vaccines coding NPm have more ability to induces a potent cross-cellular immune response and protective immunity than DNA-vaccines coding NP. Although the use of IL-18/ IL-17A/ IL-22 genetic adjuvants enhanced immune responses and protective immunity, Administration of NPm in combination with modified IL-18 (Igk-mIL18-IgFC) induced the most effective immunity in Treg competent mice group.
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6
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Amaral CDS, Correa GRE, Serrano Mujica LK, Fiorenza MF, Rosa SG, Nogueira CW, Portela VM, Comim FV, Schoenau W, Smirnova NP, Antoniazzi AQ. Heat stress modulates polymorphonuclear cell response in early pregnancy cows: I. interferon pathway and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257418. [PMID: 34543299 PMCID: PMC8452032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major causes of early pregnancy loss is heat stress. In ruminants, interferon tau (IFNT) is the embryo signal to the mother. Once the interferon signaling pathway is activated, it drives gene expression for interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and alters neutrophils responses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate interferon (IFN) pathway, ISGs and gene expression in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and oxidative stress in dairy cows under heat stress. Pregnant cows had their estrous cycle synchronized and randomly assigned to a comfort or heat stress group. Blood samples were collected at artificial insemination (AI) and on Days 10, 14 and 18 following AI. Pregnant cows were pregnancy checked by ultrasound on Day 30 and confirmed on Day 60 post-AI. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. The corpus luteum (CL) diameter was not different between groups of pregnant cows; concentration of progesterone of pregnant cows on Day 18 following AI was greater in comfort group compared to heat stressed group. Comfort pregnant cows had higher expression of all analyzed genes from interferon pathway, except for IFNAR1, on both Days 14 and 18. Conversely, heat stressed cows did not show altered expression of IFNT pathway genes and ISGs between Days 10, 14, and 18 after AI. The oxidative stress, determined as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, was greater in heat stress group on Days 10, 14 and 18, independent of pregnancy status. Heat stress negatively influences expression of ISGs, IFN pathway gene expression in neutrophils, and oxidative stress. Our data suggest that lower conception rates in cows under heat stress are multifactorial, with the association of interferon pathway activation and the unbalanced oxidative stress being main contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina dos Santos Amaral
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariani Farias Fiorenza
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Synthesis, Reactivity and Organocalcogens Pharmacological and Toxicological Assessment Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Valério Marques Portela
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Vasconcellos Comim
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - William Schoenau
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Alfredo Quites Antoniazzi
- Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Common and Differential Dynamics of the Function of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells between Holstein and Jersey Cows in Heat-Stress Environment. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010019. [PMID: 33374309 PMCID: PMC7824059 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Seasonal change, particularly changing to hot and humid season, has a negative effect on dairy cows in various ways, including productivity, reproduction, metabolism, and immunity. In high-temperature and humid weather, dairy cows are vulnerable to diseases by weakened immune system. However, the cause of this has not been fully described. Therefore, this study aims to understand changes of specific gene expression and immune pathways based on transcriptome analysis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Holstein and Jersey dairy cows between normal and heat-stress environmental conditions. We observed that the two breeds of dairy cow have common and different immune shifts according to the changes of temperature and humidity condition. Overall, the findings of this study improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which seasonal changes affect dairy cow immunity. Abstract Heat stress has been reported to affect the immunity of dairy cows. However, the mechanisms through which this occurs are not fully understood. Two breeds of dairy cow, Holstein and Jersey, have distinct characteristics, including productivity, heat resistance, and disease in high-temperature environments. The objective of this study is to understand the dynamics of the immune response of two breeds of dairy cow to environmental change. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) results were analyzed to characterize the gene expression change of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in Holstein and Jersey cows between moderate temperature-humidity index (THI) and high THI environmental conditions. Many of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified are associated with critical immunological functions, particularly phagocytosis, chemokines, and cytokine response. Among the DEGs, CXCL3 and IL1A were the top down-regulated genes in both breeds of dairy cow, and many DEGs were related to antimicrobial immunity. Functional analysis revealed that cytokine and chemokine response-associated pathways in both Holstein and Jersey PBMCs were the most important pathways affected by the THI environmental condition. However, there were also breed-specific genes and pathways that altered according to THI environmental condition. Collectively, there were both common and breed-specific altered genes and pathways in Holstein and Jersey cows. The findings of this study expand our understanding of the dynamics of immunity in different breeds of dairy cow between moderate THI and high THI environmental conditions.
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8
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Huo C, Tian J, Cheng J, Xiao J, Chen M, Zou S, Tian H, Wang M, Sun H, Hu Y. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Effectiveness of Defective Viral Particles Arising in Mast Cells Against Influenza in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585254. [PMID: 33304349 PMCID: PMC7693459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Defective viral particles (DPs) often arise during IAV replication, which can interfere with the replication of infectious viruses and stimulate the antiviral response of host cells. Therefore, DPs are expected to have immune-protective functions in clinic. However, the potent immunogenicity and effectiveness of DPs arising in mast cells during IAV replication have not been reported. In the present study, we showed that DPs generated in the human mastocytoma cell line HMC-1 following H1N1 infection were safe to mice after vaccination. Compared with lung adenocarcinoma cells, A549, DPs generated in infected mast cells had much better immunostimulatory activity, enhancing both humoral and cellular immunity of hosts. Notably, they could significantly increase the expression of immune-associated cytokines, especially the IFN-γ. Due to the robust immunogenicity, thus DPs generated in infected mast cells could stimulate the robust protective immune reaction effectively to fight against lethal IAV re-challenge after vaccination, which result in the high survival, decreased lung injury as well as inhibition of viral replication and inflammatory response in lungs. This study is the first to illustrate and explore the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of DPs arising in mast cells against influenza as favorable potential vaccination. The results provide insight into the advances of new prophylactic strategies to fight influenza by focusing on DPs generated in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jijing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mingyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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9
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Bagath M, Krishnan G, Devaraj C, Rashamol VP, Pragna P, Lees AM, Sejian V. The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle: A review. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:94-102. [PMID: 31445399 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is well documented to have a negative influence on livestock productivity and these impacts may be exacerbated by climate change. Dairy cattle can be more vulnerable to the negative effects of heat stress as these adverse impacts may be more profound during pregnancy and lactation. New emerging diseases are usually linked to a positive relationship with climate change and the survival of microrganisms and/or their vectors. These diseases may exaggerate the immune suppression associated with the immune suppressive effect of heat stress that is mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes. It has been established that heat stress has a negative impact on the immune system via cell mediated and humoral immune responses. Heat stress activates the HPA axis and increases peripheral levels of glucocorticoids subsequently suppressing the synthesis and release of cytokines. Heat stress has been reported to induce increased blood cortisol concentrations which have been shown to inhibit the production of cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α). The impact of heat stress on the immune responses of dairy cows could be mediated by developing appropriate amelioration strategies through nutritional interventions and cooling management. In addition, improving current animal selection methods and the development of climate resilient breeds may support the sustainability of livestock production systems into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bagath
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - G Krishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - C Devaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - V P Rashamol
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - P Pragna
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Dookie Campus, Dookie College, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647 Australia
| | - A M Lees
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Animal Science Group, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India.
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10
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Rashamol VP, Sejian V, Bagath M, Krishnan G, Beena V, Bhatta R. Effect of heat stress on the quantitative expression patterns of different cytokine genes in Malabari goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1005-1013. [PMID: 30927086 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the influence of exposure to hot environment on different cytokine gene expression patterns in Malabari goat. The study was conducted in 12 (10 months to 1 year old) goats of Malabari breed for 45-day duration. The control (n = 6; C) group goats were kept under comfortable condition in the shaded pens while heat stress (n = 6; HS) group goats were kept out in the open hot environment during summer season for the study duration between 10.00 h to 16.00 h. The representative mesenteric lymph node (MLN) samples were collected from the slaughtered goats at the end of study for assessing the different cytokine gene expression and histopathological changes. Compared with C group, the expression patterns of interleukin 18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-β (IFN-β), and IFN-γ downregulated (P < 0.05) in the HS group. The histopathological changes of MLNs showed paucity of lymphocyte distribution in follicular areas as wells as decreased density of lymphocytes in the germinal centers of the HS group (P < 0.05). The findings from this study reflected the compromised immune functions during heat stress in Malabari goats. Further, the study established that IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ genes could serve as reliable immunological markers for quantifying heat stress-mediated immune response alterations in Malabari goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Rashamol
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
- Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.
| | - M Bagath
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - G Krishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - V Beena
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - R Bhatta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
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11
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Deep Transcriptomic Analysis of Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) Provides New Insights on Responses to Acute Temperature Stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9113. [PMID: 29904092 PMCID: PMC6002380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we conducted an RNA-Seq analysis to characterize the genes and pathways involved in acute thermal and cold stress responses in the liver of black rockfish, a viviparous teleost that has the ability to cope with a wide range of temperature changes. A total of 584 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in all three comparisons (HT vs NT, HT vs LT and LT vs NT). Based on an enrichment analysis, DEGs with a potential role in stress accommodation were classified into several categories, including protein folding, metabolism, immune response, signal transduction, molecule transport, membrane, and cell proliferation/apoptosis. Considering that thermal stress has a greater effect than cold stress in black rockfish, 24 shared DEGs in the intersection of the HT vs LT and HT vs NT groups were enriched in 2 oxidation-related gene ontology (GO) terms. Nine important heat-stress-reducing pathways were significantly identified and classified into 3 classes: immune and infectious diseases, organismal immune system and endocrine system. Eight DEGs (early growth response protein 1, bile salt export pump, abcb11, hsp70a, rtp3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3) 24-hydroxylase, apoa4, transcription factor jun-b-like and an uncharacterized gene) were observed among all three comparisons, strongly implying their potentially important roles in temperature stress responses.
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12
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Vandana GD, Bagath M, Sejian V, Krishnan G, Beena V, Bhatta R. Summer season induced heat stress impact on the expression patterns of different toll-like receptor genes in Malabari goats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1464638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. Vandana
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
- Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - M. Bagath
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - G. Krishnan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Beena
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - R. Bhatta
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
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13
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Thermoneutral housing temperature regulates T-regulatory cell function and inhibits ovabumin-induced asthma development in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7123. [PMID: 28769099 PMCID: PMC5540912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in ambient temperature is one of the risk factors for the aggravation of bronchial asthma (BA). Yet, whether the ambient temperature influences the immune functions associated with allergic asthma remains unknown. In this study, we treated asthmatic mice with standard temperature (ST, 20 °C) or thermoneutral temperature (TT, 30 °C). The results showed that the airway inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were significantly reduced in the mice treated with TT as compared with the mice treated with ST. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 response in the lung was improved following housing the mice at TT. In addition, the pulmonary Treg cells were increased in asthmatic mice after TT treatment. The temperature stress (29 °C and 41 °C) drove naïve CD4T cells towards Th2 cells. Our data demonstrate that the change of ambient temperature was a risk factor to aggravate experimental asthma.
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14
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Hou DD, Zhu RZ, Sun Z, Ma XD, Wang DC, Timothy H, Chen WN, Yan F, Lei P, Han XW, Chen DX, Cai LP, Guan HQ. Serum Proteomics Analysis in Rats of Immunosuppression Induced by Chronic Stress. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:165-73. [PMID: 27384769 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be damaged by chronic stress. However, for this process, the involved molecular alterations and their regulatory roles played in immunosuppression still remain unclear. This study was aimed to identify the differences in serum protein expressions that are closely associated with the effect of chronic stress on immune function. Serum protein levels of rats in control group and chronic stress group were measured by iTRAQ analysis. Subsequently, among the 121 differentially expressed proteins screened between the two groups, 46 proteins were upregulated (>1.5-fold, P < 0.05), while 75 proteins were downregulated (<0.67-fold, P < 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins were in relation with the metabolic, cellular, response stimulus and immune system processes. The significantly differential expression of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, catalase and peroxiredoxin-1 were picked out for reconfirmation by ELISA analysis. The results were consistent with those obtained by iTRAQ. What is more, the roles of above-mentioned four proteins, apolipoprotein B-100 and heat-shock protein 90 in immunosuppression induced by chronic stress were discussed. Taken together, these findings may provide a new insight into better understanding the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Hou
- Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - R Z Zhu
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Z Sun
- Liaoning People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - X D Ma
- Experiment and Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - D C Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - H Timothy
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - W N Chen
- Experiment and Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - F Yan
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - P Lei
- Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - X W Han
- Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - D X Chen
- Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - L P Cai
- Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - H Q Guan
- Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
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15
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Lee IK, Kye YC, Kim G, Kim HW, Gu MJ, Umboh J, Maaruf K, Kim SW, Yun CH. Stress, Nutrition, and Intestinal Immune Responses in Pigs - A Review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1075-82. [PMID: 27189643 PMCID: PMC4932560 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoon Chul Kye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Girak Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Han Wool Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Johnny Umboh
- Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Jl Kampus Selatan, Manado 95115, Indonesia
| | - Kartini Maaruf
- Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Jl Kampus Selatan, Manado 95115, Indonesia
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea.,Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Role of Baicalin in Anti-Influenza Virus A as a Potent Inducer of IFN-Gamma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:263630. [PMID: 26783516 PMCID: PMC4689896 DOI: 10.1155/2015/263630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin (BA) is a flavonoid compound purified from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has been shown to possess a potent inhibitory activity against viruses. However, the role of BA in anti-influenza virus has not been extensively studied, and the immunological mechanism of BA in antiviral activity remains unknown. Here, we observed that BA could protect mice from infection by influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), associated with increasing IFN-γ production, but presented no effects in IFN-γ or IFN-γ receptor deficient mice. Further study indicated that BA could inhibit A/PR/8/34 replication through IFN-γ in human PBMC. Moreover, BA can directly induce IFN-γ production in human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells, and activate JAK/STAT-1 signaling pathway. Collectively, BA exhibited anti-influenza virus A (H1N1) activity in vitro and in vivo as a potent inducer of IFN-γ in major IFN-γ producing cells.
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17
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Liu X, Shi Y, Hou X, Wan C, He S, Chong X, Liu M, Li H, Liu F. Microarray analysis of intestinal immune-related gene expression in heat-stressed rats. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 30:324-7. [PMID: 25144822 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2014.939722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate immune-related gene expression in rat small intestine after heat stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control and heat-stressed groups. Rats in both groups were housed at 25 °C with 60% relative humidity. The heat-stressed group was subjected to 40 °C for 2 h/day for 3 days. After heat stress, the mRNA expression profile of small intestine epithelial tissue was evaluated by microarray analysis. RESULTS A total of 23 genes related to immune responses were significantly altered, of which 12 genes were up-regulated and 11 genes were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Microarray analysis demonstrated the JAK-STAT pathway had a potentially important role in the regulation of inflammation in the small intestine, and changes in antigen presentation might reduce intestinal immune responses after heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- China Agricultural University-Beijing University of Agriculture Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (CAU-BUA TCVM) Teaching and Research Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing
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18
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Swaminathan A, Lucas RM, Harley D, McMichael AJ. Will Global Climate Change Alter Fundamental Human Immune Reactivity: Implications for Child Health? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 1:403-23. [PMID: 27417487 PMCID: PMC4928742 DOI: 10.3390/children1030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system is an interface across which many climate change sensitive exposures can affect health outcomes. Gaining an understanding of the range of potential effects that climate change could have on immune function will be of considerable importance, particularly for child health, but has, as yet, received minimal research attention. We postulate several mechanisms whereby climate change sensitive exposures and conditions will subtly impair aspects of the human immune response, thereby altering the distribution of vulnerability within populations-particularly for children-to infection and disease. Key climate change-sensitive pathways include under-nutrition, psychological stress and exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation, with effects on susceptibility to infection, allergy and autoimmune diseases. Other climate change sensitive exposures may also be important and interact, either additively or synergistically, to alter health risks. Conducting directed research in this area is imperative as the potential public health implications of climate change-induced weakening of the immune system at both individual and population levels are profound. This is particularly relevant for the already vulnerable children of the developing world, who will bear a disproportionate burden of future adverse environmental and geopolitical consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Swaminathan
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
- Departments of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Canberra Hospital, Yamba Drive, Garran, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2605, Australia
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Robyn M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - David Harley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
| | - Anthony J. McMichael
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
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