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Li Y, Lu S, Zhang Z, Li X, Li Y, Li X, Xiong L. Fluorescent Pdots Facilitate High-Resolution Mapping of the Intact Meningeal Vascular Network and Eye-Brain Connections. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22080-22094. [PMID: 39102350 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Meningeal vascular network is significant in neurology and neurosurgery. However, high-resolution imaging of intact meningeal vascular network is lacking. In this work, we develop a practical experimental method to ensure that the intact meninges are morphologically unfolded and fixed in an agarose gel. With the help of high-brightness polymer dots (Pdots) as probe, macroscopic and detailed imaging of the vascular network on the intact dorsal meninges can be performed. Meningeal vessels are symmetrically distributed along the superior sagittal sinus, and the distribution of meningeal vessels had a certain degree of hierarchy. The meninges are thicker blood vessels and capillary networks from the outside to the inside. Moreover, the diameter of the capillaries is 3.96 ± 0.89 μm. Interestingly, meningeal primo vessels in the central nervous system of mice is imaged with the diameter of 4.18 ± 1.18 μm, which has not been reported previously. It is worth mentioning that we found that orthotopic xenografts of brain tumors caused the appearance of corneal neovascularization and morphological changes in optic nerve microvessels. In conclusion, our work provides an effective Pdots-based imaging method for follow-up research on meningeal vascular-related diseases, and illustrates that the eye can serve as a window for the prevention and diagnosis of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Li
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Lu
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yankun Li
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Liqin Xiong
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
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Lim CJ, Yoon YS, Ryu PD. Mesothelial Cells Covering the Surface of Primo Vascular System Tissue. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2019; 13:33-38. [PMID: 31743773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primo vascular system (PVS) is reported to have a periductium composed of cells with spherical or spindle-shaped nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. However, little is known about these periductium cells. In this study, we examined the morphological features of cells covering the PVS tissue isolated from the surface of abdominal organs of rats. By hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, we observed a layer of dark nuclei on the basement membrane at the borders of the sections of primo node (PN), primo vessel (PV), and their subunits. The nuclei appeared thin and linear (10-14 μm), elliptical (8-10 × 3-4 μm), and round (5-7 μm). The borders of the PVS tissue sections were immunostained with a selective antibody for mesothelial cells (MCs). Areas of immunoreactivity overlapped with the flattened cells are shown by hematoxylin and eosin staining. By scanning electron microscopy, we further identified elliptical (11 × 21 μm) and rectangular squamous MCs (length, 10 μm). There were numerous stomata (∼200 nm) and microparticles (20-200 nm) on the surface of the PVS MCs. In conclusion, this study presents the novel finding that the PVS periductium is composed of squamous MCs. These cells tightly line the luminal surface of the PVS tissue, including PNs, PVs, and small branches of the PVs in the abdominal cavity. These results will help us to understand the physiological roles such as hyaluronan secretion and the fine structure of PVS tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Jeong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan Dong Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Choi BK, Hwang SH, Kim YI, Singh R, Kwon BS. The hyaluronic acid-rich node and duct system is a structure organized for innate immunity and mediates the local inflammation. Cytokine 2018; 113:74-82. [PMID: 29907431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Hyaluronic Acid-rich Node and Duct System (HAR-NDS or NDS), Primo Vascular System (PVS) or Bonghan System (BHS), is thought to be a third circulatory system independent of the blood and lymphatic systems and a structure of connected nodes and ducts. Although it seems to be part of the immune system as it is enriched with cells of innate immunity, little is known about its immunological roles. We performed cellular profiling and secretome analysis of NDS in a steady state and under TLR2- or TLR4-mediated local inflammation, and found that the NDS is pre-dominantly enriched with the myeloid cells, selectively attracts the inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils, has a flexible structure just like the lymph node, and is structured with the fibroblastic reticular cells and reticular network. NDS dominantly harbored the myeloid cells in both steady and activated status, and secreted various types of inflammatory cytokines by proinflammatory stimuli. These results suggest that NDS is the lymphoid structure for the innate immunity and plays an intermediary role in the innate immune cell-mediated local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, National Cancer Center Institute, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun H Hwang
- Eutilex, Co., Ltd., Suite# 1401, Daeryung Technotown 17 Gasan digital 1-ro 25, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08594, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu I Kim
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center Institute, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Rohit Singh
- Immunotherapeutics Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center Institute, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Eutilex, Co., Ltd., Suite# 1401, Daeryung Technotown 17 Gasan digital 1-ro 25, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08594, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Rai R, Chandra V, Kwon BS. A Hyaluronic Acid-Rich Node and Duct System in Which Pluripotent Adult Stem Cells Circulate. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2243-58. [PMID: 26149660 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is in demand of adult pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). The "Bonghan System (BHS)" was discovered and suggested to contain cells with regenerative capacity in the early 1960s. It had been ignored for a long time due to the lack of sufficient details of experiments, but about 37 years after the initial report, the BHS was rediscovered and named as the "primo vascular system." Recently, we have discovered a similar structure, which contained a high level of hyaluronic acid, and hence, named the structure as hyaluronic acid-rich node and duct system (HAR-NDS). Here we discuss the HAR-NDS concept starting from the discovery of BHS, and findings pointing to its importance in regenerative medicine. This HAR-NDS contained adult PSCs, called node and duct stem cells (NDSCs), which appeared to circulate in it. We describe the evidence that NDSCs can differentiate into hemangioblasts that further produced differentiated blood cells. The NDSCs had a potential to differentiate into neuronal cells and hepatocytes; thus, NDSCs had a capability to become cells from all three germ layers. This system appears to be a promising alternative source of adult stem cells that can be easily delivered to their target tissues and participate in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- 1 Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center , Ilsan, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Vishal Chandra
- 2 Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- 1 Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center , Ilsan, Gyeonggi, Korea.,3 Section of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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Primo Vascular System: An Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Potential Transitional Tissue Involved in Gastric Cancer Metastasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:812354. [PMID: 26379752 PMCID: PMC4562087 DOI: 10.1155/2015/812354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth commonest cancer in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Investigation of gastric cancer metastasis is one of the hottest and major focuses in cancer research. Growing evidence manifested that primo vascular system (PVS) is a new kind of circulatory system beyond vascular and lymphatic system. Previous researches revealed that PVS is a specific tissue between endothelium and mesenchyme and is involved in cancer, especially in tumor metastasis and regeneration. In current study, we investigated the role of primo vessels in gastric cancer metastasis and its possible relationship to vascular vessels formation. Our results indicated that primo vessels were involved in gastric cancer metastasis. We observed blood vessel-mediated metastasis, primo vessel-mediated metastasis, and an intermediate state between them. We deduced that primo vessels may be precursors of blood vessels. These results possibly provided a thoroughly new theoretic development in cancer metastasis.
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Lee HS, Kang DI, Yoon SZ, Ryu YH, Lee I, Kim HG, Lee BC, Lee KB. Evidence for novel age-dependent network structures as a putative primo vascular network in the dura mater of the rat brain. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1101-6. [PMID: 26330833 PMCID: PMC4541241 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With chromium-hematoxylin staining, we found evidence for the existence of novel age-dependent network structures in the dura mater of rat brains. Under stereomicroscopy, we noticed that chromium-hematoxylin-stained threadlike structures, which were barely observable in 1-week-old rats, were networked in specific areas of the brain, for example, the lateral lobes and the cerebella, in 4-week-old rats. In 7-week-old rats, those structures were found to have become larger and better networked. With phase contrast microscopy, we found that in 1-week-old rats, chromium-hematoxylin-stained granules were scattered in the same areas of the brain in which the network structures would later be observed in the 4- and 7-week-old rats. Such age-dependent network structures were examined by using optical and transmission electron microscopy, and the following results were obtained. The scattered granules fused into networks with increasing age. Cross-sections of the age-dependent network structures demonstrated heavily-stained basophilic substructures. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the basophilic substructures to be clusters with high electron densities consisting of nanosized particles. We report these data as evidence for the existence of age-dependent network structures in the dura mater, we discuss their putative functions of age-dependent network structures beyond the general concept of the dura mater as a supporting matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sung Lee
- Ki Primo Research Laboratory, Division of Electrical Engineering, KAIST Institute for Information Technology Convergence, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea ; Nadi Primo Research Institute, Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Korea
| | - Dai-In Kang
- Pharmacopuncture Medical Research Center, Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Zhoo Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Ryu
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion & Meridian Research Group, Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon-Gi Kim
- Faculty of Liberal Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Cheon Lee
- Ki Primo Research Laboratory, Division of Electrical Engineering, KAIST Institute for Information Technology Convergence, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Bog Lee
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhan X, Cui L, Xu S, Ma D, Yue J, Wu B, Gao J. TLR4 Activation by Lipopolysaccharide and Streptococcus mutans Induces Differential Regulation of Proliferation and Migration in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Endod 2014; 40:1375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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