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Yu X, Yan J, Li Y, Cheng J, Zheng L, Fu T, Zhu Y. Inhibition of castration-resistant prostate cancer growth by genistein through suppression of AKR1C3. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:9024. [PMID: 36794010 PMCID: PMC9899042 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among males in America. The patients' survival time is significantly reduced after prostate cancer develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). It has been reported that AKR1C3 is involved in this progression, and that its abnormal expression is directly correlated with the degree of CRPC malignancy. Genistein is one of the active components of soy isoflavones, and many studies have suggested that it has a better inhibitory effect on CRPC. Objective This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of genistein on CRPC and the potential mechanism of action. Design A xenograft tumor mouse model established with 22RV1 cells was divided into the experimental group and the control group, and the former was given 100 mg/kg.bw/day of genistein, with 22RV1, VCaP, and RWPE-1 cells cultured in a hormone-free serum environment and treated with different concentrations of genistein (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L) for 48 h. Molecular docking was used to elucidate the molecular interactions between genistein and AKR1C3. Results Genistein inhibits CRPC cell proliferation and in vivo tumorigenesis. The western blot analysis confirmed that the genistein significantly inhibited prostate-specific antigen production in a dose-dependent manner. In further results, AKR1C3 expression was decreased in both the xenograft tumor tissues and the CRPC cell lines following genistein gavage feeding compared to the control group, with the reduction becoming more obvious as the concentration of genistein was increased. When the genistein was combined with AKR1C3 small interfering ribonucleic acid and an AKR1C3 inhibitor (ASP-9521), the inhibitory effect on the AKR1C3 was more pronounced. In addition, the molecular docking results suggested that the genistein had a strong affinity with the AKR1C3, and that it could be a promising AKR1C3 inhibitor. Conclusion Genistein inhibits the progression of CRPC via the suppression of AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yu
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulu Li
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Lujie Zheng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Fu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China,Tianyu Fu, School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China,Yanfeng Zhu, School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
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Narukawa T, Soh J, Kanemitsu N, Harikai S, Ukimura O. Efficacy of combined treatment of intramuscular testosterone injection and testosterone ointment application for late-onset hypogonadism: an open-labeled, randomized, crossover study. Aging Male 2020; 23:1059-1065. [PMID: 31532277 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2019.1666814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The best method for administering testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of a combined treatment (CT) involving intramuscular testosterone injection and testosterone ointment application [Glowmin® (GL)] with intramuscular injection monotherapy (IMIM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned as follows: Group 1 received IMIM for 12 weeks and CT for 12 weeks and Group 2 received CT for 12 weeks and IMIM for 12 weeks. Patients were then asked about their treatment preferences: (A) IMIM, (B) a combination of IMIM and ointment, or (C) either A or B. RESULTS Patients (n = 43) completed the study without any adverse effects. No significant differences between each treatment period were found. In Group 1, most patients chose B (n = 13) while in Group 2, most chose A (n = 10). In each group, patients preferred the second treatment phase; however, statistical significance was not reached between A and B (Group 1, p = 0.11 and Group 2, p = 0.47, respectively). CONCLUSION TRT by CT is compatible with TRT by IMIM. Patients who cannot continue TRT because of polycythemia from IMIM may be suited to CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Narukawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jintetsu Soh
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kanemitsu
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunji Harikai
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Introduction: The use of testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with prostate cancer (PCa) is relatively new, and controversial, due to the longstanding maxim that TTh is contraindicated in men with PCa. Scientific advances have prompted a reevaluation of the potential role for TTh in men with PCa, particularly as TTh has been shown to provide important symptomatic and general health benefits to men with testosterone deficiency (TD), including many men with PCa who may expect to live 30-50 years after diagnosis. Areas covered: This review outlines the historical underpinnings of the historical belief that TTh 'fuels' PCa and the experimental and clinical studies that have radically altered this view, including description of the saturation model. The authors review studies of TTh in men with PCa following radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy, in men on active surveillance, and in men with advanced or metastatic PCa. Expert opinion: TTh provides important symptomatic and overall health benefits for men with PCa who have TD. Although more safety studies are needed, TTh is a reasonable therapeutic option for men with low-risk PCa after surgery or radiation. Data in men on active surveillance are limited, but initial reports are reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Morgentaler
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Men's Health Boston , Boston , MA , USA
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Amano T, Iwamoto T, Sato Y, Imao T, Earle C. The efficacy and safety of short-acting testosterone ointment (Glowmin) for late-onset hypogonadism in accordance with testosterone circadian rhythm. Aging Male 2018; 21:170-175. [PMID: 29734846 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1471129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well known that there is a reduction of circadian rhythm in blood testosterone levels with aging. Our previous report revealed that 3 mg of short-acting testosterone ointment (Glowmin: GL) elevated serum testosterone levels to within the physiological range for 4-6 h. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical efficacy and safety of GL used topically once every morning, to enhance the circadian rhythm of testosterone, for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS A total of 61 LOH patients received 3 mg of GL topically once a day in the morning on scrotal skin for 24 weeks. The clinical efficacy of GL was evaluated by the aging males symptoms (AMS) scale, and blood sampling tests were measured before and after GL treatment. RESULTS Mean patients age was 55.3 ± 9.2 years old. Total AMS scores at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after GL treatments significantly decreased. The results of sub-analysis of AMS, including psychological, physical, and sexual factors also significantly improved after GL treatments. No severe adverse reactions or abnormal laboratory data were reported. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that TRT for LOH with once daily GL treatment supports testosterone circadian rhythm and should be considered to be an effective and safe therapy for LOH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teruaki Iwamoto
- b Division of Male Infertility Center for Human Reproduction , International University of Health and Welfare, Sanno Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Imao
- a Urology , Nagano Red Cross Hospital , Nagano , Japan
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Khandwala YS, Raheem OA, Ali MA, Hsieh TC. Variation in Practice Pattern of Male Hypogonadism: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Care, Urology, Endocrinology, and HIV Specialists. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12:472-478. [PMID: 29183245 PMCID: PMC5818126 DOI: 10.1177/1557988317743152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to measure the adherence of guideline-based evaluation and treatment of hypogonadism by medical specialty. A retrospective review was performed analyzing patients from a single academic institution within the past 10 years. The cohort of 193 men was grouped according to medical specialty of the diagnosing physician (50 urology, 49 primary care, 44 endocrinology, and 50 HIV medicine). Adherence to guidelines was assessed using the Endocrine Society's criteria. Primary care patients were older compared to the rest of the cohort ( p < .001) but BMI and cardiovascular risk factors were similar ( p = .900). Patients treated by urologists and endocrinologists had the highest percentage of low testosterone findings at initial encounter at 72% ( p < .001). Sixty-two percent of urology patients had low LH or FSH compared to 63.6% for endocrinology and 16% for primary care ( p < .001). As for brain MRI findings, no urology patients had positive findings (0/9) while eight pituitary adenomas (40%) were found by endocrinologists. Forty-five percent of men treated by urologists received TRT without repeat confirmation, compared to 58% of endocrinologists, 77% of primary care, and 88% of HIV medicine ( p < .001). All urology patients had PSA checked before TRT compared to 77.5% of primary care and 61.2% of endocrinology patients ( p = .063). Adherence to the guidelines helps prevent undue over-diagnosis and over-treatment of hypogonadism. This study suggests that adherence to guideline-based screening is varied among specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash S. Khandwala
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Omer A. Raheem
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mir Amaan Ali
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tung-Chin Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chanphai P, Vesper AR, Bariyanga J, Bérubé G, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Review on the delivery of steroids by carrier proteins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:184-91. [PMID: 27261699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the poor solubility of steroids in aqueous solution, delivery of these biomaterials is of major biomedical importance. We have reviewed the conjugation of testosterone and it aliphatic dimer and aromatic dimer with several carrier proteins, human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and milk beta-lactoglobulin (b-LG) in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The results of multiple spectroscopic methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular modeling were compared here. Steroid-protein bindings are via hydrophilic and H-bonding contacts. HSA forms more stable conjugate than BSA and b-LG. The stability of steroid-protein conjugates is testosterone>dimer-aromatic>dimer-aliphatic. Encapsulation of steroids by protein is shown by TEM images. Modeling showed the presence of H-bonding, which stabilized testosterone-protein complexes with the free binding energy of -12.95 for HSA and -11.55 for BSA and -8.92kcal/mol for b-LG conjugates. Steroid conjugation induced major perturbations of serum protein conformations. Serum proteins can transport steroids to the target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chanphai
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - A R Vesper
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - J Bariyanga
- Division of Humanities: Math/Sciences, University of Hawaii-West O'ahu, 1001 Farrington Highway, Kapolei, HI 96707, USA
| | - G Bérubé
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - H A Tajmir-Riahi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Boyle P, Koechlin A, Bota M, d'Onofrio A, Zaridze DG, Perrin P, Fitzpatrick J, Burnett AL, Boniol M. Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level: a meta-analysis. BJU Int 2016; 118:731-741. [PMID: 26779889 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and quantify the association between endogenous and exogenous testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate cancer. METHODS Literature searches were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Prospective cohort studies that reported data on the associations between endogenous testosterone and prostate cancer, and placebo-controlled randomized trials of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) that reported data on PSA and/or prostate cancer cases were retained. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, with tests for publication bias and heterogeneity. RESULTS Twenty estimates were included in a meta-analysis, which produced a summary relative risk (SRR) of prostate cancer for an increase of 5 nmol/L of testosterone of 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96, 1.02) without heterogeneity (I² = 0%). Based on 26 trials, the overall difference in PSA levels after onset of use of TRT was 0.10 ng/mL (-0.28, 0.48). Results were similar when conducting heterogeneity analyses by mode of administration, region, age at baseline, baseline testosterone, trial duration, type of patients and type of TRT. The SRR of prostate cancer as an adverse effect from 11 TRT trials was 0.87 (95% CI 0.30; 2.50). Results were consistent across studies. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer appears to be unrelated to endogenous testosterone levels. TRT for symptomatic hypogonadism does not appear to increase PSA levels nor the risk of prostate cancer development. The current data are reassuring, although some caution is essential until multiple studies with longer follow-up are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boyle
- Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health at iPRI, Ecully Lyon Ouest, France. .,International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France.
| | - Alice Koechlin
- Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health at iPRI, Ecully Lyon Ouest, France.,International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Bota
- Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health at iPRI, Ecully Lyon Ouest, France.,International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Paul Perrin
- Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Arthur L Burnett
- Department of Urology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Marburg, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health at iPRI, Ecully Lyon Ouest, France.,International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
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Chanphai P, Vesper AR, Bekale L, Bérubé G, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Transporting testosterone and its dimers by serum proteins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:173-83. [PMID: 26410041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A substantial part of steroids is bound to serum proteins in vivo. We report the association of testosterone and it aliphatic dimer (alip) and aromatic dimer (arom) with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution at physiological pH. Multiple spectroscopic methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular modeling were used to characterize steroid-protein binding and protein aggregation process. Spectroscopic analysis showed that steroids bind protein via hydrophobic, hydrophilic and H-bonding interactions. HSA forms more stable complexes than BSA. The binding affinity of steroid-protein adducts is testosterone>dimer-aromatic>dimer-aliphatic. Transmission electron microscopy showed major changes in protein morphology as steroid-protein complexation occurred with increase in the diameter of the protein aggregate indicating encapsulation of steroids by serum proteins. Modeling showed the presence of H-bonding stabilized testosterone-protein complexes with the free binding energy of -12.95 for HSA and -11.55 kcal/mol for BSA, indicating that the interaction process is spontaneous at room temperature. Steroid complexation induced more perturbations of BSA conformation than HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chanphai
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - A R Vesper
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - L Bekale
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - G Bérubé
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - H A Tajmir-Riahi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Leung KMYB, Alrabeeah K, Carrier S. Update on Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Hypogonadal Men. Curr Urol Rep 2015; 16:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-015-0523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Saad F, Gooren LJ. Late onset hypogonadism of men is not equivalent to the menopause. Maturitas 2014; 79:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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