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Pereira MP, Tejería ME, Zeni M, Gambini JP, Duarte P, Rey A, Giglio J. Radiosynthesis and validation of [ 18 F]Fluoroestradiol in a Synthra plus research platform for use in routine clinical practice. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2022; 65:292-297. [PMID: 35996821 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this practitioner protocol, the optimization of the radiochemical synthesis of [18 F]fluoroestradiol (FES) on the Synthra RNplus research automated platform is described in detail and a QC summary of three validation productions is presented. In comparison to published synthesis methods developed on other platforms, the yield was considerably improved (40-45% ndc). The other important improvement is the reduction of the required concentration of H2 SO4 avoiding the production of high concentrations of acidic vapors that can deteriorate the module. Purification was achieved by solid phase extraction and the required adaptation of an external heating plate to the module to evaporate the ethanol is also described. The product was obtained with high radiochemical purity and fulfilled all the requirements of current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP). The final product is formulated as a sterile, pyrogen-free solution suitable for human injection. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of FES production using this type of module.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pía Pereira
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay.,Área Radioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Emilia Tejería
- Área Radioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maia Zeni
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay.,Área Radioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Pablo Duarte
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Rey
- Área Radioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Giglio
- Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Saxena P, Mahmood T, Dixit M, Gambhir S, Ahsan F. An Exposition of 11C and 18F Radiotracers Synthesis for PET Imaging. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 14:92-100. [PMID: 33261547 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013666201201095631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of new radiolabeled Positron emission tomography tracers has been extensively utilized to access the increasing diversity in the research process and to facilitate the development in research methodology, clinical usage of drug discovery and patient care. Recent advances in radiochemistry, as well as the latest techniques in automated radio-synthesizer, have encouraged and challenged the radiochemists to produce the routinely developed radiotracers. Various radionuclides like 18F, 11C, 15O, 13N 99mTc, 131I, 124I and 64Cu are used for incorporating into different chemical scaffolds; among them, 18F and 11C tagged radiotracers are mostly explored such as 11C-Methionine, 11C-Choline, 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, and 18F-FES. This review is focused on the development of radiochemistry routes to synthesize different radiotracers of 11C and 18F for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tarique Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Dixit
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Gambhir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farogh Ahsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Automated synthesis of the 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES): minimization of precursor amount and resulting benefits. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The 16α-[18F]Fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES) is an established PET radiotracer for estrogen positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although the radiosynthesis is well-described, the majority of the published methods suffer from modest or irreproducible yields and time-intensive purification procedures. In view of the considerable clinical applications, development of a more efficient and faster synthesis of [18F]FES still remains a task of a significant practical importance. [18F]FES was produced by a direct nucleophilic radiofluorination of 3-O-methoxymethyl-16,17-O-sulfuryl-16-epiestriol (MMSE), followed by acidic hydrolysis using HCl/CH3CN. [18F]Fluoride retained on a QMA carb cartridge (46 mg) was eluted by solution of 1.2 mg of tetrabutylammonium tosylate (TBAOTs) in EtOH. After fluorination reaction (0.3 mg MMSE, 1 ml of CH3CN/100 °C, 5 min) [18F]FES was isolated by single-cartridge SPE purification using OASIS WAX 3cc, elution accomplished with aqueous ethanol of different concentrations. On а GE TRACERlab FX N Pro automated module [18F]FES (formulated in normal saline with 5% EtOH) was obtained in 33 ± 3% yield (n = 5, non-decay corrected) within 32 min. Reduction of precursor amount, exclusion of azeotropic drying step and simplification of purification make the suggested method readily adaptable to various automated synthesizers and offers significant cost decrease.
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Heesch A, Maurer J, Stickeler E, Beheshti M, Mottaghy FM, Morgenroth A. Development of Radiotracers for Breast Cancer-The Tumor Microenvironment as an Emerging Target. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102334. [PMID: 33096754 PMCID: PMC7590199 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of different malignancies. Radiolabeled probes enable the visualization of the primary tumor as well as the metastases and have been also employed in targeted therapy and theranostic approaches. With breast cancer being the most common malignancy in women worldwide it is of special interest to develop novel targeted treatments. However, tumor microenvironment and escape mechanisms often limit their therapeutic potential. Addressing tumor stroma associated targets provides a promising option to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis and to disrupt tumor tissue architecture. This review describes recent developments on radiolabeled probes used in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer especially in triple negative type with the focus on potential targets offered by the tumor microenvironment, like tumor associated macrophages, cancer associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Heesch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
| | - Jochen Maurer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Aachen (UKA), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Aachen (UKA), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6202 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Morgenroth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Orlovskaya V, Antuganov D, Fedorova O, Timofeev V, Krasikova R. Tetrabutylammonium tosylate as inert phase-transfer catalyst: The key to high efficiency SN2 radiofluorinations. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 163:109195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Automated SPE-based synthesis of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol without HPLC purification step. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 141:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lin FI, Gonzalez EM, Kummar S, Do K, Shih J, Adler S, Kurdziel KA, Ton A, Turkbey B, Jacobs PM, Bhattacharyya S, Chen AP, Collins JM, Doroshow JH, Choyke PL, Lindenberg ML. Utility of 18F-fluoroestradiol ( 18F-FES) PET/CT imaging as a pharmacodynamic marker in patients with refractory estrogen receptor-positive solid tumors receiving Z-endoxifen therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:500-508. [PMID: 27872957 PMCID: PMC7886184 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Z-endoxifen is the most potent of the metabolites of tamoxifen, and has the potential to be more effective than tamoxifen because it bypasses potential drug resistance mechanisms attributable to patient variability in the expression of the hepatic microsomal enzyme CYP2D6. 18F-FES is a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent which selectively binds to estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and has been used for non-invasive in vivo assessment of ER activity in tumors. This study utilizes 18F-FES PET imaging as a pharmacodynamic biomarker in patients with ER+ tumors treated with Z-endoxifen. METHODS Fifteen patients were recruited from a parent therapeutic trial of Z-endoxifen and underwent imaging with 18F-FES PET at baseline. Eight had positive lesions on the baseline scan and underwent follow-up imaging with 18F-FES 1-5 days post administration of Z-endoxifen. RESULTS Statistically significant changes (p = 0.0078) in standard uptake value (SUV)-Max were observed between the baseline and follow-up scans as early as 1 day post drug administration. CONCLUSION F-FES PET imaging could serve as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for patients treated with ER-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank I Lin
- Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - E M Gonzalez
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Do
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Shih
- Biometric Research Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Adler
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - K A Kurdziel
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Ton
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P M Jacobs
- Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Bhattacharyya
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - A P Chen
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J M Collins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M L Lindenberg
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Buckingham F, Gouverneur V. Asymmetric 18F-fluorination for applications in positron emission tomography. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1645-1652. [PMID: 28808536 PMCID: PMC5535067 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is becoming more frequently used by medicinal chemists to facilitate the selection of the most promising lead compounds for further evaluation. For PET, this entails the preparation of 11C- or 18F-labeled drugs or radioligands. With the importance of chirality and fluorine substitution in drug development, chemists can be faced with the challenge of preparing enantiopure molecules featuring the 18F-tag on a stereogenic carbon. Asymmetric 18F-fluorination is an emerging field of research that provides an alternative to resolution or conventional SN2-based radiochemistry. To date, both transition metal complexes and organomediators have been successfully employed for 18F-incorporation at a stereogenic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Buckingham
- University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , OX1 3UQ , Oxford , UK .
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , OX1 3UQ , Oxford , UK .
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Abstract
Targeted therapy is gaining prominence in the management of different cancers. Given different mechanism of action compared with traditional chemoradiotherapy, selection of patients for targeted therapy and monitoring response to these agents is difficult with conventional imaging. Various new PET radiopharmaceuticals have been evaluated for molecular imaging of these targets to achieve specific patient selection and response monitoring. These PET/computed tomography (CT) agents target the cell surface receptors, hormone receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, or angiogenesis components. This article reviews the established and potential role of PET/CT with new radiopharmaceuticals for guiding targeted therapy.
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Shi J, Afari G, Bhattacharyya S. Rapid synthesis of [18F]fluoroestradiol: remarkable advantage of microwaving over conventional heating. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:730-6. [PMID: 25476421 PMCID: PMC4275410 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
16α-[(18)F]fluoroestradiol ([(18)F]FES) is known as a clinically important tracer in nuclear medicine as an estrogen receptor ligand for investigating primary and metastatic breast cancers. Synthesizing [(18)F]FES is a two-step process associated with [(18)F]fluoride incorporation to the precursor (3-methoxymethyl 16β,17β-epiestriol-O-cyclic sulfone) and subsequent hydrolysis of the [(18)F]fluorinated intermediate with 2 N HCl. The impact of microwave (MW) heating on both fluorination and hydrolysis reactions was investigated. The duration and temperatures of the fluorination reaction were varied for both MW heating and conventional heating (CH) methods. Chemical and radiochemical purity and radiochemical yields were investigated for CH and compared with MW-assisted radiosyntheses. Quality control tests of MW-assisted [(18)F]FES were performed following US Pharmacopeia procedures for clinical-grade positron emission tomography pharmaceuticals. The results demonstrate that microwaving not only improves the (18)F-fluoride incorporation (~55% improvement at 110°C for 4 min) but also significantly reduces hydrolysis time (approximately sevenfold reduction at 120°C) in comparison with CH under similar conditions. The overall isolated radiochemical yield of purified [(18)F]FES was significantly higher (~90% improvement) with MW, and side products were notably fewer. Quality control test results demonstrated that [(18)F]FES produced by microwaving was suitable for human injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Shi
- ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - George Afari
- ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Sibaprasad Bhattacharyya
- ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, 21702
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Zhou D, Lin M, Yasui N, Al-Qahtani MH, Dence CS, Schwarz S, Katzenellenbogen JA. Optimization of the preparation of fluorine-18-labeled steroid receptor ligands 16alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol (FES), [18F]fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (FFNP), and 16beta-[18F]fluoro-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (FDHT) as radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:371-7. [PMID: 24861984 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18-labeled steroid receptor tracers, 16α-[(18)F]fluoroestradiol (FES), [(18)F]fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (FFNP), and 16β-[(18)F]fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone (FDHT), are important imaging tools for studies of breast and prostate cancers using positron emission tomography (PET). The automated production of these ligands with high specific activity (SA) as radiopharmaceuticals requires modification and optimization of the currently reported methods. [(18)F]FES with high SA was synthesized in over 60% radiochemical yield (RCY) at the end of synthesis (EOS) using a small amount of precursor (1) (as low as 0.3 mg) and 1 M H2SO4 for deprotection of the intermediate (2). [(18)F]FFNP was synthesized in up to 77% RCY at EOS using the triflate precursor (4) at room temperature or in 25% RCY using the mesylate precursor (6) at 65°C. Both methods are highly reproducible and afford high SA. [(18)F]FDHT was synthesized by radiofluoride incorporation at room temperature, reduction with NaBH4 , and deprotection with HCl/acetone, giving [(18)F]FDHT in up to 75% yield (RCY). All of these methods can be easily translated to automated production. The information provided here will aid in the development of automated production of these steroid receptor tracers with high or improved yields, optimal SA, and ease of processing for research and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Wei L, Shi J, Afari G, Bhattacharyya S. Preparation of clinical-grade (89) Zr-panitumumab as a positron emission tomography biomarker for evaluating epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapy. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:25-35. [PMID: 24448743 PMCID: PMC3982615 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Panitumumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive colorectal cancer. Recently, panitumumab has been radiolabeled with (89) Zr and evaluated for its potential to be used as immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) probe for EGFR positive cancers. Interesting preclinical results published by several groups of researchers have prompted us to develop a robust procedure for producing clinical-grade (89) Zr-panitumumab as an immuno-PET probe to evaluate EGFR-targeted therapy. In this process, clinical-grade panitumumab is bio-conjugated with desferrioxamine chelate and subsequently radiolabeled with (89) Zr resulting in high radiochemical yield (>70%, n = 3) and purity (>98%, n = 3). All quality control (QC) tests were performed according to United States Pharmacopeia specifications. QC tests showed that (89) Zr-panitumumab met all specifications for human injection. Herein, we describe a step-by-step method for the facile synthesis and QC tests of (89) Zr-panitumumab for medical use. The entire process of bioconjugation, radiolabeling, and all QC tests will take about 5 h. Because the synthesis is fully manual, two rapid, in-process QC tests have been introduced to make the procedure robust and error free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- ADRD, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- ADRD, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - George Afari
- ADRD, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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