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Collignon TE, Webber K, Piasecki J, Rahman ASW, Mondal A, Barbalho SM, Bishayee A. Avocado ( Persea americana Mill) and its phytoconstituents: potential for cancer prevention and intervention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37830928 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2260474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary compounds, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and spices, have been shown to exhibit anticancer properties due to their high concentrations of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and secondary metabolites, known as phytochemicals. Although emerging studies suggest that avocado (Persea americana Mill) displays antineoplastic properties in addition to numerous other health benefits, current literature lacks an updated comprehensive systematic review dedicated to the anticancer effects of avocado. This review aims to explore the cancer-preventive effects of avocados and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The in vitro studies suggest the various avocado-derived products and phytochemicals induced cytotoxicity, reduced cell viability, and inhibited cell proliferation. The in vivo studies revealed reduction in tumor number, size, and volume as well. The clinical studies demonstrated that avocado leaf extract increased free oxygen radical formation in larynx carcinoma tissue. Various avocado products and phytochemicals from the avocado fruit, including avocatin-B, persin, and PaDef defensin, may serve as viable cancer prevention and treatment options based on current literature. Despite many favorable outcomes, past research has been limited in scope, and more extensive and mechanism-based in vivo and randomized clinical studies should be performed before avocado-derived bioactive phytochemicals can be developed as cancer preventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Collignon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Kassidy Webber
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Josh Piasecki
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Austin S W Rahman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha, India
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
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Bangar SP, Dunno K, Dhull SB, Kumar Siroha A, Changan S, Maqsood S, Rusu AV. Avocado seed discoveries: Chemical composition, biological properties, and industrial food applications. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100507. [PMID: 36573158 PMCID: PMC9789361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing industry discards avocado seeds, which increases production and ultimately pollutes the environment. It would be advantageous to handle these waste by-products both economically and environmentally. Avocado seeds are rich in polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive substances. The nutritional and phytochemical composition of avocado seeds has been well studied and discussed. Avocado-seed extracts also have many health-related bioactive properties, such as anti-hyperglycaemic, anticancer, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurogenerative effects are clearly demonstrated how these properties can be used to formulate or fortify food. The health-promoting properties of avocado seeds have been studied. These properties are attributed to various phytochemicals, such as acetogenin, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, estragole, etc. Additionally, items made from valorized avocado seeds that people can consume have been explored. The best applications of valorized by-products have been created for the pharmaceutical, functional food, and nutraceutical sectors while considering quality and safety. More clinical testing and product development research are required to prove the effectiveness of avocado seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA,Corresponding authors at: Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Kyle Dunno
- Department of Packaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sanju Bala Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055, India
| | - Anil Kumar Siroha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055, India
| | - Sushil Changan
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR – Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexandru Vasile Rusu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,Animal Science and Biotechnology Faculty, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,Corresponding authors at: Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Pușcaș A, Tanislav AE, Marc RA, Mureșan V, Mureșan AE, Pall E, Cerbu C. Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Drink Based on Roasted Avocado Seed Powder. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081083. [PMID: 35448810 PMCID: PMC9032841 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The avocado seed is an underused waste resulting from the processing of pulp. Polyphenols, fibers, and carotenoids are present in the seed, which also exhibits prophylactic, fungicidal, and larvicidal effects. Developing food products with avocado seed as an ingredient or spice is highly desired for nutritional, environmental, and economic reasons. The present study proposed its valorization in a hot drink, similar to already existing coffee alternatives, obtained by infusing the roasted and grinded avocado seed. The proximate composition of the raw or conditioned avocado seed and that of the novel drink were determined. The total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method. The total carotenoids were extracted and assessed spectrophotometrically. Starch determination was performed by the Ewers Polarimetric method. The highest content of polyphenols, 772.90 mg GAE/100 g, was determined in the crude seed, while in the drink was as low as 17.55 mg GAE/100 g. However, the proposed drink demonstrated high antioxidant capacity, evaluated through the DPPH method. This might be due to the high content of the total carotenoid compounds determined in the roasted seed (6534.48 µg/100 g). The proposed drink demonstrated high antiproliferative activity on Hs27 and DLD-1 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Pușcaș
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Anda E. Tanislav
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Romina A. Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Vlad Mureșan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Andruța E. Mureșan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (A.E.T.); (R.A.M.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4-(074)-447-6052
| | - Emoke Pall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.P.); (C.C.)
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Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Perera S, Low M, Basu A, Devi OA, Barooah MS, Li CG, Papoutsis K. The Odyssey of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado ( Persea americana) and Their Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E426. [PMID: 31554332 PMCID: PMC6826385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persea americana, commonly known as avocado, has recently gained substantial popularity and is often marketed as a "superfood" because of its unique nutritional composition, antioxidant content, and biochemical profile. However, the term "superfood" can be vague and misleading, as it is often associated with unrealistic health claims. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research performed in the last few decades to understand the nutritional and therapeutic properties of avocado and its bioactive compounds. In particular, studies reporting the major metabolites of avocado, their antioxidant as well as bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, are summarized and assessed. Furthermore, the potential of avocado in novel drug discovery for the prevention and treatment of cancer, microbial, inflammatory, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases is highlighted. This review also proposes several interesting future directions for avocado research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Muhammad A Alsherbiny
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Saumya Perera
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Low
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Amrita Basu
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech.
| | - Okram Abemsana Devi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam 785013, India.
| | - Mridula Saikia Barooah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam 785013, India.
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos Papoutsis
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Adebayo AE, Oke AM, Lateef A, Oyatokun AA, Abisoye OD, Adiji IP, Fagbenro DO, Amusan TV, Badmus JA, Asafa TB, Beukes LS, Gueguim-Kana EB, Abbas SH. Biosynthesis of silver, gold and silver–gold alloy nanoparticles using Persea americana fruit peel aqueous extract for their biomedical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41204-019-0060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kikowska MA, Chmielewska M, Włodarczyk A, Studzińska-Sroka E, Żuchowski J, Stochmal A, Kotwicka M, Thiem B. Effect of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids-Rich Callus Extract of Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach on Viability, Morphology, and Proliferation of Normal Human Skin Fibroblasts. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113009. [PMID: 30453634 PMCID: PMC6278340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the well-characterized callus extract of Chaenomeles japonica on viability, morphology, and proliferation of normal human skin fibroblasts was investigated. The phytochemical analysis was performed using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method. The total phenolic, phenolic acid, and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical Scavenging), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), and CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) assays. The callus growth index during passages was high as well as the content of pentacyclic triterpenoids. The microscopic observations of the fibroblast viability, morphology and the evaluation of the proliferation ratio (xCELLigence system) proved that the influence of callus extract on the fibroblasts was dose-dependent. The evaluated level of fibroblasts proliferation rate after 72 h of incubation with callus extract at concentration 12.5 µg L−1 was the highest compared to all the analyzed ligands. Moreover, callus extract administrated for 72 h caused a significant increase in the proliferation rate in comparison with the control group (5.7 ± 0.1 vs. 4.4 ± 0.9; p < 0.01). The preliminary studies carried out may suggest that the callus extract rich in triterpenoids may be a potential source of cosmetic ingredients with a beneficial effect on human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Anna Kikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-861 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Chmielewska
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agata Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-861 Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Jerzy Żuchowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Barbara Thiem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-861 Poznań, Poland.
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Lara-Flores AA, Araújo RG, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Aguedo M, Aguilar CN, Trajano HL, Ruiz HA. Bioeconomy and Biorefinery: Valorization of Hemicellulose from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Potential Use of Avocado Residues as a Promising Resource of Bioproducts. ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7431-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Figueroa JG, Borrás-Linares I, Lozano-Sánchez J, Segura-Carretero A. Comprehensive characterization of phenolic and other polar compounds in the seed and seed coat of avocado by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. Food Res Int 2017; 105:752-763. [PMID: 29433270 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Avocado seed and seed coat are important by-products from avocado industrialization, with important functional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile and other polar compounds of avocado seed and seed coat using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and liquid chromatography coupled to Ultra-High-Definition Accurate-Mass Q-TOF. In this research 84 compounds were identified, within eight subclass group, among these 45 phenolic compounds were identified for first time in avocado seed. Condensed tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids were the most representative groups in both samples. As far as we are concerned, this is the first time that avocado seed coat has been studied regarding its phenolic compounds using such a powerful instrumental technique. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities were analysed in order to estimate the antioxidant potential of extracts. These results point out that avocado seed and seed coat constitute a source of bioactive ingredients for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Figueroa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain; Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, 11-01-608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain
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López-Cobo A, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Pasini F, Caboni MF, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS and HPLC-FLD-MS as valuable tools for the determination of phenolic and other polar compounds in the edible part and by-products of avocado. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Huang CY, Chuang CY, Shu WY, Chang CW, Chen CR, Fan TC, Hsu IC. Distinct epidermal keratinocytes respond to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields differently. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113424. [PMID: 25409520 PMCID: PMC4237442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an increase in the use of electric appliances that can generate 50 or 60 Hz electromagnetic fields, concerns have intensified regarding the biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on human health. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested the carcinogenic potential of environmental exposure to ELF-EMFs, specifically at 50 or 60 Hz. However, the biological mechanism facilitating the effects of ELF-EMFs remains unclear. Cellular studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the biological effects of ELF-EMFs. The inconsistent results might have been due to diverse cell types. In our previous study, we indicated that 1.5 mT, 60 Hz ELF-EMFs will cause G1 arrest through the activation of the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether ELF-EMFs cause similar effects in a distinct epidermal keratinocyte, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), by using the same ELF-EMF exposure system and experimental design. We observed that ELF-EMFs exerted no effects on cell growth, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and the activation of ATM signaling pathway in NHEK cells. We demonstrated that the 2 epidermal keratinocytes responded to ELF-EMFs differently. To further validate this finding, we simultaneously exposed the NHEK and HaCaT cells to ELF-EMFs in the same incubator for 168 h and observed the cell growths. The simultaneous exposure of the two cell types results showed that the NHEK and HaCaT cells exhibited distinct responses to ELF-EMFs. Thus, we confirmed that the biological effects of ELF-EMFs in epidermal keratinocytes are cell type specific. Our findings may partially explain the inconsistent results of previous studies when comparing results across various experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Yi Shu
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chaang-Ray Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ching Fan
- Magnet Group, Instrumentation Development Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ian C. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Torres RC, Garbo AG, Walde RZML. Larvicidal activity of Persea americana Mill. against Aedes aegypti. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S167-70. [PMID: 25312114 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the toxicity of the ethanol and hexane extracts of the different parts of Persea americana Mill. (P. americana) toward third and fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and to characterize the ethanol extract by qualitative phytochemical analysis. METHODS The seeds, peels and pulp of P. americana were processed for crude extraction using 95% ethanol and n-hexane. Crude extracts were bio-assayed for larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti following the World Health Organization standard bioassay method. The mortality was observed at 24 h and 48 h after treatment and data were subjected to probit analysis to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90). The ethanol extract was characterized by phytochemical analysis. RESULTS Both the hexane and ethanol extracts from the different parts of P. americana exhibited evidence of larvicidal toxicity. The hexane extract from the seeds exhibited the highest toxicity with LC50 and LC90 values of 9.82 mg/L and 22.19 mg/L, respectively, while the ethanol seed extract exhibited LC50 of 16.48 mg/L and LC90 45.77 mg/L, respectively. This was closely followed by the ethanol extract of the peels with an LC50 of 10.35 mg/L and LC90 of 26.29 mg/L. The pulp extracted with ethanol also yielded great larvicidal toxicity with LC50 of 21.32 mg/L and LC90 of 59.45 mg/L. Results of the phytochemical analysis of the ethanol seed extract indicated presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, unsaturated steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids (leucoanthocyanins), fats and oils. CONCLUSIONS Both the hexane and ethanol extracts of P. americana showed promising potential as an alternative source of a more sustainable, non-toxic and environmentally friendly solution for the control of dengue vector, Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Torres
- Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, General Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines; National Research Council of the Philippines, Department of Science and Technology, General Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines.
| | - Alicia G Garbo
- Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, General Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines
| | - Rikkamae Zinca Marie L Walde
- National Research Council of the Philippines, Department of Science and Technology, General Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines
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