1
|
Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heim TE, Hankins ML, Belayneh R, Douglas N, Dinh V, Kovvur M, Boone DN, Ukani V, Bhogal S, Patel V, Moniz TMA, Bailey KM, John I, Schoedel K, Weiss KR, Watters RJ. RNA-sequencing predicts a role of androgen receptor and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 in osteosarcoma lung metastases. Oncogene 2024; 43:1007-1018. [PMID: 38361046 PMCID: PMC10978487 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
One-third of pediatric patients with osteosarcoma (OS) develop lung metastases (LM), which is the primary predictor of mortality. While current treatments of patients with localized bone disease have been successful in producing 5-year survival rates of 65-70%, patients with LM experience poor survival rates of only 19-30%. Unacceptably, this situation that has remained unchanged for 30 years. Thus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms of metastatic spread in OS and to identify targetable molecular pathways that enable more effective treatments for patients with LM. We aimed to identify OS-specific gene alterations using RNA-sequencing of extremity and LM human tissues. Samples of extremity and LM tumors, including 4 matched sets, were obtained from patients with OS. Our data demonstrate aberrant regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway in LM and predicts aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) as a downstream target. Identification of AR pathway upregulation in human LM tissue samples may provide a target for novel therapeutics for patients with LM resistant to conventional chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Heim
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Margaret L Hankins
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebekah Belayneh
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nerone Douglas
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vu Dinh
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Murali Kovvur
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David N Boone
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vrutika Ukani
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sumail Bhogal
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vaidehi Patel
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taylor M A Moniz
- Columbia University with Trinity College, Dublin, UK
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Academy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly M Bailey
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivy John
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Schoedel
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kurt R Weiss
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Watters
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rivera PL, Li WT, Bhogal S, Mandell JB, Belayneh R, Hankins ML, Payne JT, Watters RJ, Weiss KR. Antioxidant 1 copper chaperone gene expression and copper levels in dog osteosarcoma patients. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:559-564. [PMID: 37148200 PMCID: PMC11231990 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four dogs with OS underwent limb amputation. Serum, OS tumour, and normal bone were harvested at time of surgery. RNA was extracted and gene expression was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissue and blood copper concentrations were also determined with spectrophotometry. Compared to bone, tumour samples had significantly higher expressions of antioxidant 1 copper chaperone (ATOX1, p = .0003). OS tumour copper levels were significantly higher than that of serum (p < .010) and bone (p = .038). Similar to our previous observations in mouse and human OS, dog OS demonstrates overexpression of genes that regulate copper metabolism (ATOX1), and subsequent copper levels. Dogs with OS may provide a robust comparative oncology platform for the further study of these factors, as well as potential pharmacologic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Rivera
- Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center-BluePearl, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William T. Li
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumail Bhogal
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Mandell
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebekah Belayneh
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaret L. Hankins
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John T. Payne
- Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center-BluePearl, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Watters
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kurt R. Weiss
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang Q, Liu W, Yang X, Tian Y, Chen J, Hu Y, Fu N. ATG5-Mediated Autophagy May Inhibit Pyroptosis to Ameliorate Oleic Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Steatosis. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:1038-1052. [PMID: 36473201 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite activated autophagy ameliorating hepatocyte steatosis and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), mechanisms underlying the beneficial roles of autophagy in hepatic deregulation of lipid metabolism remain undefined. We explored whether autophagy can ameliorate oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is involved in hepatocyte steatosis induced by OA. In addition, autophagy flux was blocked in OA-treated hepatocytes. Treatment with OA induced lipid accumulation in liver cell line L-02, which was attenuated by rapamycin (Rap), an autophagy agonist, while aggravated by autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1). Inversely, treatment with pyroptotic agonist Nigericin aggravated OA-induced hepatic steatosis, while pyroptosis antagonist disulfiram ameliorated this effect. Mechanistically, treatment with Rap downregulated the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-18, GSDMD expression evoked by OA, thus improving pyroptosis in hepatic steatosis. Significantly, overexpression of ATG5 obviously downregulated cleaved caspase-1 expressions without altering the total caspase1 expressions in hepatic cell steatosis. Taken together, our studies strongly demonstrated that the activation of ATG5 inhibits pyroptosis to improve hepatic steatosis and suggest autophagy activation as a potential therapeutic strategy for pyroptosis-mediated MAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yaying Tian
- Department of Infectious and Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiacheng Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Celik B, Cicek K, Leal AF, Tomatsu S. Regulation of Molecular Targets in Osteosarcoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12583. [PMID: 36293439 PMCID: PMC9604206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma, affects the growth plates of long bones in adolescents and young adults. Standard chemotherapeutic methods showed poor response rates in patients with recurrent and metastatic phases. Therefore, it is critical to develop novel and efficient targeted therapies to address relapse cases. In this regard, RNA interference technologies are encouraging options in cancer treatment, in which small interfering RNAs regulate the gene expression following RNA interference pathways. The determination of target tissue is as important as the selection of tissue-specific promoters. Moreover, small interfering RNAs should be delivered effectively into the cytoplasm. Lentiviral vectors could encapsulate and deliver the desired gene into the cell and integrate it into the genome, providing long-term regulation of targeted genes. Silencing overexpressed genes promote the tumor cells to lose invasiveness, prevents their proliferation, and triggers their apoptosis. The uniqueness of cancer cells among patients requires novel therapeutic methods that treat patients based on their unique mutations. Several studies showed the effectiveness of different approaches such as microRNA, drug- or chemotherapy-related methods in treating the disease; however, identifying various targets was challenging to understanding disease progression. In this regard, the patient-specific abnormal gene might be targeted using genomics and molecular advancements such as RNA interference approaches. Here, we review potential therapeutic targets for the RNA interference approach, which is applicable as a therapeutic option for osteosarcoma patients, and we point out how the small interfering RNA method becomes a promising approach for the unmet challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betul Celik
- Department of Biological Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Kader Cicek
- Department of Biological Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Andrés Felipe Leal
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lai HT, Naumova N, Marchais A, Gaspar N, Geoerger B, Brenner C. Insight into the interplay between mitochondria-regulated cell death and energetic metabolism in osteosarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948097. [PMID: 36072341 PMCID: PMC9441498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a pediatric malignant bone tumor that predominantly affects adolescent and young adults. It has high risk for relapse and over the last four decades no improvement of prognosis was achieved. It is therefore crucial to identify new drug candidates for OS treatment to combat drug resistance, limit relapse, and stop metastatic spread. Two acquired hallmarks of cancer cells, mitochondria-related regulated cell death (RCD) and metabolism are intimately connected. Both have been shown to be dysregulated in OS, making them attractive targets for novel treatment. Promising OS treatment strategies focus on promoting RCD by targeting key molecular actors in metabolic reprogramming. The exact interplay in OS, however, has not been systematically analyzed. We therefore review these aspects by synthesizing current knowledge in apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in OS. Additionally, we outline an overview of mitochondrial function and metabolic profiles in different preclinical OS models. Finally, we discuss the mechanism of action of two novel molecule combinations currently investigated in active clinical trials: metformin and the combination of ADI-PEG20, Docetaxel and Gemcitabine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Toan Lai
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nataliia Naumova
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Antonin Marchais
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Gaspar
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Brenner
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Brenner,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fath MK, Ebrahimi M, Nourbakhsh E, Hazara AZ, Mirzaei A, Shafieyari S, Salehi A, Hoseinzadeh M, Payandeh Z, Barati G. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
ALDH1A1 Gene Expression and Cellular Copper Levels between Low and Highly Metastatic Osteosarcoma Provide a Case for Novel Repurposing with Disulfiram and Copper. Sarcoma 2022; 2022:7157507. [PMID: 35125923 PMCID: PMC8816591 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7157507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH) is a cancer stem cell marker highly expressed in metastatic cells. Disulfiram (Dis) is an FDA-approved antialcoholism drug that inhibits ALDH and has been studied as a candidate for drug repurposing in multiple neoplasia. Dis cytotoxicity in cancer cells has been shown to be copper-dependent, in part due to Dis's ability to function as a bivalent metal ion chelator of copper (Cu). The objectives of this research were to test ALDH expression levels and Cu concentrations in sarcoma patient tumors and human osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines with differing metastatic phenotypes. We also sought to evaluate Dis + Cu combination therapy in human OS cells. Intracellular Cu was inversely proportional to the metastatic phenotype in human OS cell lines (SaOS2 > LM2 > LM7). Nonmetastatic human sarcoma tumors demonstrated increased Cu concentrations compared with metastatic tumors. qPCR demonstrated that ALDH expression was significantly increased in highly metastatic LM2 and LM7 human OS cell lines compared with low metastatic SaOS2. Tumor cells from sarcoma patients with metastatic disease displayed significantly increased ALDH expression compared with tumor cells from patients without metastatic disease. Serum Cu concentration in canine OS versus normal canine patients demonstrated similar trends. Dis demonstrated selective cytotoxicity compared with human multipotential stromal cells (MSCs): Dis-treated OS cells demonstrated increased apoptosis, whereas MSCs did not. CuCl2 combined with Dis and low-dose doxorubicin resulted in a superior cytotoxic effect in both SaOS2 and LM7 cell lines. In summary, ALDH gene expression and Cu levels are altered between low and highly metastatic human OS cells, canine samples, and patient tumors. Our findings support the feasibility of a repurposed drug strategy for Dis and Cu in combination with low-dose anthracycline to specifically target metastatic OS cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao P, Tang X, Huang Y. Teaching new tricks to old dogs: A review of drug repositioning of disulfiram for cancer nanomedicine. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Xueping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- Artemisinin Research Center Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients Shanghai China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdelwahab EMM, Bovari-Biri J, Smuk G, Harko T, Fillinger J, Moldvay J, Krymskaya VP, Pongracz JE. Normalization of Enzyme Expression and Activity Regulating Vitamin A Metabolism Increases RAR-Beta Expression and Reduces Cellular Migration and Proliferation in Diseases Caused by Tuberous Sclerosis Gene Mutations. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644592. [PMID: 34178631 PMCID: PMC8226169 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation in a tuberous sclerosis gene (TSC1 or 2) leads to continuous activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR activation alters cellular including vitamin A metabolism and retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) expression. The goal of the present study was to investigate the molecular connection between vitamin A metabolism and TSC mutation. We also aimed to investigate the effect of the FDA approved drug rapamycin and the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) in cell lines with TSC mutation. Methods Expression and activity of vitamin A associated metabolic enzymes and RARβ were assessed in human kidney angiomyolipoma derived cell lines, primary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) tissue derived LAM cell lines. RARβ protein levels were also tested in primary LAM lung tissue sections. TaqMan arrays, enzyme activities, qRT-PCRs, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescent staining, and western blotting were performed and analysed. The functional effects of retinoic acid (RA) and rapamycin were tested in a scratch and a BrDU assay to assess cell migration and proliferation. Results Metabolic enzyme arrays revealed a general deregulation of many enzymes involved in vitamin A metabolism including aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Furthermore, RARβ downregulation was a characteristic feature of all TSC-deficient cell lines and primary tissues. Combination of the two FDA approved drugs -RA for acute myeloid leukaemia and rapamycin for TSC mutation- normalised ALDH and ADH expression and activity, restored RARβ expression and reduced cellular proliferation and migration. Conclusion Deregulation of vitamin A metabolizing enzymes is a feature of TSC mutation. RA can normalize RARβ levels and limit cell migration but does not have a significant effect on proliferation. Based on our data, translational studies could confirm whether combination of RA with reduced dosage of rapamycin would have more beneficial effects to higher dosage of rapamycin monotherapy meanwhile reducing adverse effects of rapamycin for patients with TSC mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Bovari-Biri
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Smuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tunde Harko
- Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Fillinger
- Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pulmonology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pulmonology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vera P Krymskaya
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judit E Pongracz
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
LeBlanc AK, Mazcko CN, Cherukuri A, Berger EP, Kisseberth WC, Brown ME, Lana SE, Weishaar K, Flesner BK, Bryan JN, Vail DM, Burton JH, Willcox JL, Mutsaers AJ, Woods JP, Northrup NC, Saba C, Curran KM, Leeper H, Wilson-Robles H, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Lindley S, Smith AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Higginbotham ML, Wouda RM, Krick E, Mahoney JA, London CA, Barber LG, Balkman CE, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Suter SE, Martin O, Borgatti A, Burgess K, Childress MO, Fidel JL, Allstadt SD, Gustafson DL, Selmic LE, Khanna C, Fan TM. Adjuvant Sirolimus Does Not Improve Outcome in Pet Dogs Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapy for Appendicular Osteosarcoma: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of 324 Dogs. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3005-3016. [PMID: 33753454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mTOR pathway has been identified as a key nutrient signaling hub that participates in metastatic progression of high-grade osteosarcoma. Inhibition of mTOR signaling is biologically achievable with sirolimus, and might slow the outgrowth of distant metastases. In this study, pet dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were leveraged as high-value biologic models for pediatric osteosarcoma, to assess mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for attenuating metastatic disease progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 324 pet dogs diagnosed with treatment-naïve appendicular osteosarcoma were randomized into a two-arm, multicenter, parallel superiority trial whereby dogs received amputation of the affected limb, followed by adjuvant carboplatin chemotherapy ± oral sirolimus therapy. The primary outcome measure was disease-free interval (DFI), as assessed by serial physical and radiologic detection of emergent macroscopic metastases; secondary outcomes included overall 1- and 2-year survival rates, and sirolimus pharmacokinetic variables and their correlative relationship to adverse events and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the median DFI or overall survival between the two arms of this trial; the median DFI and survival for standard-of-care (SOC; defined as amputation and carboplatin therapy) dogs was 180 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 144-237] and 282 days (95% CI, 224-383) and for SOC + sirolimus dogs, it was 204 days (95% CI, 157-217) and 280 days (95% CI, 252-332), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a population of pet dogs nongenomically segmented for predicted mTOR inhibition response, sequentially administered adjuvant sirolimus, although well tolerated when added to a backbone of therapy, did not extend DFI or survival in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aswini Cherukuri
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erika P Berger
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Comparative Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan E Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kristen Weishaar
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brian K Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David M Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Corey Saba
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Haley Leeper
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephanie Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.,ICATS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raelene M Wouda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Erika Krick
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer A Mahoney
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa G Barber
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl E Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Steven E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Olya Martin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kristine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Michael O Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Janean L Fidel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Sara D Allstadt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts.,Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hassan G, Du J, Afify SM, Seno A, Seno M. Cancer stem cell generation by silenced MAPK enhancing PI3K/AKT signaling. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
TRAIL responses are enhanced by nuclear export inhibition in osteosarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:383-389. [PMID: 31362889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anti-tumour agent that induces apoptosis of malignant cells through activation of death receptors. Death receptor agonistic antibodies are in clinical trials as TRAIL-mimetics, however, along with TRAIL monotherapy, there is limited efficacy due to the rapid emergence of TRAIL resistance, or due to existing TRAIL-insensitive disease. TRAIL-sensitisers, which enhance TRAIL activity or overcome TRAIL resistance, may facilitate death receptor agonists as viable anti-tumour strategies. In this study we demonstrate that the nuclear export inhibitor Leptomycin B, is a potent in vitro TRAIL-sensitiser in osteosarcoma cell lines. Leptomycin B works synergistically with both TRAIL and death receptor 5 agonistic antibodies to induce apoptosis in TRAIL sensitive cell lines. Further, Leptomycin B sensitises TRAIL-insensitive cell lines to TRAIL and death receptor agonistic antibody mediated apoptosis. We also confirmed that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) positive cells are not resistant to the apoptotic effects of TRAIL and Leptomycin B, an important observation since ALDH positive cells can have enhanced tumorigenicity and are implicated in disease recurrence and metastasis. The nuclear export pathway in combination with death receptor agonists, is a potential therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma and warrants further research on clinically relevant selective inhibitors of nuclear export.
Collapse
|
14
|
Combination Therapy with Disulfiram, Copper, and Doxorubicin for Osteosarcoma: In Vitro Support for a Novel Drug Repurposing Strategy. Sarcoma 2019; 2019:1320201. [PMID: 31379466 PMCID: PMC6657614 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1320201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many cancer cells have significantly higher copper concentrations compared with normal cells and tissues, the role of copper in cancer biology and metastatic disease remains poorly understood. Here, we study the importance of copper in osteosarcoma, which frequently metastasizes to the lungs and is often chemoresistant. K12 and K7M2 are murine OS cells with differing metastatic phenotypes: K7M2 is highly metastatic, whereas K12 is much less so. Intracellular copper levels were determined using atomic absorption. Copper transporters were quantified by qPCR. Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, disulfiram, and copper(II) chloride was assessed with a cell viability fluorescence stain. Additionally, K7M2 viable cell counts were determined by trypan blue exclusion staining after 72 hours of treatment. Copper levels were found to be significantly higher in K12 OS cells than in K7M2 cells. qPCR showed that K12 cells upregulate the copper influx pump CTR1 and downregulate the copper efflux pump ATP7A compared to K7M2 OS cells. Combination treatment of copper chloride (50 nM) with disulfiram (80 nM) was only cytotoxic to K12 cells. Triple treatment with doxorubicin, disulfiram, and copper displayed potent and durable cytotoxicity of highly metastatic K7M2 cells. We demonstrate here that murine OS cell lines differing in metastatic potential also vary in endogenous copper levels and regulation. Additionally, these differences in copper regulation may contribute to selective cytotoxicity of K12 cells by extremely low doses of copper-potentiated disulfiram. The combination of doxorubicin, disulfiram, and copper should be explored as a therapeutic strategy against OS metastases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Circulating Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Tumor Cells With Loss of Heterozygosity in the TSC2 Gene Show Increased Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity. Chest 2019; 156:298-307. [PMID: 31034819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a destructive metastasizing neoplasm of the lung characterized by proliferation of LAM cells in specialized lung nodules. LAM cells are characterized by expression of the prometastatic and cancer-initiating hyaluronan receptor CD44v6, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of TSC1 and TSC2. The circulating neoplastic LAM cells are thought to be involved in metastasis. Because LAM cells display properties of neoplastic, metastatic, and stem cell-like cancer cells, we hypothesized that elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, characteristic of cancer and stem cells, is a property of LAM cells. METHODS We performed an in silico search of ALDH genes in microdissected LAM lung nodules. To identify circulating LAM cells, we osmotically removed red blood cells from whole blood to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which were then sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on their level of ALDH activity. RESULTS Microdissected LAM lung nodules possess a distinctive ALDH gene profile. The cell subpopulation with high ALDH activity, isolated from circulating cells, possessed TSC2 LOH in 8 of 14 patients with LAM. Approximately 60% of the circulating cells with high ALDH activity expressed CD44v6. Cells with TSC2 LOH from patients with LAM and LAM/TSC exhibited different properties in different body locations, but all cell types showed high ALDH activity. CONCLUSIONS This new procedure allows for isolation of circulating LAM cells from cultured cells, blood, and chylous effusions and shows that circulating LAM cells are heterogeneous with neoplastic, metastatic, and cancer-stem cell-like properties.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nanog Signaling Mediates Radioresistance in ALDH-Positive Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051151. [PMID: 30845764 PMCID: PMC6429380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as the major cause of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Evidence from experimental studies applying both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models suggests that CSCs survive after conventional therapy protocols. Several mechanisms are proposed to be involved in CSC resistance to radiotherapy. Among them, stimulated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair capacity in association with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity seems to be the most prominent mechanism. However, thus far, the pathway through which ALDH activity stimulates DSB repair is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the underlying signaling pathway by which ALDH activity stimulates DSB repair and can lead to radioresistance of breast cancer cell lines in vitro. When compared with ALDH-negative cells, ALDH-positive cells presented significantly enhanced cell survival after radiation exposure. This enhanced cell survival was associated with stimulated Nanog, BMI1 and Notch1 protein expression, as well as stimulated Akt activity. By applying overexpression and knockdown approaches, we clearly demonstrated that Nanog expression is associated with enhanced ALDH activity and cellular radioresistance, as well as stimulated DSB repair. Akt and Notch1 targeting abrogated the Nanog-mediated radioresistance and stimulated ALDH activity. Overall, we demonstrate that Nanog signaling induces tumor cell radioresistance and stimulates ALDH activity, most likely through activation of the Notch1 and Akt pathways.
Collapse
|
17
|
Trucco MM, Meyer CF, Thornton KA, Shah P, Chen AR, Wilky BA, Carrera-Haro MA, Boyer LC, Ferreira MF, Shafique U, Powell JD, Loeb DM. A phase II study of temsirolimus and liposomal doxorubicin for patients with recurrent and refractory bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res 2018; 8:21. [PMID: 30410720 PMCID: PMC6217787 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-018-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Relapsed and refractory sarcomas continue to have poor survival rates. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a tractable explanation for the observation that recurrences occur despite dramatic responses to upfront chemotherapy. Preclinical studies demonstrated that inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) sensitizes the CSC population to chemotherapy. Methods Here we present the results of the Phase II portion of a Phase I/II clinical trial that aimed to overcome the chemoresistance of sarcoma CSC by combining the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus (20 mg/m2 weekly) with the chemotherapeutic agent liposomal doxorubicin (30 mg/m2 monthly). Results Fifteen patients with relapsed/refractory sarcoma were evaluable at this recommended Phase 2 dose level. The median progression free survival was 315 days (range 27–799). Response rate, defined as stable disease or better for 60 days, was 53%. Nine of the patients had been previously treated with doxorubicin. Therapy was well tolerated. In a small number of patients, pre- and post- treatment tumor biopsies were available for assessment of ALDH expression as a marker of CSCs and showed a correlation between response and decreased ALDH expression. We also found a correlation between biopsy-proven inhibition of mTOR and response. Conclusions Our study adds to the literature supporting the addition of mTOR inhibition to chemotherapy agents for the treatment of sarcomas, and proposes that a mechanism by which mTOR inhibition enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy may be through sensitizing the chemoresistant CSC population. Further study, ideally with pre- and post-therapy assessment of ALDH expression in tumor cells, is warranted. Trial registration The trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00949325) on 30 July 2009. http://www.editorialmanager.com/csrj/default.aspx
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Trucco
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Present Address: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Christian F Meyer
- 2Division of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Katherine A Thornton
- 2Division of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,4Present Address: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Preeti Shah
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,Present Address: Akan Biosciences, Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Allen R Chen
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Breelyn A Wilky
- 2Division of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Present Address: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Maria A Carrera-Haro
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,6Present Address: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
| | - Lillian C Boyer
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Margaret F Ferreira
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Umber Shafique
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- 2Division of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David M Loeb
- 1Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,7Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3411 Wayne Ave., Room 910, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Crasto JA, Fourman MS, Morales-Restrepo A, Mahjoub A, Mandell JB, Ramnath K, Tebbets JC, Watters RJ, Weiss KR. Disulfiram reduces metastatic osteosarcoma tumor burden in an immunocompetent Balb/c or-thotopic mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30163-30172. [PMID: 30046395 PMCID: PMC6059028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The overall survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma (OS) and pulmonary metastases has remained stagnant at 15–30% for several decades. Disulfiram (DSF) is an FDA-approved aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor that reduces the metastatic phenotype of OS cells in vitro. Here we evaluate its in vivo efficacy, as compared to doxorubicin chemotherapy, in a previously-validated orthotopic model of metastatic OS. Results All treatment groups displayed a significantly reduced quantitative OS metastatic burden compared with controls. The metastatic burden of Lo DSF-treated animals was equivalent to the DXR group. Ninety-five percent of control animals displayed evidence of metastatic disease, which was significantly greater than all treatment groups. Discussion Disulfiram treatment resulted in a reduced burden of OS metastatic disease compared with controls. This was statistically-equivalent to doxorubicin. No additive effect was observed between these two therapies. Materials and Methods One-hundred twenty immunocompetent Balb/c mice received proximal tibia paraphyseal injections of 5 × 105 K7M2 murine OS cells. Therapy began three weeks after injection: saline (control), low-dose disulfiram (Lo DSF), high-dose disulfiram (Hi DSF), doxorubicin (DXR), Lo DSF + DXR, and Hi DSF + DXR. Transfemoral amputations were performed at 4 weeks. Quantitative metastatic tumor burden was measured using near-infrared indocyanine green (ICG) angiography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Anthony Crasto
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell Stephen Fourman
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alejandro Morales-Restrepo
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adel Mahjoub
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Brendan Mandell
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kavita Ramnath
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica C Tebbets
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Watters
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Richard Weiss
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Departments of Anatomic Pathology and General Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pearson ADJ, Federico SM, Aerts I, Hargrave DR, DuBois SG, Iannone R, Geschwindt RD, Wang R, Haluska FG, Trippett TM, Geoerger B. A phase 1 study of oral ridaforolimus in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84736-84747. [PMID: 27713169 PMCID: PMC5356695 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ridaforolimus is an investigational, potent, selective mTOR inhibitor. This study was conducted to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), maximum tolerated dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of oral ridaforolimus in children with advanced solid tumors. Experimental Design In this phase 1, multicenter, open-label study in children aged 6 to <18 years with advanced solid tumors, ridaforolimus was administered orally for 5 consecutive days/week in 28-day cycles until progression, unacceptable toxicity, or consent withdrawal. Dose started at 22 mg/m2 and increased to 28 mg/m2 and 33 mg/m2, followed by expansion at the RP2D. Results Twenty patients were treated; 18 were evaluable for dose-limiting toxicities. One dose-limiting toxicity (grade 3 increased alanine aminotransferase) occurred in 1 patient at 33 mg/m2. Dose escalation concluded at 33 mg/m2; the maximum tolerated dose was not determined. The most common treatment-related adverse events (frequency ≥40%) were manageable grade 1–2 stomatitis, thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased alanine aminotransferase, fatigue, hypercholesterolemia, anemia, and increased aspartate aminotransferase. Ridaforolimus exposure at 28 mg/m2 and 33 mg/m2 exceeded adult target levels. The RP2D for oral ridaforolimus in children was defined as 33 mg/m2. Four patients received at least 4 cycles; 2 with pineoblastoma and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma had stable disease for 12 and 46 cycles, respectively. Conclusions Ridaforolimus is orally bioavailable and well tolerated in children with advanced solid tumors. The RP2D (33 mg/m2, 5 days/week) exceeds the adult RP2D. The favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles may allow for combination therapy, a promising therapeutic option in pediatric malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D J Pearson
- Paediatric Drug Development Unit, Children and Young People's Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M Federico
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- Department of Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Darren R Hargrave
- Haematology and Oncology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, and Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Current affiliation: Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Iannone
- Clinical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | | | - Ruixue Wang
- BARDS, MSD R&D (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Frank G Haluska
- Clinical Research & Development, ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tanya M Trippett
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Childhood and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterization and Differentiation of Sorted Human Fetal Pancreatic ALDHhi and ALDHhi/CD133+ Cells Toward Insulin-Expressing Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:275-286. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
21
|
mTOR: An attractive therapeutic target for osteosarcoma? Oncotarget 2018; 7:50805-50813. [PMID: 27177330 PMCID: PMC5226621 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary malignant bone tumor with high morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. How to improve poor prognosis of OS due to resistance to chemotherapy remains a challenge. Recently, growing findings show activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is associated with OS cell growth, proliferation, metastasis. Targeting mTOR may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating OS. This review summarizes the roles of mTOR pathway in OS and present research status of mTOR inhibitors in the context of OS. In addition, we have attempted to discuss how to design a better treatment project for OS by combining mTOR inhibitor with other drugs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yu S, Fourman MS, Mahjoub A, Mandell JB, Crasto JA, Greco NG, Weiss KR. Lung cells support osteosarcoma cell migration and survival. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 28122543 PMCID: PMC5267399 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor, with a propensity to metastasize to the lungs. Five-year survival for metastatic OS is below 30%, and has not improved for several decades despite the introduction of multi-agent chemotherapy. Understanding OS cell migration to the lungs requires an evaluation of the lung microenvironment. Here we utilized an in vitro lung cell and OS cell co-culture model to explore the interactions between OS and lung cells, hypothesizing that lung cells would promote OS cell migration and survival. The impact of a novel anti-OS chemotherapy on OS migration and survival in the lung microenvironment was also examined. Methods Three human OS cell lines (SJSA-1, Saos-2, U-2) and two human lung cell lines (HULEC-5a, MRC-5) were cultured according to American Type Culture Collection recommendations. Human lung cell lines were cultured in growth medium for 72 h to create conditioned media. OS proliferation was evaluated in lung co-culture and conditioned media microenvironment, with a murine fibroblast cell line (NIH-3 T3) in fresh growth medium as controls. Migration and invasion were measured using a real-time cell analysis system. Real-time PCR was utilized to probe for Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH1) expression. Osteosarcoma cells were also transduced with a lentivirus encoding for GFP to permit morphologic analysis with fluorescence microscopy. The anti-OS efficacy of Disulfiram, an ALDH-inhibitor previously shown to inhibit OS cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro, was evaluated in each microenvironment. Results Lung-cell conditioned medium promoted osteosarcoma cell migration, with a significantly higher attractive effect on all three osteosarcoma cell lines compared to basic growth medium, 10% serum containing medium, and NIH-3 T3 conditioned medium (p <0.05). Lung cell conditioned medium induced cell morphologic changes, as demonstrated with GFP-labeled cells. OS cells cultured in lung cell conditioned medium had increased alkaline phosphatase staining. Conclusions Lung endothelial HULEC-5a cells are attractants for OS cell migration, proliferation, and survival. The SJSA-1 osteosarcoma cell line demonstrated greater metastatic potential than Saos-2 and U-2 cells. ALDH appears to be involved in the interaction between lung and OS cells, and ALP may be a valuable biomarker for monitoring functional OS changes during metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Adel Mahjoub
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Jared Anthony Crasto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kurt Richard Weiss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 450 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Retinal Targets ALDH Positive Cancer Stem Cell and Alters the Phenotype of Highly Metastatic Osteosarcoma Cells. Sarcoma 2015; 2015:784954. [PMID: 26819566 PMCID: PMC4706975 DOI: 10.1155/2015/784954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a cancer stem cell marker. Retinoic acid has antitumor properties, including the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. Retinal, the precursor of retinoic acid, can be oxidized to retinoic acid by dehydrogenases, including ALDH. We hypothesized that retinal could potentially be transformed to retinoic acid with higher efficiency by cancer stem cells, due to the higher ALDH activity. We previously observed that ALDH activity is greater in highly metastatic K7M2 osteosarcoma (OS) cells than in nonmetastatic K12 OS cells. We also demonstrated that ALDH activity correlates with clinical metastases in bone sarcoma patients, suggesting that ALDH may be a therapeutic target specific to cells with high metastatic potential. Our current results demonstrated that retinal preferentially affected the phenotypes of ALDH-high K7M2 cells in contrast to ALDH-low K12 cells, which could be mediated by the more efficient transformation of retinal to retinoic acid by ALDH in K7M2 cells. Retinal treatment of highly metastatic K7M2 cells decreased their proliferation, invasion capacity, and resistance to oxidative stress. Retinal altered the expression of metastasis-related genes. These observations indicate that retinal may be used to specifically target metastatic cancer stem cells in OS.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Literature review. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and malignancy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The use of rhBMP-2 in spine surgery has been the topic of much debate as studies assessing the association between rhBMP-2 and malignancy have come to conflicting conclusions. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed-National Library of Medicine/National Institute of Health databases. Only non-clinical studies directly addressing BMP-2 and cancer were included. Articles were categorized by study type (animal, in vitro cell line/human/animal), primary malignancy, cancer attributes, and whether BMP-2 was pro-malignancy or not. RESULTS A total of 4,131 articles were reviewed. Of those, 515 articles made reference to both BMP-2 and cancer, 99 of which were found to directly examine the role of BMP-2 in cancer. Seventy-five studies were in vitro and 24 were animal studies. Forty-three studies concluded that BMP-2 enhanced cancer function, whereas 18 studies found that BMP-2 suppressed malignancy. Thirty-six studies did not examine whether BMP-2 enhanced or suppressed cancer function. Fifteen studies demonstrated BMP-2 dose dependence (9 enhancement, 6 suppression) and one study demonstrated no dose dependence. Nine studies demonstrated BMP-2 time dependence (6 enhancement, 3 suppression). However, no study demonstrated that BMP-2 caused cancer de novo. CONCLUSION Currently, conflicting data exist with regard to the effect of exogenous BMP-2 on cancer. The majority of studies addressed the role of BMP-2 in prostate (17%), breast (17%), and lung (15%) cancers. Most were in vitro studies (75%) and examined cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential (37%). Of 99 studies, there was no demonstration of BMP-2 causing cancer de novo. However, 43% of studies suggested that BMP-2 enhances tumor function, motivating more definitive research on the topic that also includes clinically meaningful dose- and time-dependence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang YC, Yu HS, Chai CY. Aldehyde dehydrogenase induction in arsenic-exposed rat bladder epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:61-8. [PMID: 26482281 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment. Many human cancers, including urothelial carcinoma (UC), show a dose-dependent relationship with arsenic exposure in the south-west coast of Taiwan (also known as the blackfoot disease (BFD) areas). However, the molecular mechanisms of arsenic-mediated UC carcinogenesis has not yet been defined. In vivo study, the rat bladder epithelium were exposed with arsenic for 48 h. The proteins were extracted from untreated and arsenic-treated rat bladder cells and utilized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Selected peptides were extracted from the gel and identified by quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) Ultima-Micromass spectra. The significantly difference expression of proteins in arsenic-treated groups as compared with untreated groups was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting. We found that thirteen proteins were down-regulated and nine proteins were up-regulated in arsenic-treated rat bladder cells when compared with untreated groups. The IHC and western blotting results confirmed that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) protein was up-regulated in arsenic-treated rat bladder epithelium. Expression of ALDH protein was significantly higher in UC patients from BFD areas than those from non-BFD areas using IHC (p=0.018). In conclusion, the ALDH protein expression could be used as molecular markers for arsenic-induced transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Huang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodriguez-Torres M, Allan AL. Aldehyde dehydrogenase as a marker and functional mediator of metastasis in solid tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:97-113. [PMID: 26445849 PMCID: PMC4740561 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence indicating that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity selects for cancer cells with increased aggressiveness, capacity for sustained proliferation, and plasticity in primary tumors. However, emerging data also suggests an important mechanistic role for the ALDH family of isoenzymes in the metastatic activity of tumor cells. Recent studies indicate that ALDH correlates with either increased or decreased metastatic capacity in a cellular context-dependent manner. Importantly, it appears that different ALDH isoforms support increased metastatic capacity in different tumor types. This review assesses the potential of ALDH as biological marker and mechanistic mediator of metastasis in solid tumors. In many malignancies, most notably in breast cancer, ALDH activity and expression appears to be a promising marker and potential therapeutic target for treating metastasis in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rodriguez-Torres
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. .,London Regional Cancer Program, Room A4-132, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cojoc M, Mäbert K, Muders MH, Dubrovska A. A role for cancer stem cells in therapy resistance: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 31:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Guo R, Xu X, Babcock SA, Zhang Y, Ren J. Aldehyde dedydrogenase-2 plays a beneficial role in ameliorating chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation through regulation of autophagy. J Hepatol 2015; 62:647-56. [PMID: 25457208 PMCID: PMC4336638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) plays a critical role in the detoxification of the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde. This study was designed to examine the impact of global ALDH2 overexpression on alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. METHODS Wild type Friend virus B (FVB) and ALDH2 transgenic mice were placed on a 4% alcohol or control diet for 12 weeks. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin and cholesterol, hepatic triglyceride, steatosis, fat metabolism-related proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), autophagy and autophagy signalling were examined. The role of autophagy was evaluated in alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1)-transfected human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (VA-13) treated with or without the autophagy inducer rapamycin and lysosomal inhibitors. RESULTS Chronic alcohol intake led to elevated AST-, ALT-levels, bilirubin, AST/ALT ratio, cholesterol, hepatic triglycerides and hepatic fat deposition as evidenced by H&E and Oil Red O staining. Hepatic fat deposition was associated with disturbed levels of fat metabolism-related proteins (fatty acid synthase, SCD1), upregulated interleukin-6, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, and loss of autophagy, effects which were attenuated or ablated by the ALDH2 transgene. Moreover, ethanol (100 mM) and acetaldehyde (100 and 500 μM) increased levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, and suppressed autophagy in VA-13 cells, effects which were markedly alleviated by rapamycin. In addition, lysosomal inhibitors mimicked ethanol-induced p62 accumulation with little additive effect with ethanol. Ethanol significantly suppressed LC3 conversion in the presence of lysosomal inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results revealed that ALDH2 plays a beneficial role in ameliorating chronic alcohol intake-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation through regulation of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA
| | - Xihui Xu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA
| | - Sara A Babcock
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
PI3K/Akt signaling in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:182-92. [PMID: 25704303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common nonhematologic bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite the advances of adjuvant chemotherapy and significant improvement of survival, the prognosis remains generally poor. As such, the search for more effective anti-OS agents is urgent. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is thought to be one of the most important oncogenic pathways in human cancer. An increasing body of evidence has shown that this pathway is frequently hyperactivated in OS and contributes to disease initiation and development, including tumorigenesis, proliferation, invasion, cell cycle progression, inhibition of apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. Inhibition of this pathway through small molecule compounds represents an attractive potential therapeutic approach for OS. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development and progression of OS, and to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this signaling pathway. Knowledge obtained from the application of these compounds will help in further understanding the pathogenesis of OS and designing subsequent treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
30
|
The HDAC inhibitor Vorinostat diminishes the in vitro metastatic behavior of Osteosarcoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:290368. [PMID: 25785263 PMCID: PMC4346695 DOI: 10.1155/2015/290368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone and affects patients in the first two decades of life. The greatest determinant of survival is the presence of pulmonary metastatic disease. The role of epigenetic regulation in OS, specifically the biology of metastases, is unknown. Our previous study with the murine OS cell populations K7M2 and K12 demonstrated a significant correlation of metastatic potential with the DNA methylation level of tumor suppressor genes. In the current study, we investigated if the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, vorinostat, could regulate the metastatic potential of highly metastatic OS cells. Our results revealed that vorinostat treatment of highly metastatic K7M2 OS cells was able to greatly reduce the proliferation and metastatic potential of the cells. Morphological features related to cell motility and invasion were changed by vorinostat treatment. In addition, the gene expressions of mTOR, ALDH1, and PGC-1 were downregulated by vorinostat treatment. These data suggest that vorinostat may be an effective modulator of OS cell metastatic potential and should be studied in preclinical models of metastatic OS.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kanakry CG, Ganguly S, Zahurak M, Bolaños-Meade J, Thoburn C, Perkins B, Fuchs EJ, Jones RJ, Hess AD, Luznik L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression drives human regulatory T cell resistance to posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:211ra157. [PMID: 24225944 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is an effective strategy for preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT). However, the mechanisms by which PTCy modulates alloimmune responses are not well understood. We studied early T cell reconstitution in patients undergoing alloBMT with PTCy and the effects of mafosfamide, a cyclophosphamide (Cy) analog, on CD4(+) T cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) in vitro. Patients exhibited reductions in naïve, potentially alloreactive conventional CD4(+) T cells with relative preservation of memory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. In particular, CD4(+)CD45RA(-)Foxp3(+hi) effector regulatory T cells (Tregs) recovered rapidly after alloBMT and, unexpectedly, were present at higher levels in patients with GVHD. CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells from patients and from allogeneic MLRs expressed relatively high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), the major in vivo mechanism of Cy resistance. Treatment of MLR cultures with the ALDH inhibitor diethylaminobenzaldehyde reduced the activation and proliferation of CD4(+) T cells and sensitized Tregs to mafosfamide. Finally, removing Tregs from peripheral blood lymphocyte grafts obviated PTCy's GVHD-protective effect in a xenogeneic transplant model. Together, these findings suggest that Treg resistance to Cy through expression of ALDH may contribute to the clinical activity of PTCy in preventing GVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Kanakry
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Biological evaluation and 3D-QSAR studies of curcumin analogues as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8795-807. [PMID: 24840575 PMCID: PMC4057759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) is reported as a biomarker for identifying some cancer stem cells, and down-regulation or inhibition of the enzyme can be effective in anti-drug resistance and a potent therapeutic for some tumours. In this paper, the inhibitory activity, mechanism mode, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR (three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship) of curcumin analogues (CAs) against ALDH1 were studied. Results demonstrated that curcumin and CAs possessed potent inhibitory activity against ALDH1, and the CAs compound with ortho di-hydroxyl groups showed the most potent inhibitory activity. This study indicates that CAs may represent a new class of ALDH1 inhibitor.
Collapse
|
33
|
Fleuren ED, Versleijen-Jonkers YM, Roeffen MH, Franssen GM, Flucke UE, Houghton PJ, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, van der Graaf WT. Temsirolimus combined with cisplatin or bevacizumab is active in osteosarcoma models. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2770-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy D.G. Fleuren
- Department of Medical Oncology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | | | - Melissa H.S. Roeffen
- Department of Medical Oncology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Gerben M. Franssen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Uta E. Flucke
- Department of Pathology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus OH
| | - Wim J.G. Oyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
He H, Ni J, Huang J. Molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in osteosarcoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1352-1362. [PMID: 24765137 PMCID: PMC3997672 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the survival rate has been greatly improved in osteosarcoma (OS) patients with localized disease. However, this survival rate has remained unchanged over the past 30 years, and the long-term survival rate for OS patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains poor. To a certain extent, the reason behind this may be ascribed to the chemoresistance to anti-OS therapy. Chemoresistance in OS appears to be mediated by numerous mechanisms, which include decreased intracellular drug accumulation, drug inactivation, enhanced DNA repair, perturbations in signal transduction pathways, apoptosis- and autophagy-related chemoresistance, microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation and cancer stem cell (CSC)-mediated drug resistance. In addition, methods employed to circumvent these resistance mechanism have been shown to be effective in the treatment of OS. However, almost all the current studies on the mechanisms of chemoresistance in OS are in their infancy. Further studies are required to focus on the following aspects: i) Improving the delivery of efficacy through novel delivery patterns; ii) improving the understanding of the signal transduction pathways that regulate the proliferation and growth of OS cells; iii) elucidating the signaling pathways of autophagy and its association with apoptosis in OS cells; iv) utilizing high-throughput miRNA expression analysis to identify miRNAs associated with chemoresistance in OS; and v) identifying the role that CSCs play in tumor metastasis and in-depth study of the mechanism of chemoresistance in the CSCs of OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mu X, Sultankulov B, Agarwal R, Mahjoub A, Schott T, Greco N, Huard J, Weiss K. Chick embryo extract demethylates tumor suppressor genes in osteosarcoma cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472:865-73. [PMID: 23761177 PMCID: PMC3916611 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. It is widely accepted that cancer has genetic and epigenetic origins. The idea of epigenetic reprogramming of cancer cells by an embryonic microenvironment possesses potential interest from the prospect of both basic science and potential therapeutic strategies. Chick embryo extract (CEE) has been used for the successful expansion of many specific stem cells and has demonstrated the ability to facilitate DNA demethylation. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The current study was conducted to compare the status of DNA methylation in highly metastatic and less metastatic osteosarcoma cells and to investigate whether CEE may affect the epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes and thus change the metastatic phenotypes of highly metastatic osteosarcoma cells. METHODS K7M2 murine OS cells were treated with CEE to determine its potential effect on DNA methylation, cell apoptosis, and invasion capacity. RESULTS Our current results suggest that the methylation status of tumor suppressor genes (p16, p53, and E-cadherin) is significantly greater in highly metastatic mouse ostoesarcoma K7M2 cells in comparison with less metastatic mouse osteosarcoma K12 cells. CEE treatment of K7M2 cells caused demethylation of p16, p53, and E-cadherin genes, upregulated their expression, and resulted in the reversion of metastatic phenotypes in highly metastatic osteosarcoma cells. CONCLUSIONS CEE may promote the reversion of metastatic phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells and can be a helpful tool to study osteosarcoma tumor reversion by epigenetic reprogramming. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Demethylation of tumor suppressor genes in osteosarcoma may represent a novel strategy to diminish the metastatic potential of this neoplasm. Further studies, both in vitro and in vivo, are warranted to evaluate the clinical feasibility of this approach as an adjuvant to current therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Mu
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Bolat Sultankulov
- Department of Biophysics, Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Riddhima Agarwal
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Adel Mahjoub
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Trevor Schott
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Nicholas Greco
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Kurt Weiss
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, Suite 206, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Greco N, Schott T, Mu X, Rothenberg A, Voigt C, McGough RL, Goodman M, Huard J, Weiss KR. ALDH Activity Correlates with Metastatic Potential in Primary Sarcomas of Bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:331-338. [PMID: 25328803 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.54040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), chondrosarcoma (CSA), and Ewings sarcoma (ES) are the most common primary malignancies of bone, and are rare diseases. As with all sarcomas, the prognosis of these diseases ultimately depends on the presence of metastatic disease. Survival is therefore closely linked with the biology and metastatic potential of a particular bone tumor's cells. Here we describe a significant correlation of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and the presence/absence of distant metastases in ten consecutive cases of human bone sarcomas. Additionally, cultured human CSA cells, which are historically chemo- and radio-resistant, may be sensitive to the ALDH inhibitor, disulfiram. While it is premature to draw broad conclusions from such a small series, the importance of ALDH activity and inhibition in the metastatic potential of primary bone sarcomas should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Greco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Trevor Schott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xiaodong Mu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Adam Rothenberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Clifford Voigt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Richard L McGough
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Mark Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kurt R Weiss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA ; Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mu X, Isaac C, Greco N, Huard J, Weiss K. Notch Signaling is Associated with ALDH Activity and an Aggressive Metastatic Phenotype in Murine Osteosarcoma Cells. Front Oncol 2013; 3:143. [PMID: 23805413 PMCID: PMC3678113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone, and pulmonary metastatic disease accounts for nearly all mortality. However, little is known about the biochemical signaling alterations that drive the progression of metastatic disease. Two murine OS cell populations, K7M2 and K12, are clonally related but differ significantly in their metastatic phenotypes and therefore represent excellent tools for studying metastatic OS molecular biology. K7M2 cells are highly metastatic, whereas K12 cells display limited metastatic potential. Here we report that the expression of Notch genes (Notch1, 2, 4) are up-regulated, including downstream targets Hes1 and Stat3, in the highly metastatic K7M2 cells compared to the less metastatic K12 cells, indicating that the Notch signaling pathway is more active in K7M2 cells. We have previously described that K7M2 cells exhibit higher levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Here we report that K7M2 cell ALDH activity is reduced with Notch inhibition, suggesting that ALDH activity may be regulated in part by the Notch pathway. Notch signaling is also associated with increased resistance to oxidative stress, migration, invasion, and VEGF expression in vitro. However, Notch inhibition did not significantly alter K7M2 cell proliferation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Notch signaling is associated with ALDH activity and increased metastatic behavior in OS cells. Both Notch and ALDH are putative molecular targets for the treatment and prevention of OS metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Mu
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|