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Grüter BE, Croci D, Schöpf S, Nevzati E, d’Allonzo D, Lattmann J, Roth T, Bircher B, Muroi C, Dutilh G, Widmer HR, Plesnila N, Fandino J, Marbacher S. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Methodological Quality in In Vivo Animal Studies of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1175-1184. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zheng ZV, Lyu H, Lam SYE, Lam PK, Poon WS, Wong GKC. The Dynamics of Microglial Polarization Reveal the Resident Neuroinflammatory Responses After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:433-449. [PMID: 31628642 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Microglia, as the resident immune cells, orchestrate neuroinflammation distinctly in neurological diseases with different polarization statuses. However, microglial polarizations in the neuroinflammatory responses after SAH are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of microglial reaction in an endovascular perforated SAH model. By using the Cx3cr1GFP/GFP Ccr2RFP/RFP transgenic mice, we found that the reactive immune cells were largely from resident microglia pool rather than infiltrating macrophages. Immunostaining and real-time PCR were employed to analyze the temporal microglial polarization and the resulting inflammatory responses. Our results showed that microglia accumulated immediately after SAH with a centrifugal spreading through the Cortex Adjacent to the Perforated Site (CAPS) to the remote motor cortex. Microglia polarized dynamically from M1 to M2 phenotype along with the morphological transformation from ramified to amoeboid shapes. The ramified microglia demonstrated the M1 property, which suggested the function-related microglial polarization occurred prior to morphological transformation after SAH. Bipolar-shaped microglia appeared as the intermediate and transitional status with the capacity of bidirectional polarization. The microglial polarization status is distinct in molecular inflammatory responses; M1-related pro-inflammation was predominant in the early phase and subsequently transited to the M2-related anti-inflammation. The systematic characterization of the dynamics of microglial polarization in this study contributes to the understanding of the origin of neuroinflammatory responses after SAH and provides key foundation for further investigations to develop target treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Vera Zheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sin Yu Erica Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ping Kuen Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - George Kwok Chu Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, 4/F, Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Bach A, Conzen C, Schubert GA, Bleilevens C, Lindauer U. Acute changes of pro-inflammatory markers and corticosterone in experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage: A prerequisite for severity assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220467. [PMID: 31361786 PMCID: PMC6667150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many details of the pathophysiology of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) still remain unknown, making animal experiments an indispensable tool for assessment of diagnostics and therapy. For animal protection and project authorization, one needs objective measures to evaluate the severity and burden in each model. Corticosterone is described as a sensitive stress parameter reflecting the acute burden, and inflammatory markers can be used for assessment of the extent of the brain lesion. However, the brain lesion itself may activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis early after SAH, as shown for ischemic stroke, probably interfering with early inflammatory processes, thus complicating the assessment of severity and burden on the basis of corticosterone and inflammation. To assess the suitability of these markers in SAH, we evaluated the courses of corticosterone, IL-6 and TNF-α up to 6h in an acute model simulating SAH in continuously anaesthetized rats, lacking the pain and stress induced impact on these parameters. Animals were randomly allocated to sham or SAH. SAH was induced by cisterna magna blood-injection, and intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow were measured under continuous isoflurane/fentanyl anaesthesia. Withdrawn at predetermined time points, blood was analysed by commercial ELISA kits. After 6h the brain was removed for western blot analysis of IL-6 and TNF-α. Serum corticosterone levels were low with no significant difference between sham and SAH. No activation of the HPA-axis was detectable, rendering corticosterone a potentially useful parameter for stress assessment in future chronic studies. Blood IL-6 and TNF-α increased in both groups over time, with IL-6 increasing significantly more in SAH compared to sham towards the end of the observation period. In the basal cortex, IL-6 and TNF-α increased only in SAH. The pro-inflammatory response seems to start locally in the brain, reflected by an increase in peripheral blood. An additional surgery-induced systemic inflammatory response should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bach
- Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Catharina Conzen
- Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Bleilevens
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Lindauer
- Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Marbacher S, Grüter B, Schöpf S, Croci D, Nevzati E, D'Alonzo D, Lattmann J, Roth T, Bircher B, Wolfert C, Muroi C, Dutilh G, Widmer HR, Fandino J. Systematic Review of In Vivo Animal Models of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Species, Standard Parameters, and Outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:10.1007/s12975-018-0657-4. [PMID: 30209798 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical models, modification of experimental parameters associated with techniques of inducing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can greatly affect outcomes. To analyze how parameter choice affects the relevance and comparability of findings, we systematically reviewed 765 experimental studies of in vivo animal SAH models (2000-2014). During the last decade, we found marked increases in publications using smaller species and models for simulating acute events after SAH. Overall, the fewer types of species and models used did not correlate with an increased standardization in the experimental characteristics and procedures. However, by species, commonly applied, reliable parameters for each experimental SAH technique were identified in mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog models. Our findings can serve as a starting point for discussion toward a more uniform performance of SAH experiments, development of preclinical SAH common data elements, and establishment of standardized protocols for multicenter preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Marbacher
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland.
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Basil Grüter
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Schöpf
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Davide Croci
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edin Nevzati
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Donato D'Alonzo
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Lattmann
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Tabitha Roth
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Bircher
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Christina Wolfert
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Carl Muroi
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Dutilh
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Trial Unit, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Fandino
- Department of Neurosurgery c/o Neuro Research Office, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 1, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Sun Y, Shen Q, Watts LT, Muir ER, Huang S, Yang GY, Suarez JI, Duong TQ. Multimodal MRI characterization of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2016; 316:53-62. [PMID: 26708744 PMCID: PMC4724533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We implemented an in-scanner rat model of mild SAH in which blood or vehicle was injected into the cistern magna, and applied multimodal MRI to study the brain prior to, immediately after (5min to 4h), and upto 7days after SAH. Vehicle injection did not change arterial lumen diameter, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), T2, venous signal, vascular reactivity to hypercapnia, or foot-fault scores, but mildly reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF) up to 4h, and open-field activity up to 7days post injection. By contrast, blood injection caused: (i) vasospasm 30min after SAH but not thereafter, (ii) venous abnormalities at 3h and 2days, delayed relative to vasospasm, (iii) reduced basal CBF and to hypercapnia 1-4h but not thereafter, (iv) reduced ADC immediately after SAH but no ADC and T2 changes on days 2 and 7, and (v) reduced open-field activities in both SAH and vehicle animals, but no significant differences in open-field activities and foot-fault tests between groups. Mild SAH exhibited transient and mild hemodynamic disturbances and diffusion changes, but did not show apparent ischemic brain injury nor functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Q Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - L T Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - E R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - S Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - G-Y Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - J I Suarez
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX 77027, USA
| | - T Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Li Z, Huang Q, Liu P, Li P, Ma L, Lu J. Functional response of cerebral blood flow induced by somatosensory stimulation in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:096008. [PMID: 26358821 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.096008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often accompanied by cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is the phenomenon of narrowing of large cerebral arteries, and then can produce delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) such as lateralized sensory dysfunction. CVS was regarded as a major contributor to DIND in patients with SAH. However, therapy for preventing vasospasm after SAH to improve the outcomes may not work all the time. It is important to find answers to the relationship between CVS and DIND after SAH. How local cerebral blood flow (CBF) is regulated during functional activation after SAH still remains poorly understood, whereas, the regulation of CBF may play an important role in weakening the impact of CVS on cortex function. Therefore, it is worthwhile to evaluate the functional response of CBF in the activated cortex in an SAH animal model. Most evaluation of the effect of SAH is presently carried out by neurological behavioral scales. The functional imaging of cortical activation during sensory stimulation may help to reflect the function of the somatosensory cortex more locally than the behavioral scales do. We investigated the functional response of CBF in the somatosensory cortex induced by an electrical stimulation to contralateral forepaw via laser speckle imaging in a rat SAH model. Nineteen Sprague-Dawley rats from two groups (control group, n=10 and SAH group, n=9) were studied. SAH was induced in rats by double injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna after CSF aspiration. The same surgical procedure was applied in the control group without CSF aspiration or blood injection. Significant CVS was found in the SAH group. Meanwhile, we observed a delayed peak of CBF response in rats with SAH compared with those in the control group, whereas no significant difference was found in magnitude, duration, and areas under curve of relative CBF changes between the two groups. The results suggest that the regulation function of local CBF during functional activation induced by somatosensory stimulation might not be seriously impaired in the somatosensory cortex of rats with SAH. Therefore, our findings might help to understand the clinical phenomenon that DIND might not occur even when CVS was found in SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, 1037 Luo yu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Department of Neurosurgery, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, 1037 Luo yu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lianting Ma
- Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, ChinacWuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Department of Neurosurgery, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinling Lu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, 1037 Luo yu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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Rat endovascular perforation model. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:660-8. [PMID: 25213427 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental animal models of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have provided a wealth of information on the mechanisms of brain injury. The rat endovascular perforation (EVP) model replicates the early pathophysiology of SAH and hence is frequently used to study early brain injury following SAH. This paper presents a brief review of historical development of the EVP model and details the technique used to create SAH and considerations necessary to overcome technical challenges.
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