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Oberhoffer FS, Dalla-Pozza R, Jakob A, Haas NA, Mandilaras G, Li P. Energy drinks: effects on pediatric 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A randomized trial. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1172-1179. [PMID: 37061642 PMCID: PMC10444612 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) are popular beverages among minors. To date, clinical studies investigating ED-induced effects on the pediatric cardiovascular system are sparse. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a single, bodyweight-adjusted ED dosage on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in healthy children and adolescents. METHODS This study was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Study participants received a single, bodyweight-adjusted ED amount or a placebo drink on 2 consecutive days at similar morning hours. Twenty-four-hour ABPM was assessed via an automated oscillometric blood pressure device after beverage consumption on both study days. RESULTS A total of 17 healthy children and teenagers (13.90 (12.29-17.89) years) were included in the final analysis. The ED consumption led, compared to the placebo intake, to a significantly higher 24-h systolic (115.90 (110.22-118.04) vs. 110.64 (108.09-115.45) mmHg, p = 0.013) and diastolic blood pressure (66.08 (64.20-68.32) vs. 62.63 (61.40-66.46) mmHg, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The single, bodyweight-adjusted ED consumption is linked with a significantly higher systolic as well as diastolic 24-h blood pressure in healthy children and adolescents. Minors, particularly those with an increased cardiovascular morbidity, should be discouraged from drinking EDs. IMPACT Energy drinks (EDs) are consumed by many children and teenagers. While adverse cardiovascular events after ED consumption were reported in the literature, the effects of these beverages on the pediatric 24-h blood pressure profile have not been systematically evaluated yet. In our manuscript, we demonstrate for the first time that acute ED consumption is associated with a significantly higher 24-h systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in healthy minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Oberhoffer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Dalla-Pozza
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - André Jakob
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus A Haas
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Mandilaras
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Pengzhu Li
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Oberhoffer FS, Li P, Jakob A, Dalla-Pozza R, Haas NA, Mandilaras G. Energy Drinks Decrease Left Ventricular Efficiency in Healthy Children and Teenagers: A Randomized Trial. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7209. [PMID: 36236307 PMCID: PMC9572576 DOI: 10.3390/s22197209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Minors are considered the main consumer group of energy drinks (EDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of ED consumption on left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics and efficiency in healthy children and teenagers. Methods: This study was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Study participants consumed a weight-adjusted amount of an ED or a placebo on two consecutive days. LV hemodynamics and efficiency parameters were evaluated non-invasively by generating LV pressure−volume loops (PVLs) through simultaneous echocardiography and blood pressure measurement. Results: A total of 24 children and teenagers (14.90 ± 2.27 years, 13 male) were included in the present study. Conventional echocardiographic parameters of LV function did not show significant differences between both beverage groups. The non-invasive generation of LV PVLs revealed a significantly lower cardiac efficiency 240 min after the ED consumption compared to the placebo intake (140.72 (133.21−149.73) mmHg vs. 135.60 (124.78−140.33) mmHg, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Acute ED consumption is associated with a significantly lower cardiac efficiency in healthy minors. The generation of non-invasive LV PVLs might be beneficial in the assessment of subtle changes in LV efficiency. Further studies need to investigate the influence of chronic ED consumption on LV function and morphology.
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Tulunay Kaya C, Gerede DM, Akhundova J. Acute effects of energy drink consumption on left and right ventricular function - a 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiographic study. KARDIOLOGIIA 2022; 62:28-35. [PMID: 35272605 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.2.n1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim Energy drinks (ED) contain high levels of caffeine and taurine and are associated with several cardiovascular effects. We investigated acute effects of consuming low caffeine and taurine content ED on left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function assessed by conventional and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.Material and methods In this crossover study, 34 healthy adults, age 19-48 yrs, drank an ED containing 53.25 milligrams of caffeine, 284 mg of taurine, or an equal volume of control drink (CD) on two separate sessions, 7-10 days apart. Standard echocardiographic and speckle tracking imaging were performed before and 60 min after consumption of the study beverages.Results Compared to CD, ED caused a significant increase in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (p=0.04) and RV systolic wave velocity (p=0.01) with no effect on global longitudinal strain when compared to CD. LV systolic function was not altered, but mitral early diastolic velocity by tissue Doppler imaging was significantly higher (p=0.031), and early diastolic strain rate, as measured by speckle tracking echocardiography, was significantly lower (p=0.022).Conclusion Reduced caffeine and taurine content ED does not affect LV systolic function, but increases RV longitudinal contractility and improves LV early diastolic filling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javidan Akhundova
- Cardiology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Red Bull Increases Heart Rate at Near Sea Level and Pulmonary Shunt Fraction at High Altitude in a Porcine Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061738. [PMID: 32532046 PMCID: PMC7352389 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Red Bull energy drink is popular among athletes, students and drivers for stimulating effects or enhancing physical performance. In previous work, Red Bull has been shown to exert manifold cardiovascular effects at rest and during exercise. Red Bull with caffeine as the main ingredient increases blood pressure in resting individuals, probably due to an increased release of (nor)-epinephrine. Red Bull has been shown to alter heart rate or leaving it unchanged. Little is known about possible effects of caffeinated energy drinks on pulmonary ventilation/perfusion distribution at sea level or at altitude. Here, we hypothesized a possible alteration of pulmonary blood flow in ambient air and in hypoxia after Red Bull consumption. We subjected eight anesthetized piglets in normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21) and in hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13), respectively, to 10 mL/kg Red Bull ingestion. Another eight animals served as controls receiving an equivalent amount of saline. In addition to cardiovascular data, ventilation/perfusion distribution of the lung was assessed by using the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET). Heart rate increased in normoxic conditions but was not different from controls in acute short-term hypoxia after oral Red Bull ingestion in piglets. For the first time, we demonstrate an increased fraction of pulmonary shunt with unchanged distribution of pulmonary blood flow after Red Bull administration in acute short-term hypoxia. In summary, these findings do not oppose moderate consumption of caffeinated energy drinks even at altitude at rest and during exercise.
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Fajardo-Bonilla E, Méndez-Martínez C, Ibatá-Bernal L. [Consumption of energy drinks among students of Bogotá, Colombia]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 20:579-583. [PMID: 33111890 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n5.67430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the pattern of energy drinks consumption in a sample of students from two public and two private schools of Bogotá. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study in a population of 671 students aged 10 to 20 years. Anthropometric measurements and a food consumption frequency survey were analyzed through a self-applied questionnaire. RESULTS 80% had normal Body Mass Index (BMI), 12.4% were overweight and 3.6% were obese. No association between BMI and energy drinks consumption was observed (p=0.514). Energy drinks consumed by students is associated with physical activity (p=0.01) and alcohol intake (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS The consumption of energy drinks is associated to physical exercise and alcohol intake. The findings show the importance of establishing educational campaigns to inform about the dangers of ingesting energy drinks and mixing them with ethyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Fajardo-Bonilla
- EF: Nutricionista Dietista. M. Sc. Salud Pública. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Carolina Méndez-Martínez
- CM: Nutricionista Dietista. M. Sc. Epidemiología Clínica. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Linda Ibatá-Bernal
- LI: MD. Esp. Epidemiología, M. Sc. Salud Pública. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Chaban R, Kornberger A, Branski N, Buschmann K, Stumpf N, Beiras-Fernandez A, Vahl CF. In-vitro examination of the positive inotropic effect of caffeine and taurine, the two most frequent active ingredients of energy drinks. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:220. [PMID: 28793864 PMCID: PMC5550931 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our study aimed to evaluate changes in the contractile behavior of human myocardium after exposure to caffeine and taurine, the main active ingredients of energy drinks (EDs), and to evaluate whether taurine exhibits any inotropic effect at all in the dosages commonly used in EDs. Methods Myocardial tissue was removed from the right atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and prepared to obtain specimens measuring 4 mm in length. A total of 92 specimens were exposed to electrical impulses at a frequency of 75 bpm for at least 40 min to elicit their maximum contractile force before measuring the isometric contractile force (ICF) and duration of contraction (CD). Following this, each specimen was treated with either taurine (group 1, n = 29), or caffeine (group 2, n = 31) or both (group 3, n = 32). After exposure, ICF and CD measuring were repeated. Post-treatment values were compared with pre-treatments values and indicated as percentages. Results Exposure to taurine did not alter the contraction behavior of the specimens. Exposure to caffeine, in contrast, led to a significant increase in ICF (118 ± 03%, p < 0.01) und a marginal decrease in CD (95 ± 1.6%, p < 0.01). Exposure to a combination of caffeine and taurine also induced a statistically significant increase in ICF (124 ± 4%, p < 0.01) and a subtle reduction in CD (92 ± 1.4%, p < 0.01). The increase in ICF achieved by administration of caffeine was similar to that achieved by a combination of both caffeine and taurine (p = 0.2). The relative ICF levels achieved by administration of caffeine and a combination of taurine and caffeine, respectively, were both significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the ICF resulting from exposure to taurine only. Conclusion While caffeine altered the contraction behavior of the specimen significantly in our in-vitro model, taurine did not exhibit a significant effect. Adding taurine to caffeine did not significantly enhance or reduce the effect of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaban
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - A Kornberger
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - N Branski
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - K Buschmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - N Stumpf
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Beiras-Fernandez
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - C F Vahl
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Mangi MA, Rehman H, Rafique M, Illovsky M. Energy Drinks and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Current Literature. Cureus 2017; 9:e1322. [PMID: 28690955 PMCID: PMC5501707 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are commonly used as a dietary supplement by young adolescents and adults. They are often used as a source of energy in order to enhance physical and mental performance. EDs contain a variety of substances, but caffeine is the main component. Safety has been the biggest concern associated with consuming EDs. Case reports, observational studies, and meta-analyses have been done in order to determine the effects of EDs on cardiovascular changes. The detrimental effects of EDs are cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, prolonged QT interval, aortic dissection, and death. In this article, we review case reports, observational studies, and meta-analyses of EDs and the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. We also review active ingredients, pharmacokinetics, and the mechanism of action of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiba Rehman
- GME Internal Medicine, Orange Park Medical Center
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Enriquez A, Frankel DS. Arrhythmogenic effects of energy drinks. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017; 28:711-717. [PMID: 28387431 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks (ED) are increasingly popular, especially among adolescents and young adults. They are marketed as enhancers of energy, alertness, and physical performance. ED contain high doses of caffeine and other active ingredients. Their safety has come under question due to reports temporally linking ED consumption with serious cardiovascular events, including arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In this article, we report 2 cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in young patients after consuming ED. We also review the ingredients of ED, the physiologic effects on the cardiovascular system, and the available evidence suggesting arrhythmogenecity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Enriquez
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David S Frankel
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
The use and abuse of energy drinks (EDs) is constantly increasing worldwide. We performed a systematic search in Medline, Scopus and Web of Science to identify evidence about the potential link between these beverages and myocardial ischemia. Overall, 8 case reports could be detected, all of which described a realistic association between large intake of EDs and episodes of myocardial ischemia. Interestingly, no additional triggers of myocardial ischemia other than energy drinks could be identified in the vast majority of cases. Some plausible explanations can be brought in support of this association. Most of the biological effects of EDs are seemingly mediated by a positive inotropic effect on cardiac function, which entails increase in heart rate, cardiac output and contractility, stroke volume and arterial blood pressure. Additional biological abnormalities reported after EDs intake include increased platelet aggregation, endothelial dysfunction, hyperglycemia as well as an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although a causal relationship between large consumption of EDs and myocardial ischemia cannot be definitely established so far, concerns about the cardiovascular risk of excessive consumption of these beverages are seemingly justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12"), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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Psychopathology Related to Energy Drinks: A Psychosis Case Report. Case Rep Psychiatry 2017; 2017:5094608. [PMID: 28116203 PMCID: PMC5237741 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5094608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (ED) are nonalcoholic beverages that have caffeine as their most common active substance. The rapid expansion of ED consumption has created concern in the scientific community as well as in the public opinion. We report a psychotic episode probably triggered by ED abuse in a young adult without previous psychotic disorders. We have reviewed the literature regarding the relationship between caffeine, energy drinks, and psychopathology. Few articles have been published about mental health effects of energy drinks and caffeine abuse. Nevertheless, this relationship has been suggested, specifically with anxiety disorders, manic episodes, suicide attempts, psychotic decompensation, and substance use disorder. ED consumption could represent a global public health problem because of the potential severe adverse effects in mental and physical health. To our knowledge, this article is probably the first case of psychosis related to ED abuse in an individual without previous psychotic disorders.
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Cencek P, Wawryk-Gawda E, Samborski P, Jodlowska-Jedrych B. Energy drinks – consumption and awareness among students of Medical University of Lublin. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Energy drinks (ED), containing caffeine, taurine and another substances, are one of the more frequently used legal stimulants. Still, because these can endanger consumers’ health, it is thought that their marketing should be legally controlled.
In our study, we analyzed the frequency of energy drink consumption, as well as the knowledge held about these drinks among medicine and dentistry students of the Medical University of Lublin. In the study, 131 students participated, and the study was done in the form of a survey. The results of this indicate that 81 students (61.83%) declared a daily consumption, and most respondents (78.48%) stated at least a one time consumption of 250 to 749 ml of energy drink. What is more, 26.25% of respondents combined ED with other substances, most frequently with coffee and alcohol. Regarding knowledge of ED effects, contents and side effects, more males than females actively sought and held this information. Furthermore, more than half of all respondents believed that the availability of EDs in Poland should be limited.
Our study showed that the awareness of the effects and mechanisms of action of EDs, among the questioned students is relatively high. Nevertheless, they frequently consume EDs and combine these with other stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cencek
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Samborski
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodlowska-Jedrych
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
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Shah SA, Chu BW, Lacey CS, Riddock IC, Lee M, Dargush AE. Impact of Acute Energy Drink Consumption on Blood Pressure Parameters: A Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 50:808-15. [PMID: 27340146 DOI: 10.1177/1060028016656433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hospitalizations associated with energy drinks have increased in the past decade. Whereas energy drinks are suspected to cause hemodynamic effects, the magnitude of risk remains controversial. We evaluated the effects of acute energy drink consumption on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and heart rate (HR). DATA SOURCES A search in PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane database through December 31, 2015, was performed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Prospective clinical studies assessing the effects of commercially available energy drinks on BP and HR were included. A weighted mean change from baseline was calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model for all end points. DATA SYNTHESIS In all, 15 studies were included, encompassing a total of 340, 322, and 340 individuals for SBP, DBP, and HR, respectively. SBP and DBP increased significantly by 4.44 mm Hg (95% CI = 2.71 to 6.17; Cochrane Q P = 0.001) and 2.73 mm Hg (95% CI = 1.52 to 3.95; Cochrane Q P = 0.050), respectively. HR changed nonsignificantly by 0.80 beats per minute (95% CI = -1.26 to 2.87; Cochrane Q P < 0.001). The largest change in SBP was seen with drinks administering ≥200 mg of caffeine (6.44 mm Hg, 95% CI = 4.62 to 8.27). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that acute consumption of caffeinated energy drinks significantly raises SBP and DBP. Further investigation of the ingredients in energy drinks and the impact of chronic energy drink consumption is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A Shah
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ian C Riddock
- David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Dargush
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, CA, USA
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Pommerening MJ, Cardenas JC, Radwan ZA, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Hypercoagulability after energy drink consumption. J Surg Res 2015; 199:635-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Miles-Chan JL, Charrière N, Grasser EK, Montani JP, Dulloo AG. The blood pressure-elevating effect of Red Bull energy drink is mimicked by caffeine but through different hemodynamic pathways. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12290. [PMID: 25716925 PMCID: PMC4393199 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy drink Red Bull (RB) has recently been shown to elevate resting blood pressure (BP) and double product (reflecting increased myocardial load). However, the extent to which these effects can be explained by the drink's caffeine and sugar content remains to be determined. We compared the cardiovascular impact of RB to those of a comparable amount of caffeine, and its sugar-free version in eight young healthy men. Participants attended four experimental sessions on separate days according to a placebo-controlled randomized crossover study design. Beat-to-beat hemodynamic measurements were made continuously for 30 min at baseline and for 2 h following ingestion of 355 mL of either (1) RB + placebo; (2) sugar-free RB + placebo; (3) water + 120 mg caffeine, or (4) water + placebo. RB, sugar-free RB, and water + caffeine increased BP equally (3-4 mmHg) in comparison to water + placebo (P < 0.001). RB increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, double product, and cardiac contractility, but decreased total peripheral resistance (TPR) (all P < 0.01), with no such changes observed following the other interventions. Conversely, sugar-free RB and water + caffeine both increased TPR in comparison to the water + placebo control (P < 0.05). While the impact of RB on BP is the same as that of a comparable quantity of caffeine, the increase occurs through different hemodynamic pathways with RB's effects primarily on cardiac parameters, while caffeine elicits primarily vascular effects. Additionally, the auxiliary components of RB (taurine, glucuronolactone, and B-group vitamins) do not appear to influence these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Charrière
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Erik K Grasser
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M. [Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]. Presse Med 2015; 44:261-70. [PMID: 25622514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks designate "any product in the form of a drink or concentrated liquid containing a mixture of ingredients having the property to raise the level of energy and liveliness". Their introduction has raised many reluctance and reserves after numerous cardiovascular and neurological injuries among regular consumers. OBJECTIVE This article attempts to synthesize the existing literature on energy drinks. The review focuses to show that excessive energy drinks consumption cause many complications. METHODS The literature review was conducted from 2001 to 2014, using PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PsycInfo, using the following keywords alone or combined: energy drinks, caffeine, taurine, toxicity, dependence, complications. RESULTS Occasional or moderate consumption of these cans seem to present little risk to healthy adults. However, their repeated consumption in proportions that far exceed the recommendations for recommended use by the manufacturers, combined with the use of alcohol or illicit drugs consumption increases the risk of occurrence of somatic and psychiatric complications, especially among underage, and subjects with cardiovascular and neurological history. CONCLUSION Repeated consumption of energy drinks increases the risk of somatic and psychiatric complications. Further studies must be controlled to improve our understanding of other possible negative consequences on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Petit
- Cabinet médical Carnot, 26, avenue Carnot, 75017 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Bichat, service de psychiatrie, addictologie, et tabacologie, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Karila
- AP-HP, hôpital Paul-Brousse, centre d'enseignement, de recherche et de traitement des addictions, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- AP-HP, hôpital Bichat, service de psychiatrie, addictologie, et tabacologie, 75018 Paris, France
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