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Bertero T, Lu Y, Annis S, Hale A, Bhat B, Saggar R, Saggar R, Wallace WD, Ross DJ, Vargas SO, Graham BB, Kumar R, Black SM, Fratz S, Fineman JR, West JD, Haley KJ, Waxman AB, Chau BN, Cottrill KA, Chan SY. Systems-level regulation of microRNA networks by miR-130/301 promotes pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3514-28. [PMID: 24960162 PMCID: PMC4109523 DOI: 10.1172/jci74773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the vascular disease pulmonary hypertension (PH) involves disparate molecular pathways that span multiple cell types. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may coordinately regulate PH progression, but the integrative functions of miRNAs in this process have been challenging to define with conventional approaches. Here, analysis of the molecular network architecture specific to PH predicted that the miR-130/301 family is a master regulator of cellular proliferation in PH via regulation of subordinate miRNA pathways with unexpected connections to one another. In validation of this model, diseased pulmonary vessels and plasma from mammalian models and human PH subjects exhibited upregulation of miR-130/301 expression. Evaluation of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells revealed that miR-130/301 targeted PPARγ with distinct consequences. In endothelial cells, miR-130/301 modulated apelin-miR-424/503-FGF2 signaling, while in smooth muscle cells, miR-130/301 modulated STAT3-miR-204 signaling to promote PH-associated phenotypes. In murine models, induction of miR-130/301 promoted pathogenic PH-associated effects, while miR-130/301 inhibition prevented PH pathogenesis. Together, these results provide insight into the systems-level regulation of miRNA-disease gene networks in PH with broad implications for miRNA-based therapeutics in this disease. Furthermore, these findings provide critical validation for the evolving application of network theory to the discovery of the miRNA-based origins of PH and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sofia Annis
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Hale
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Balkrishen Bhat
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajeev Saggar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Dean Wallace
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Ross
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara O. Vargas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian B. Graham
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sohrab Fratz
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Fineman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D. West
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Haley
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron B. Waxman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B. Nelson Chau
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A. Cottrill
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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