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Alhallaf W, Perkins LB. The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Chaga Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Methods against LPS-Induced RAW 264.7. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134207. [PMID: 35807453 PMCID: PMC9268247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaga, a sclerotia formed by the Inonotus obliquus fungus, has been widely recognized for a number of medicinal properties. Although numerous scientific investigations have been published describing various biological activities of chaga from different geographical locations, little work has focused on chaga harvested in the USA or extraction techniques to maximize anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of chaga collected in Maine (USA) extracted using traditional aqueous (hot water steeping) methods against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Chaga extracts obtained from both conventional (ethanol/water) extraction methods and an accelerated solvent extraction method (ASE) at optimized conditions were compared to aqueous extracts (tea) obtained from chaga in the powder form (P) and powder form in tea bags (B) based on their effect on both nitric oxide (NO) production and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, in particular, the expression of TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-β (IL-1β). Phenolic acid extracts from chaga and individual phenolic acid standards were also investigated for their effect on the same parameters. Results indicated that various chaga extracts have significant anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory effect was through a decrease in the production of NO and the downregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages. ASE1 (novel, optimized ethanol/water extraction) and P6 (six-minute steeping of powder in 100 °C water) extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity on NO production and on the expression of the inflammatory cytokines, compared to extracts obtained by conventional extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weaam Alhallaf
- School of Food & Agriculture, Rogers Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
- College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 17001, Iraq
| | - Lewis B. Perkins
- School of Food & Agriculture, Rogers Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Proteomic analysis of Plasmodium berghei in the ring phase during in vivo antiparasitic treatment with kramecyne. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108262. [PMID: 35561785 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease of global importance due to its high annual death toll. The treatment for this infection is difficult for the increase in the populations of parasites resistant to the existing medicines, the development of new antimalarials is urgent needed. Several products developed for the control of malaria from herbalist have had a profound impact, for example, quinine obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree and recently those derived from artemisinin, whose discovery was the reason for the awarding of the 2015 Nobel Prize. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a compound named kramecyne extracted of "chayotillo" (Krameria cystisoides) plant used by the antiparasitic effect against some blood and intestinal protozoa (Giardia duodenalis y Trypanosoma cruzi). In addition is using for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Measuring parasitaemia at different times, it was observed that in mice treated with kramecyne, it reached only 14% of parasitaemia at 7 days with a dose of 15 mg/kg, using chloroquine as a control drug, because it has not been demonstrated that parasites that infect rodents have developed resistance against this drug. Our results showed that kramecyne decreases the expression of parasite proteins that participate in biological processes, such as invasion, cytoadherence, pathogenicity and energy metabolism. With these results, it is proposed that this compound has repercussions on the metabolism of the parasite and could be useful for use as an antimalarial.
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Hikage F, Lennikov A, Mukwaya A, Lachota M, Ida Y, Utheim TP, Chen DF, Huang H, Ohguro H. NF-κB activation in retinal microglia is involved in the inflammatory and neovascularization signaling in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in mice. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112581. [PMID: 33811906 PMCID: PMC8479856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate Nuclear Factor NF-κB (NF-κB) signaling on microglia activation, migration, and angiogenesis in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS Nine-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to IMD-0354 treated or untreated groups (5 mice, 10 eyes per group). CNV was induced with a 532-nm laser. Laser spots (power 250 mW, spot size 100 μm, time of exposure 50 ms) were created in each eye using a slit-lamp delivery system. Selective inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKK2) inhibitor IMD-0354 (10 μg) was delivered subconjunctivally; vehicle-treated mice were the control. The treatment effect on CNV development was assessed at five days post-CNV induction in vivo in C57BL/6 and Cx3cr1gfp/wt mice by fluorescent angiography, fundus imaging, and ex vivo by retinal flatmounts immunostaining and Western blot analysis of RPE/Choroidal/Scleral complexes (RCSC) lysates. In vitro evaluations of IMD-0354 effects were performed in the BV-2 microglial cell line using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. RESULTS IMD-0354 caused a significant reduction in the fluorescein leakage and size of the laser spot, as well as a reduction in microglial cell migration and suppression of phospho-IκBα, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), and Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2). In vivo and ex vivo observations demonstrated reduced lesion size in mice, CD68, and Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (IBA-1) positive microglia cells migration to the laser injury site in IMD-0354 treated eyes. The data further corroborate with GFP-positive cells infiltration of the CNV site in Cx3cr1wt/gfp mice. In vitro IMD-0354 (10-25 ng/ml) treatment reduced NF-κB activation, expression of COX-2, caused decreased Actin-F presence and organization, resulting in reduced BV-2 cells migration capacity. CONCLUSION The present data indicate that NF-κB activation in microglia and it's migration capacity is involved in the development of laser CNV in mice. Its suppression by NF-κB inhibition might be a promising therapeutic strategy for wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Hikage
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Anton Lennikov
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Anthony Mukwaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical, And Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mieszko Lachota
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yosuke Ida
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Cristóbal-Luna JM, Paniagua-Castro N, Escalona-Cardoso GN, Pérez-Gutiérrez MS, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Evaluation of teratogenicity and genotoxicity induced by kramecyne (KACY). Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:829-838. [PMID: 30202224 PMCID: PMC6128725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kramecyne (KACY), a polymer isolated from Krameria cytisoides Cav, has anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-arthritic and anti-ulcerogenic properties. As a part of standard preclinical safety tests, the present study sought to determine potential developmental toxicity (in female rats) and genotoxicity (in male mice) of KACY. Pregnant female rats were divided into six groups: the negative control (vehicle), the positive control (250 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)), and four experimental groups (50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of KACY). To evaluate genotoxicity by in vivo micronuclei (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests, male mice were divided into five groups: the negative control (vehicle), the positive control (1.5 and 2.5 mg/kg of doxorubicin for MN and SCE, respectively), and three experimental groups (50, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of KACY). All treatments were administered by oral gavage. A slight maternal toxicity was evidenced by lower weight gain for rats receiving 500 and 1000 mg/kg of KACY, but no fetal malformations were found. However, there were less live fetuses/litter and greater post-implantation loss/litter at these two doses. Manifestations of developmental toxicity were limited to a higher rate of skeletal alterations. The MN tests did not evidence genotoxicity or cytotoxicity. KACY caused a slightly but significantly increased frequency of SCE. Although KACY-treated rats had skeletal alterations, these apparently were not caused by a mechanism of genotoxicity. Furthermore, the same administration in adult male mice did not produce genotoxicity. Hence, KACY herein proved to be safe for rats during the period of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cristóbal-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco, C.P. 0738, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - N Paniagua-Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n., Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco, C.P. 0738, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - G N Escalona-Cardoso
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n., Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco, C.P. 0738, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - M S Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coyoacán, C.P. 04960, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - I Álvarez-González
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n., Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco, C.P. 0738, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - E Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n., Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco, C.P. 0738, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - G Chamorro-Cevallos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco, C.P. 0738, Cd. de México, Mexico
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Antigiardial Effect of Kramecyne in Experimental Giardiasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6832789. [PMID: 29387130 PMCID: PMC5745667 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6832789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A variety of drugs are used in giardiasis treatment with different levels of efficiency, presence of side effects, and even formation of resistant strains, so that it is important to search new only-one-dose treatments with high efficiency and less side effects. Kramecyne, an anti-inflammatory compound isolated from methanolic extract of Krameria cytisoides, does not present toxicity, even at doses of 5,000 mg/kg. The objective was to determine the antigiardial effect of kramecyne over Giardia intestinalis in vitro and in vivo and analyze the expression of genes ERK1, ERK2, and AK on kramecyne treated trophozoites by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR). The median lethal dose (LD50) was 40 μg/mL and no morphological changes were observed by staining with blue trypan and light microscopy; experimental gerbil infection was eliminated with 320 μg/Kg of weight. After treatment there were no differences between intestines from treated and untreated gerbils. Kramecyne did not have significant effect over ERK1 and AK, but there are differences in ERK2 expression (p = 0.04). Results show antigiardial activity of kramecyne; however the mode of action is still unclear and the evaluation of ultrastructural damage and expressed proteins is an alternative of study to understand the action mechanism.
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Cruz Martínez C, Diaz Gómez M, Oh MS. Use of traditional herbal medicine as an alternative in dental treatment in Mexican dentistry: a review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1992-1998. [PMID: 28738710 PMCID: PMC6130662 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1347188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Herbal therapies are used worldwide to treat health conditions. In Mexico, generations have used them to treat gingivitis, periodontitis, mouth infections, and discoloured teeth. However, few studies have collected scientific evidence on their effects. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at searching and compiling scientific evidence of alternative oral and dental treatments using medicinal herbs from Mexico. METHODS We collected various Mexican medicinal plants used in the dental treatment from the database of the Institute of Biology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. To correlate with existing scientific evidence, we used the PubMed database with the key term '(scientific name) and (oral or dental)'. RESULTS Mexico has various medical herbs with antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, according to ancestral medicinal books and healers. Despite a paucity of experimental research demonstrating the antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiplaque effects of these Mexican plants, they could still be useful as an alternative treatment of several periodontal diseases or as anticariogenic agents. However, the number of studies supporting their uses and effects remains insufficient. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION It is important for the health of consumers to scientifically demonstrate the real effects of natural medicine, as well as clarify and establish their possible therapeutic applications. Through this bibliographical revision, we found papers that testify or refute their ancestral uses, and conclude that the use of plants to treat oral conditions or to add to the dental pharmacological arsenal should be based on experimental studies verifying their suitability for dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Cruz Martínez
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Martha Diaz Gómez
- Deparment of History, College of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Pérez-Ramos J, Sánchez-Mendoza E, Pérez-González C, Pérez-Gutiérrez S. Effects of kramecyne on LPS induced chronic inflammation and gastric ulcers. Drug Dev Res 2016; 76:185-93. [PMID: 26109468 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Krameria cytisoides is used for the treatment of inflammation, stomach pain, and gastric ulcers. The active ingredient from this plant is a peroxide, kramecyne (KACY) which has anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of KACY in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic chronic inflammation in mice for 60 days, using dexamethasone (DEX) as the positive control, vehicle (the LPS group) as the negative control and the control group (mice without inflammation). KACY did not affect survival, body weight or relative organ weight in mice but it: decreased nitric oxide (NO) production by 68%; prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) by 67%; increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (2.0-fold), and reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 (2.0-fold), IL-1β (2.4-fold), and TNF-α (2.0-fold). Furthermore, the gastroprotective effects of KACY in mice were evaluated in an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The results showed that KACY at 50 and 100 mg/kg exerted gastroprotective effects with similar activity to 50 mg/kg ranitidine. In gastric tissues, KACY decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) but increased the catalase (CAT) activity. KACY have potential for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases due its similar activity to that of DEX. It also has gastroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, 04960, México.,Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la venada sin número, colonia pueblito de rocha, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36040, México
| | - Julia Pérez-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, 04960, México
| | - Ernesto Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, 04960, México
| | - Cuauhtemoc Pérez-González
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, 04960, México
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, 04960, México
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Aribi M, Meziane W, Habi S, Boulatika Y, Marchandin H, Aymeric JL. Macrophage Bactericidal Activities against Staphylococcus aureus Are Enhanced In Vivo by Selenium Supplementation in a Dose-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135515. [PMID: 26340099 PMCID: PMC4560415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary selenium is of fundamental importance to maintain optimal immune function and enhance immunity during infection. To this end, we examined the effect of selenium on macrophage bactericidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods Assays were performed in golden Syrian hamsters and peritoneal macrophages cultured with S. aureus and different concentrations of selenium. Results Infected and selenium-supplemented animals have significantly decreased levels of serum nitric oxide (NO) production when compared with infected but non-selenium-supplemented animals at day 7 post-infection (p < 0.05). A low dose of 5 ng/mL selenium induced a significant decrease in macrophage NO production, but significant increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels (respectively, p = 0.009, p < 0.001). The NO production and H2O2 levels were significantly increased with increasing concentrations of selenium; the optimal macrophage activity levels were reached at 20 ng/mL. The concentration of 5 ng/mL of selenium induced a significant decrease in the bacterial arginase activity but a significant increase in the macrophage arginase activity. The dose of 20 ng/mL selenium induced a significant decrease of bacterial growth (p < 0.0001) and a significant increase in macrophage phagocytic activity, NO production/arginase balance and S. aureus killing (for all comparisons, p < 0.001). Conclusions Selenium acts in a dose-dependent manner on macrophage activation, phagocytosis and bacterial killing suggesting that inadequate doses may cause a loss of macrophage bactericidal activities and that selenium supplementation could enhance the in vivo control of immune response to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Warda Meziane
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Salim Habi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Yasser Boulatika
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Hélène Marchandin
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 34295, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Aymeric
- UM2-INRA, UMR1333, Laboratoire Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes, Université de Montpellier, Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
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Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, González-Benjumea A, Maya I, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C. Naturally occurring hydroxytyrosol derivatives: hydroxytyrosyl acetate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol modulate inflammatory response in murine peritoneal macrophages. Potential utility as new dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:836-846. [PMID: 25526103 DOI: 10.1021/jf503357s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenols, hydroxytyrosyl acetate (2) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3), as well as two new acyl derivatives of 3, 4-(1,2-di(butanoyloxy)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol (7) and 4-(1,2-di(lauroyloxy)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol (8), on LPS-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages in comparison with hydroxytyrosol (HTy, 1). Compounds 2, 3, 7, and 8 showed a strong reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity, reducing significantly nitrite levels with a significant decrease on iNOS expression [2 (50 μM, 0.44 ± 0.03; 100 μM, 0.44 ± 0.01; p < 0.01); 3 (50 μM, 0.37 ± 0.03; 100 μM, 0.37 ± 0.01; p < 0.001); 7 (50 μM, 0.45 ± 0.06; p < 0.01)] . However, only 2 and 3 down-regulated COX-2 expression [2 (50 μM, 0.72 ± 0.04, p < 0.05; 100 μM, 0.54 ± 0.06, p < 0.01); 3 (50 μM, 0.56 ± 0.05, p < 0.05; 100 μM, 0.37 ± 0.04; p < 0.001)] and prevented IKBα degradation [2 (100 μM, 1.63 ± 0.14, p < 0.01); 3 (100 μM, 1.82 ± 0.09; p < 0.01)] ; the diacylated compounds 7 and 8 showed worse anti-inflammatory activity than the parent 3. In conclusion, 2 and 3 phenolic derivatives could play an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect of EVOO. The implication of this study for the nutrition and general health of the population rests in the possible use of natural HTy derivatives with better hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, thus improving its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles, as new dietary supplements in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville , Profesor García González Street 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Zavala-Sánchez MA, Pérez-Ramos J, Sánchez-Mendoza E, Pérez-Gutiérrez S. Antinociceptive and anti-arthritic effects of kramecyne. Life Sci 2014; 121:70-7. [PMID: 25476830 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive (acute assays) and anti-inflammatory (chronic assays) effects of kramecyne (KACY), a peroxide isolated from Krameria cytisoides. MAIN METHODS The antinociceptive activity of KACY was evaluated using the hot plate, acetic acid and formalin tests. The effects of KACY on heat-induced hemolysis in rat erythrocytes were also evaluated. The in vivo anti-inflammatory assays were performed using the chronic TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) method to induce ear edema and carrageenan-kaolin induced arthritis (CKIA). In the CKIA model, the hot plate test was performed, serum samples were obtained for the quantitation of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines. KEY FINDINGS KACY possess antinociceptive effects with comparable activity to naproxen (NPX). KACY inhibited hemolysis (EC50 = 180 μg/mL), in comparison to the untreated group and with a higher potency than NPX (EC50 = 263 μg/mL). KACY at 50 mg/kg decreased inflammation by 38% (chronic TPA-induced edema model) and by 26% (CKIA model), in comparison with the vehicle group and with similar activity to the positive controls 8 mg/kg indomethacin (IND) and 1 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX), respectively. In the CKIA model, KACY increased the release of anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines but reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α). KACY at 50 and 100 mg/kg showed antinociceptive effects by 27% and 23%, respectively, in mice with mono-arthritis. SIGNIFICANCE KACY might be a good alternative for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Pérez-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico.
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Aparicio-Soto M, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C, Cárdeno A, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Sanchez-Hidalgo M. Melatonin modulates microsomal PGE synthase 1 and NF-E2-related factor-2-regulated antioxidant enzyme expression in LPS-induced murine peritoneal macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:134-44. [PMID: 24116971 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increasing evidence demonstrates that melatonin regulates inflammatory and immune processes acting as both an activator and inhibitor of these responses. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory action remain unclear. Here we have characterized the cellular mechanisms underlying the redox modulation of LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in murine peritoneal macrophages by melatonin to provide insight into its anti-inflammatory effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Murine peritoneal macrophages were isolated and treated with melatonin in the presence or absence of LPS (5 μg·mL(-1) ) for 18 h. Cell viability was determined using sulforhodamine B assay and NO production was measured using the Griess reaction. Pro-inflammatory enzymes and transcription factors were detected by Western blotting. KEY RESULTS Without affecting cell viability, melatonin (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM) reduced the level of nitrites, inducible NOS (iNOS), COX-2 and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES1) protein, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and prevented NF-κB translocation. Furthermore, melatonin treatment significantly increased NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) protein levels in murine macrophages exposed to LPS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Melatonin reduced pro-inflammatory mediators and enhanced the expression of HO1 via NF-κB, p38 MAPK and Nrf2 cascade signalling pathways in murine macrophages. Thus, melatonin might be a promising target for diseases associated with overactivation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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