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Simvastatin-loaded nano-niosomes efficiently downregulates the MAPK-NF-κB pathway during the acute phase of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10377-10385. [PMID: 36097124 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin can potentially mitigate acute inflammatory phase of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, these effects negatively influenced by its poor bioavailability, low water solubility and high metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of SIM-loaded nano-niosomes on a rat model of MI/R injury to find a drug delivery method to tackle the barriers. METHODS Nano-niosomes' characteristics were identified using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Sham; MI/R; MI/R + nano-niosome; MI/R + SIM; MI/R + SIM-loaded nano-niosomes. Left anterior descending artery was ligated for 45 min, and 3 mg/kg SIM, nano-niosomes, or SIM-loaded nano-niosomes was intramyocardially injected ten min before the onset of reperfusion. ELISA assay was used to assess cardiac injury markers (cTnI, CK-MB) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, MPC-1). Expression level of MAPK-NF-κB and histopathological changes were evaluated by western blot and hematoxylin & eosin staining, respectively. RESULTS the size of nano-niosome was 137 nm, reached to 163 nm when simvastatin was loaded. To achieve optimized niosomes span 80, a drug/cholesterol ratio of 0.4 and seven min of sonication time was applied. Optimized entrapment efficiency of SIM-loaded nano-niosomes was 98.21%. Inflammatory cytokines and the expression level of MAPK and NF-κB were reduced in rats receiving SIM-loaded nano-niosomes compared to MI/R + SIM and MI/R + SIM-loaded nano-niosomes. CONCLUSION Our results showed that SIM-loaded nano-niosomes could act more efficiently than SIM in alleviating the acute inflammatory response of reperfusion injury via downregulating the activation of MAPK-NF-κB.
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Cen Y, Liao W, Wang T, Zhang D. APPL1 ameliorates myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:157. [PMID: 35069838 PMCID: PMC8753959 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury results in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and causes oxidative stress damage. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate whether adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1) could induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in order to alleviate the injury caused by ischemia/hypoxia-reperfusion. Following induction of hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury in H9c2 cells, the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACC) signaling pathway was investigated using western blot analysis, along with the detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD)2 and SOD3 expression. Additionally, cell viability was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and ROS production was analyzed using ROS staining, whereas the expression levels of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and IL-1β), apoptosis mediators [cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Bcl-2] and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway-related proteins were detected via western blot analysis following overexpression of APPL1 alone or in combination with compound C treatment (an AMPK inhibitor). The results indicated that H/R induction upregulated the phosphorylation levels of LKB1, AMPK and ACC, and decreased the expression levels of APPL1 and SOD enzyme activities. APPL1 overexpression increased the phosphorylation levels of LKB1, AMPK and ACC, SOD enzyme activity and cell viability whereas the expression levels of proinflammatory mediators and proapoptotic mediators, and the levels of ROS production were markedly decreased when compared with H/R group with empty plasmid transfection. APPL overexpression-mediated effects were significantly abrogated by compound C. Taken together, the data indicated that APPL1 inhibited ROS production and H/R-induced myocardial injury via the AMPK signaling pathway. Therefore, APPL1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for myocardial H/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Cen
- Department of Geriatric Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Taihao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Daimin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
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The Interplay between Autophagy and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168773. [PMID: 34445481 PMCID: PMC8395601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by a limited blood supply to organs, followed by the restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation. In addition to ischemia, blood flow recovery can also lead to very harmful injury, especially inflammatory injury. Autophagy refers to the transport of cellular materials to the lysosomes for degradation, leading to the conversion of cellular components and offering energy and macromolecular precursors. It can maintain the balance of synthesis, decomposition and reuse of the intracellular components, and participate in many physiological processes and diseases. Inflammasomes are a kind of protein complex. Under physiological and pathological conditions, as the cellular innate immune signal receptors, inflammasomes sense pathogens to trigger an inflammatory response. TheNLRP3 inflammasome is the most deeply studied inflammasome and is composed of NLRP3, the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and pro-caspase-1. Its activation triggers the cleavage of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18 mediated by caspase-1 and promotes a further inflammatory process. Studies have shown that autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome play an important role in the process of I/R injury, but the relevant mechanisms have not been fully explained, especially how the interaction between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome participates in I/R injury, which remains to be further studied. Therefore, we reviewed the recent studies about the interplay between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome in I/R injury and analyzed the mechanisms to provide the theoretical references for further research in the future.
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Shi Y, Hou SA. Protective effects of metformin against myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury via AMPK‑dependent suppression of NOX4. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:712. [PMID: 34396450 PMCID: PMC8383039 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that metformin can reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction and improve the prognosis of patients. However, its specific mechanism has not been determined. Using a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), it was observed that metformin significantly reduced infarct size, and decreased the levels of plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB form. A TTC-Evans blue staining was used to detect the infarct size and MTT assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. TUNEL assay was performed to evaluate apoptosis. Furthermore, 4-hydroxynonenal was detected by immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expression levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; protein expression levels were detected by immunoblotting. When treated with metformin, the number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly decreased. Reduced 4HNE immunoreactivity was observed in metformin-treated rats as determined via immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) was downregulated by metformin at both the mRNA and protein levels, and adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation was increased by metformin. In a primary myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation cell model, metformin increased the viability of cardiomyocytes and reduced the content of malondialdehyde. It was also found that metformin upregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and decreased the expression of NOX4. Furthermore, pre-treatment with AMPK inhibitor compound-C could block the effect of metformin, indicated by increased NOX4 compared with metformin treatment alone. These results suggested that metformin was capable of reducing the oxidative stress injury induced by MIRI. In conclusion, the present study indicated that metformin activated AMPK to inhibit the expression of NOX4, leading to a decrease in myocardial oxidative damage and apoptosis, thus alleviating reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ai Hou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
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Yan Y, Lv X, Ma J, Hong G, Li S, Shen J, Chen H, Cao K, Chen S, Cheng T, Dong C, Han J, Ma H, Wu M, Wang X, Xing C, Zhu Y, Shen L, Wang Y, Tong F, Wang Z. Simvastatin Alleviates Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Omi/HtrA2 Signaling Pathways. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:2798-2807. [PMID: 31351770 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this research was to survey the therapeutic action of simvastatin (Sim) on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (II/RI) by modulating Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathways. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with 40 mg/kg Sim and then subjected to 1 hour of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. The blood and intestinal tissues were collected, pathologic injury was observed, the contents of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were estimated, and superoxide dismutase, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (caspase-3) levels, as well as the expressions of Omi/HtrA2 and caspase-3, were measured in the intestinal tissues. RESULTS Sim preconditioning mitigated the damnification of intestinal tissues by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and apoptosis and downregulating the expression of Omi/HtrA2 compared to the ischemia/reperfusion group, while Sim+Ucf-101 significantly augmented this effect. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Sim may alleviate intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, The Third Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoni Lv
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Army 952 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Geermu, Qinghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Ganji Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shikai Li
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Kailei Cao
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Senjiang Chen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Chaojie Dong
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Jiahui Han
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Heng Ma
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Mingkang Wu
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Chenkai Xing
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Yutao Zhu
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Lanyu Shen
- Grade 2016, Clinical Medicine, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, ZJ, PR China
| | - Yini Wang
- Department of Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China.
| | - Zhongchao Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Disease Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Yin B, Hou XW, Lu ML. Astragaloside IV attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via inhibition of calcium-sensing receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:599-607. [PMID: 30030530 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AsIV) is an active saponin extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, which has shown cardioprotective effects in a number of experimental animals. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which AsIV attenuated the myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R)-induced injury in vitro and in vivo by focusing on calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Rat neonatal cardiac myocytes were subjected to a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) procedure in vitro, which significantly decreased the cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and increased [Ca2+]i. H/R also increased the expression of CaSR and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels in H/R-exposed myocytes. Pretreatment with AsIV (60 μmol/L) significantly improved the cell viability and decreased LDH release, attenuated myocyte apoptosis, decreased [Ca2+]i and CaSR expression, and increased the ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels. The protective effects of AsIV against H/R injury were partially inhibited by co-treatment with a CaSR agonist, gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) or with a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. For in vivo studies, a rat MI/R model was established. Pre-administration of AsIV (80 mg/kg every day, ig) significantly decreased the myocardium infarct size, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) production, serum cardiac troponin (cTnI) levels, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the rats with MI/R injury. The therapeutic effects of AsIV were associated with the downregulation of CaSR expression and upregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in myocardial tissues. In summary, astragaloside IV attenuates myocardial I/R injury via inhibition of CaSR/ERK1/2 and the related apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Bartekova M, Radosinska J, Jelemensky M, Dhalla NS. Role of cytokines and inflammation in heart function during health and disease. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 23:733-758. [PMID: 29862462 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of their actions on NF-κB, an inflammatory nuclear transcription factor, various cytokines have been documented to play important regulatory roles in determining cardiac function under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Several cytokines including TNF-α, TGF-β, and different interleukins such as IL-1 IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 are involved in the development of various inflammatory cardiac pathologies, namely ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiomyopathies. In ischemia-related pathologies, most of the cytokines are released into the circulation and serve as biological markers of inflammation. Furthermore, there is an evidence of their direct role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury, suggesting cytokines as potential targets for the development of some anti-ischemic therapies. On the other hand, certain cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are involved in the post-ischemic tissue repair and thus are considered to exert beneficial effects on cardiac function. Conflicting reports regarding the role of some cytokines in inducing cardiac dysfunction in heart failure and different types of cardiomyopathies seem to be due to differences in the nature, duration, and degree of heart disease as well as the concentrations of some cytokines in the circulation. In spite of extensive research work in this field of investigation, no satisfactory anti-cytokine therapy for improving cardiac function in any type of heart disease is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bartekova
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Radosinska
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Jelemensky
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Sun W, Pan R, Song J, Sun H. The effects of simvastatin preconditioning on the expression of caspase-3 after myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2230-2234. [PMID: 30783483 PMCID: PMC6364223 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effect of simvastatin on the expression of caspase-3 in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats was observed to explore the protective effect of caspase-3 through anti-apoptosis mechanism. A total of 48 healthy male SD rats weighing 160–240 g were selected and divided into 4 groups randomly, namely, the blank group, the sham operation group, the ischemia-reperfusion group and the simvastatin group, with 12 rats in each group. The model of SD rats was made by ligation. The loosen ligature made the reperfusion animal model, the occurrence of arrhythmia in the electrocardiogram of lead II in the experimental animal model was observed, and the area of myocardial infarction in the experimental animal models was detected. The number of apoptotic cells was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of caspase-3 was detected by western blotting. The infarct area in the simvastatin group was significantly lower than the ischemia reperfusion group (P<0.05). The positive rate of the expression of caspase-3 and the positive rate of the expression of apoptotic cells in the ischemic reperfusion and simvastatin groups were significantly higher than that of the blank and sham operation groups, and the positive rate of the expression of caspase-3 and apoptotic cells in the simvastatin group was significantly lower than that of the ischemia-reperfusion group (P<0.05). The arrhythmia score of the simvastatin group was significantly lower than that of the ischemia-reperfusion group (P<0.05). Compared with the blank and sham operation groups, the expression of caspase-3 protein in the ischemia-reperfusion and simvastatin groups was significantly increased, and the expression of caspase-3 protein in the simvastatin group was significantly lower than that of the ischemia reperfusion group (P<0.05). Simvastatin has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may be related to the reduction of caspase-3 expression and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Renyou Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Honglin Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
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Pelizzo G, Bussani R, Mazzon E, Anfuso C, Lombardi C, Zambelli V, Zandonà L, De Silvestri A, Zennaro F, Calcaterra V. Effects of Simvastatin on Fetal Cardiac Impairment in the Diaphragmatic Experimental Hernia Model. Fetal Diagn Ther 2018; 46:28-37. [PMID: 30199868 DOI: 10.1159/000490144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins and sildenafil have been shown to exert beneficial effects in cardiac injury. We hypothesized that antenatal maternal administration of simvastatin and/or sildenafil might also promote benefits in cardiac remodeling of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Therefore, we performed micro-CT image analysis and histology of the heart after antennal treatment in experimental nitrofen-induced CDH. METHODS At 9.5 days post conception (dpc), pregnant rats were exposed to nitrofen. At 16 and 20 dpc fetuses were treated with simvastatin and/or sildenafil. At 21 dpc postmortem micro-CT and autopsy were performed. RESULTS All nitrofen-treated fetuses had a lower birth weight compared to controls; in the simvastatin-treated group, a significant improvement in CDH was noted. Impairment of the lung and liver was also noted in CDH. Compared to controls, CDH rats showed lower ventricular mass, with greater left ventricular thickness; simvastatin decreased the ventricular mass and improved wall thickness. CDH rats exhibited myocardial hypotrophy, severe vascular depression in the left ventricle, and intense interstitial edema compared to controls and nitrofen-exposed animals without CDH. In CDH, the cardiac morphology appeared deformed with left ventricular wall verticalization. Simvastatin improved cardiac myocyte appearance and heart morphology. CONCLUSION The potential to treat CDH with antenatal simvastatin may improve the management of this malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Istituto Mediterraneo di Eccellenza Pediatrica, Palermo, Italy,
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Lombardi
- Department of Radiology, Studio Diagnostico Eco, Vimercate, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zambelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zandonà
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Silvestri
- Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia and Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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10
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Chen Z, Xiang Y, Bao B, Wu X, Xia Z, You J, Nie H. Simvastatin improves cerebrovascular injury caused by ischemia‑reperfusion through NF‑κB‑mediated apoptosis via MyD88/TRIF signaling. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3177-3184. [PMID: 30066928 PMCID: PMC6102662 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular injury is the most prevalent human cerebrovascular disease and frequently results in ischemic stroke. Simvastatin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with cerebrovascular injury. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of and the potential mechanisms regulated by simvastatin in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebrovascular injury. Cerebrovascular injury model rats were established and were subsequently treated with simvastatin or a vehicle control following I/R injury. Cell damage, neurological functions and neuronal apoptosis were examined, as well as the nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)/toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (TRIF) signaling pathway following simvastatin treatment. The results of the present study demonstrated that simvastatin treatment led to a reduction in cell damage, improvement of neurological functions and decreased neuronal apoptosis compared with vehicle-treated I/R model rats, 14 days post-treatment. In addition, simvastatin treatment reduced cerebral water content and blood-brain barrier disruption in cerebrovascular injury induced by I/R. The results also revealed that simvastatin treatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis via the NF-κB-mediated MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway. In conclusion, simvastatin treatment may reduce I/R-induced neuronal apoptosis via inhibition of the NF-κB-mediated MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangbin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongbin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Jianyou You
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
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11
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Biochemical targets of drugs mitigating oxidative stress via redox-independent mechanisms. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1225-1252. [PMID: 29101309 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic oxidative stress plays an important role in many pathologies. Two opposite approaches are typically used to prevent the damage induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), namely treatment either with antioxidants or with weak oxidants that up-regulate endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. This review discusses options for the third pharmacological approach, namely amelioration of oxidative stress by 'redox-inert' compounds, which do not inactivate RONS but either inhibit the basic mechanisms leading to their formation (i.e. inflammation) or help cells to cope with their toxic action. The present study describes biochemical targets of many drugs mitigating acute oxidative stress in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol overdose. In addition to the pro-inflammatory molecules, the targets of mitigating drugs include protein kinases and transcription factors involved in regulation of energy metabolism and cell life/death balance, proteins regulating mitochondrial permeability transition, proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and isoprenoid synthesis. The data may help in identification of oxidative stress mitigators that will be effective in human disease on top of the current standard of care.
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Wang Y, Qi X, Wang C, Zhao D, Wang H, Zhang J. Effects of propofol on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Rep 2016; 6:69-74. [PMID: 28123710 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the effects of propofol on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess the role of inflammatory mediators. Fifty healthy male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham, ischemia-reperfusion (IR), IR plus low, middle and high-dose (6, 12 and 24 mg/kg/h, intravenous) propofol groups. The rats of all the groups were fed a high-sugar and high-fat diet for 8 weeks and streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used to establish the T2DM model. Apart from the sham group rats, MIRI was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), and the rate of left ventricular pressure increase in early systole (± dp/dtmax) were recorded. Levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also measured. Myocardial lesions were observed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared with levels prior to arterial occlusion, HR, LVSP, and ± dp/dtmax were significantly reduced (P<0.05) following occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 2 h. The administration of propofol ameliorated the cardiac function of rats as reflected by the increase in HR, LVSP and ± dp/dtmax. In addition, the administration of propofol increased the serum NO concentration, and reduced ET-1 and cTnT levels, as well as levels of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Thus, propofol exerts protective effects against MIRI in T2DM rats by increasing NO and reducing ET-1 and the inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuru Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Chunliang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Danning Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
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13
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El Desoky ES, Hassan AKM, Salem SY, Fadil SA, Taha AF. Cardioprotective effect of atorvastatin alone or in combination with remote ischemic preconditioning on the biochemical changes induced by ischemic/reperfusion injury in a mutual prospective study with a clinical and experimental animal arm. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:866-873. [PMID: 27522390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atorvastatin and remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) have beneficial cardiovascular protective effects. The aim of the study was to investigate possible effect of this drug alone and in combination with RIPC on the biochemical changes induced by ischemic/reperfusion injury (I/R) in a combined study with a clinical and experimental animal arm. METHODS Thirty consecutive patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were divided into three groups (10 each): group I (control group without any preconditioning), group II (patients who were maintained on atorvastatin (80mg/day) for one month before PCI), and group III (similar to group II but PCI was preceded by RIPC). On the other hand, sixty adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 6 groups (10 each): group I (control), group II (sham), group III (I/R as 30min ischemia followed by 120min reperfusion), group IV (regular atorvastatin 10mg/kg for 40days orally followed by I/R), group V (I/R preceded by RIPC) and group VI (similar to group IV but I/R was preceded by RIPC). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in blood for all study groups. RESULTS Clinical and experimental parts showed that groups with RIPC combined with atorvastatin pre-treatment showed a synergistic protective effect against I/R injury as evidenced by significant reduction (P<0.001) in the levels of TNF-α, cTnI (in patients) and IL-6, CK-MB and CRP (in rabbits) while the level of NO was significantly (P<0.001) increased compared with other groups. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with atorvastatin combined with RIPC can exert a synergistic cardioprotective effects by reducing the possible biochemical changes related to ischemic reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab S El Desoky
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut. Egypt
| | - Ayman K M Hassan
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut. Egypt.
| | - Safaa Y Salem
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut. Egypt
| | - Sabah A Fadil
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut. Egypt
| | - Amira F Taha
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut. Egypt
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14
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Gao K, Shen Z, Yuan Y, Han D, Song C, Guo Y, Mei X. Simvastatin inhibits neural cell apoptosis and promotes locomotor recovery via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2016; 138:139-49. [PMID: 26443048 PMCID: PMC5089634 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Statins exhibit neuroprotective effects after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the molecular mechanism underlying these effects remains unknown. This study demonstrates that the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor simvastatin (Simv) exhibits neuroprotective effects on neuronal apoptosis and supports functional recovery in a rat SCI model by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. In specific, Simv administration after SCI significantly up‐regulated the expression of low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 6 phosphorylation and β‐catenin protein, increased the mRNA expression of lymphoid enhancer factor‐1 and T‐cell factor‐1, and suppressed the expression of β‐catenin phosphorylation in the spinal cord neurons. Simv enhanced motor neuronal survival in the spinal cord anterior horn and decreased the lesion of spinal cord tissues after SCI. Simv administration after SCI also evidently reduced the expression levels of Bax, active caspase‐3, and active caspase‐9 in the spinal cord neurons and the proportion of transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive neuron cells, but increased the expression level of Bcl‐2 in the spinal cord neurons. However, the anti‐apoptotic effects of Simv were reduced in cultured spinal cord nerve cells when the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway was suppressed in the lipopolysaccharide‐induced model. Furthermore, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores indicated that Simv treatment significantly improved the locomotor functions of rats after SCI. This study is the first to report that Simv exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing neuronal apoptosis, and promoting functional and pathological recovery after SCI by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. We verified the neuroprotective properties associated with simvastatin following spinal cord injury (SCI). Simvastatin reduced neuronal apoptosis, improved the functional and pathological recovery via activating Wnt/β‐catenin signal pathway, however, the anti‐apoptosis effects of simvastatin were reversed following suppressing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in primary spinal cord neurons. The significant findings may provide clinical therapeutic value of simvastatin for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhaoliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Jinzhou, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yajiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Donghe Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Changwei Song
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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15
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Goodarzi Z, Karami E, Ahmadizadeh M. Effect of Simvastatin on Sodium Dichromate-Induced Lung Injury in Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-31159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Huang Z, Ye B, Dai Z, Wu X, Lu Z, Shan P, Huang W. Curcumin inhibits autophagy and apoptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced myocytes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4678-84. [PMID: 25673156 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention, or thombolytic therapy, provides effective myocardial blood reconstruction in patients with acute myocardial infarction to reduce acute myocardial ischemic injury. However, reperfusion can itself induce cardiomyocyte death, termed myocardial reperfusion injury (I/R). Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induces apoptosis and excessive autophagy among cardiomyocytes, leading to cell death. The present study investigated the effect of curcumin, a natural extract from Curcuma longa, on these two cellular processes in H9c2 myocytes. The levels of cellular apoptosis and autophagy were found to be upregulated in the H9c2 myocytes during H/R and were correlated with a reduced rate of cell survival. However, curcumin significantly suppressed the levels of H/R‑induced apoptosis (expression of annexin V) and autophagy (LC3B‑II/LC3B‑I ratio) in the H9c2 myocytes and promoted cell survival. Additionally, the expression of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) was significantly downregulated and the expression levels of Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, beclin‑1, Bcl‑2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and silent information regulation 1 (SIRT1) were significantly upregulated in myocytes following H/R injury. These effects on the expression of these proteins were reversed by curcumin treatment. These findings suggested that the protective effect of curcumin against H/R injury in the H9c2 myocytes was through the inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy by inducing the expression of Bcl‑2 and inhibiting the expression levels of Bax, beclin‑1, BNIP3 and SIRT1. Therefore, curcumin may offer a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cardiomyocyte injury resulting from I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Bozhi Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xinlei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Department of Emergency, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Peiren Shan
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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17
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Lu M, Tang F, Zhang J, Luan A, Mei M, Xu C, Zhang S, Wang H, Maslov LN. Astragaloside IV attenuates injury caused by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats via regulation of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2015; 29:599-606. [PMID: 25604645 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, in which inflammatory response and cell apoptosis play a vital role, is frequently encountered in clinical practice. Astragaloside IV (AsIV), a small molecular saponin of Astragalus membranaceus, has been shown to confer protective effects against many cardiovascular diseases. The present study was aimed to investigate the antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and the possible mechanism of AsIV on MI/R injury in rats. Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, MI/R group and groups with combinations of MI/R and different doses of AsIV. The results showed that the expressions of myocardial toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were significantly increased, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was induced in MI/R group compared with that in sham operation group. Administration of AsIV attenuated MI/R injury, downregulated the expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB and inhibited cell apoptosis as evidenced by decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positive cells, B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein and caspase-3 expressions and increased B-cell lymphoma-2 expression compared with that in MI/R group. In addition, AsIV treatment reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by MI/R injury. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that AsIV downregulates TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibits cell apoptosis, subsequently attenuating MI/R injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, PR China
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