Pemphigus vulgaris and infections: a retrospective study on 155 patients

Prevalence of Fungal Infections in Pemphigus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Pemphigus is a life-threatening autoimmune disease characterised by blistering skin and/or mucous membranes. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of fungal infections in the pemphigus population.

METHODS

Different databases were searched to gain access to all studies on the prevalence of fungal infections published up to the 31st of May 2024. The pooled rate prevalence of fungal infections with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random effects model.

RESULTS

A total of 1012 studies were identified, out of which 18 were included in meta-analyses. The random-effects estimates of the prevalence of fungal infection in the pemphigus population were 0.18% (95% CI: 9%-31%). Based on the findings, it was determined that four genera of fungal infections were related to mucocutaneous lesions of individuals diagnosed with pemphigus. Among these fungi, the most prevalent were those belonging to the Candida species, with a particular emphasis on Candida albicans (87.61%). Additional isolated fungal species include Trichophyton rubrum (4.5%), Aspergillus species (1.8%), Pneumocystis jirovecii (1.2%), Malassezia furfur (0.78%), Microsporum canis (0.75%), Trichophyton mentagrohytes (0.65%), Microsporum audouinii (0.60%), and Trichophyton concentricum (0.45%).

CONCLUSIONS

The current study highlights the significance of fungal infection in individuals with pemphigus, suggesting that pemphigus and administration of immunosuppressive medicines such as corticosteroids may trigger an increased risk of fungal infections. Additionally, prompt diagnosis of fungal infections in individuals with pemphigus could help healthcare professionals prevent and treat serious infections, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), and potentially alleviate the economic impact of this condition.

Pemphigus: trigger and predisposing factors

Pemphigus is a life-threatening autoimmune blistering disease affecting skin and mucous membranes. Despite its etiopathogenesis remains largely unknown, several trigger and predisposing factors have been reported. Pemphigus is caused by autoantibodies that target desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3, impacting desmosome function. However, circulating autoantibodies are often the consequence of a precipitating factor that occurs in predisposed individuals. This review aims to describe and discuss almost all trigger and predisposing factors reported as possible or probable cause of the disease. Among the reported trigger factors that may induce or exacerbate pemphigus, we have found of particular interest: drug intake (especially thiol- and phenol-containing compounds), vaccines, infections, as well as some reports about pregnancy, radiations, emotional stress, pesticides and physical trauma. Moreover, we discuss the possible role of food intake in pemphigus onset and particular attention is given to dietary factors containing thiol, phenol and tannin compounds. A trigger factor is "the straw that breaks the camel's back," and often acts together with predisposing factors. Here we discuss how pemphigus onset may be influenced by genetic susceptibility and comorbidities like thyroid diseases, malignancies and other autoimmune disorders. To identify other hitherto unknown trigger and predisposing factors, well designed prospective studies are needed. In this context, future research should explore their connection with the aim to advance our understanding of pemphigus pathogenesis.

Features and associated factors of bacterial skin infections in hospitalized patients with pemphigus: a single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Infections were the primary cause of death (34.3-55.5%) in patients with pemphigus. Skin was usually the origin of infections. The study aimed to explore features and associated factors of bacterial skin infections (BSIs) in inpatients with pemphigus.

METHODS

One hundred and seventy-seven inpatients with pemphigus hospitalizing from November 2014 to April 2019 were continuously recruited through Peking University First Hospital's inpatient records inpatients with pemphigus hospitalizing from November 2014 to April 2019 were continuously recruited through Peking University First Hospital's inpatient records. Then, we retrieved the clinical and laboratory data to explore the characteristics and associated factors of BSIs.

RESULTS

Of patients enrolled, pemphigus vulgaris (PV, n = 142) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF, n = 9) were most common, followed by pemphigus erythematosus (PE, n = 25) and pemphigus vegetans (Pveg, n = 1). Eighty-seven of 177 (49.2%) inpatients developed BSIs, and they had a longer length of stay compared with inpatients without BSIs (median: 18.9 vs. 14.1 days, p = 0.008). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria (71.3%, 62/87) and highly resistant to penicillin (91.9%, 57/62). Higher levels of anti-Dsg1 autoantibodies (> 124.2 U/mL) (p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 3.564, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.784-7.123) and anti-Dsg3 autoantibodies (> 169.5 U/mL) (p = 0.03, OR = 2.074, 95% CI: 1.084-3.969) were underlying risk factors of BSIs when analyzed by binary regression analysis. As for Gram's stain of bacteria, females had a lower rate of Gram-positive infections (p = 0.03). Patients using oral antibiotics (p = 0.05) had a higher rate of Gram-negative infections. Inpatients who were hospitalized in other hospitals within 2 weeks before the current admission had a higher rate of Gram-negative and co-infections (p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Inpatients with pemphigus had a high incidence of BSIs. Some factors were associated with the susceptibility of BSIs and bacterial species.

Assessment of the Characteristics and Associated Factors of Infectious Complications in Bullous Pemphigoid

Objectives: The clinical outcome of bullous pemphigoid appears worse in patients with infectious complications, and assessment of the prevalence and risk factors of infectious complications could be necessary to plan preventative strategies and to instruct the treatment plans. We sought to determine the risk factors of infection and compare associated factors in inpatients and outpatients with different system infections. Design: This is a single-centered retrospective study on the medical records of 252 patients from 2010 to 2018 at the dermatology department, Peking Union Medical College. Medical profiles of medical history, diagnosis, infectious complications, and treatment plans were analyzed. The associated factors were compared between the subgroups, including inpatients and outpatients, different body sites of infection. Results: Of the total 252 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), 81 patients (81/252, 32.1%) had infectious complications. Forty-eight patients died from pulmonary infections (11/48, 22.9%), cardiovascular diseases (6/48, 12.5%), and other diseases. Infections were most frequently found in skin/mucosa (44/252, 17.5%), respiratory system (32/252, 12.7%), and blood (10/252, 4.0%). On multivariate analysis, risk factors of infections in BP were maximal control dose of corticosteroids (OR 2.539, 95% CI 1.456-4.430, p = 0.001), low serum albumin level (OR 2.557, 95% CI 1.283, 5.092, p = 0.007), hospitalization (OR 4.025, 95% CI 2.289, 7.079, p < 0.001), comorbidities including respiratory disease (OR 4.060, 95% CI, 1.861, 8.858, p < 0.001), eye disease (OR 4.431, 95% CI 1.864, 10.532, p < 0.001), and diabetes (OR 2.667, 95% CI 1.437, 4.949, p = 0.002). The rate of infection was significantly higher in inpatients compared to that in outpatients (54.0 vs. 20.6%, p < 0.001), with diverse risk factors. Mucocutaneous infections were associated with a maximal control dose of corticosteroid and other dermatoses. Respiratory infections were related to respiratory disease and old age, and hematologic infection was associated with low serum hemoglobin levels and mucosal involvement of BP. Both of them were associated with mucosal involvement of BP and high titer anti-BP180 antibody. Conclusions: Infectious complications of bullous pemphigoid are common and are associated with mucosal involvement of BP, more comorbidities, the higher dose of corticosteroids, and the lower level of serum albumin.

Oral management of pemphigus vulgaris in the intensive care unit

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare and potentially lethal autoimmune disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. Injuries caused by the disease cause pain, risk of infection, and other complications that result in a high mortality rate. Frequently, management of the PV requires intensive care and a multidisciplinary approach. Oral lesions of PV are usually the first clinical signs of the disease and the last lesions to heal, requiring treatment by a specialized dental team. The aim of this study was to report two clinical cases of PV with involvement of the oral mucosa. The patients were admitted to an intensive care unit, and underwent multidisciplinary management of their condition along with low-level laser therapy. Both cases demonstrated the importance of specialized dental care in improving the quality of life of patients with PV.

Cutaneous Bacteriological Profile in Patients with Pemphigus

BACKGROUND

Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease. The common cause of death in pemphigus is septicemia which is usually secondary to cutaneous bacterial infection.

AIM

The aim was to study the cutaneous bacteriological profile in patients with pemphigus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pus for culture and sensitivity was collected from clinically infected lesions of pemphigus patients in the Department of Dermatology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, from June 2013 to June 2014.

RESULTS

Of the 49 patients included in the study, 44 were suffering from pemphigus vulgaris, 4 from pemphigus foliaceus and one had pemphigus vegetans. There were 31 male and 18 female patients. The mean age of the group was 35.51 year. Mean Autoimmune Bullous Disorder Intensity Score was 17.36. About 32.7% were diabetic. About 40.81% showed the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, 12.24% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6.12% of Proteus mirabilis, 4.08% of β-hemolytic streptococci and nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli, and 2.04% of Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus species, and Klebsiella species. S. aureus showed 100% sensitivity to antibiotics - tetracycline, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and netilmicin; 90% resistance was found for penicillin and 55% resistance was found for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 30%. P. aeruginosa showed 100% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, piperacillin + tazobactam, and netilmicin.

CONCLUSION

S. aureus was the most common organism showing sensitivity to tetracycline, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and netilmicin and resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin.

A Nosocomial Infection Manifested as Erysipelas in Pemphigus Foliaceous Patient under Intravenous Dexamethasone Treatment

ABSTRACTObjective: Puncture wound in diagnostic interventions permits the entry of bacteria into the skin or soft tissue, thus precipitating nosocomial infection, such as erysipelas. There are other risk factors of nosocomial infections including old age, immunosuppressive drugs, and underlying diseases. Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) is an autoimmune disease with corticosteroid treatment as the mainstay therapy, which could cause immunosuppression and predispose patients to infection. The objective of this paper was to report erysipelas as one of the manifestations of nosocomial infection in patients under immunosuppressive therapy.Method: A case of erysipelas acquired on the 9th day of hospitalization in a PF patient underwent intravenous dexamethasone injection, with history of puncture wounds on the previous day on the site of erysipelas was reported. The clinical findings of erysipelas were well defined, painful erythema and edema that felt firm and warm on palpation, with blisters and pustules on top. Gram staining from the pustules and blisters fluid revealed Gram (+) cocci. Patient was given 2 grams intravenous ceftriaxone for 7 days and saline wet compress.Result: Improvement on the erysipelas was seen the day after ceftriaxone injection. The patient was discharged after 12 days of hospitalization with improvement both on the PF and the erysipelas. On the next visit 7 days later, the erysipelas lesion disappeared.Conclusion: Puncture wound and immunosuppresive treatment are the factors that could cause erysipelas as a nosocomial infection, and an appropriate treatment of the infection would decrease the functional disability of the patient. Key words: erysipelas, nosocomial infection, immunosuppresive ABSTRAK Tujuan: Luka suntikan pada intervensi diagnostik memungkinkan masuknya bakteri ke dalam kulit atau jaringan lunak, sehingga dapat mencetuskan infeksi nosokomial, seperti erisipelas. Faktor risiko lain untuk terjadinya infeksi nosokomial antara lain usia tua, penggunaan obat imunosupresif, dan penyakit yang mendasari. Pemfigus foliaseus (PF) adalah penyakit autoimun dengan pengobatan utama kortikosteroid, yang dapat menyebabkan imunosupresi dan membuat pasien rentan terhadap infeksi. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah untuk melaporkan erisipelas sebagai salah satu manifestasi infeksi nosokomial pada pasien yang mendapatkan terapi imunosupresi.Metode: Dilaporkan satu kasus erisipelas pada pasien PF yang terjadi pada perawatan di rumah sakit hari ke-9, yang mendapatkan terapi injeksi deksametason intravena, dengan riwayat tusukan jarum sehari sebelumnya pada lokasi erisipelas. Manifestasi klinis erisipelas berupa makula eritema dan edema berbatas tegas, nyeri, teraba keras dan hangat, dengan vesikel serta pustula pada permukaan lesi,. Pada pewarnaan Gram yang diambil dari isi vesikel dan pustula didapatkan bakteri kokus Gram (+). Pasien diterapi dengan injeksi seftriakson intravena selama 7 hari dan kompres terbuka dengan larutan salin.Hasil: Perbaikan pada erisipelas didapatkan satu hari setelah pemberian seftriakson. Pasien dipulangkan pada hari ke 12 perawatan dengan perbaikan baik pada PF dan erisipelasnya. Pada saat kontrol 7 hari kemudian, sudah tidak terdapat lesi erisipelas.Kesimpulan: Luka tusukan dan terapi imunosupresi dapat menjadi faktor penyebab infeksi nosokomial berupa erisipelas. Pengobatan yang tepat pada infeksi tersebut akan mengurangi gangguan fungsional pasien. Kata kunci: erisipelas, infeksi nosokomial, imunosupresi

The Prevalence of S. aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Patients with Pemphigus

Pemphigus vulgaris are autoimmune blistering diseases that may result in significant morbidity and death. Immunosuppressive therapy of pemphigus vulgaris would predispose the patients to infections. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of S. aureus infection and PVL gene in patients with pemphigus admitted to dermatology clinic. Materials and Methods. This descriptive study was conducted on 196 pemphigus vulgaris patients (119 males, 77 females) admitted to dermatology clinic between 2014 and 2015. In this study, the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris was made by histology, immunofluorescence pattern of perilesional skin, and indirect immunofluorescence testing of serum. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Results. 59.1% of pemphigus vulgaris patients had S. aureus infection. 49 out of 116 were methicillin-resistant. PVL gene was detected in 25 out of 116 S. aureus positive patients. Conclusion. This is the first report of S. aureus infection in pemphigus patients in Iran. More than forty percent of isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. PVL gene carried by methicillin-resistant S. aureus was high in this study.

Diagnostic Features of Common Oral Ulcerative Lesions: An Updated Decision Tree

Diagnosis of oral ulcerative lesions might be quite challenging. This narrative review article aims to introduce an updated decision tree for diagnosing oral ulcerative lesions on the basis of their diagnostic features. Various general search engines and specialized databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline Plus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Embase, and authenticated textbooks were used to find relevant topics by means of MeSH keywords such as “oral ulcer,” “stomatitis,” and “mouth diseases.” Thereafter, English-language articles published since 1983 to 2015 in both medical and dental journals including reviews, meta-analyses, original papers, and case reports were appraised. Upon compilation of the relevant data, oral ulcerative lesions were categorized into three major groups: acute, chronic, and recurrent ulcers and into five subgroups: solitary acute, multiple acute, solitary chronic, multiple chronic, and solitary/multiple recurrent, based on the number and duration of lesions. In total, 29 entities were organized in the form of a decision tree in order to help clinicians establish a logical diagnosis by stepwise progression.