1
|
Sharp RC, Guenther DT, Farrer MJ. Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281705. [PMID: 38022545 PMCID: PMC10646240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroimmunology literature to determine the average immune cell counts reported by flow cytometry in wild-type (WT) homogenized mouse brains. Background Mouse models of gene dysfunction are widely used to study age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The importance of the neuroimmune system in these multifactorial disorders has become increasingly evident, and methods to quantify resident and infiltrating immune cells in the brain, including flow cytometry, are necessary. However, there appears to be no consensus on the best approach to perform flow cytometry or quantify/report immune cell counts. The development of more standardized methods would accelerate neuroimmune discovery and validation by meta-analysis. Methods There has not yet been a systematic review of 'neuroimmunology' by 'flow cytometry' via examination of the PROSPERO registry. A protocol for a systematic review was subsequently based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using the Studies, Data, Methods, and Outcomes (SDMO) criteria. Literature searches were conducted in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. From that search, 900 candidate studies were identified, and 437 studies were assessed for eligibility based on formal exclusion criteria. Results Out of the 437 studies reviewed, 58 were eligible for inclusion and comparative analysis. Each study assessed immune cell subsets within homogenized mouse brains and used flow cytometry. Nonetheless, there was considerable variability in the methods, data analysis, reporting, and results. Descriptive statistics have been presented on the study designs and results, including medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) and overall means with standard deviations (SD) for specific immune cell counts and their relative proportions, within and between studies. A total of 58 studies reported the most abundant immune cells within the brains were TMEM119+ microglia, bulk CD4+ T cells, and bulk CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Experiments to conduct and report flow cytometry data, derived from WT homogenized mouse brains, would benefit from a more standardized approach. While within-study comparisons are valid, the variability in methods of counting of immune cell populations is too broad for meta-analysis. The inclusion of a minimal protocol with more detailed methods, controls, and standards could enable this nascent field to compare results across studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ju H, Wang X, Ren H, Zhu X, Dong Y. The immunosuppressive microenvironment and immunotherapy in human glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003651. [PMID: 36466873 PMCID: PMC9712217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant intracranial tumor in adults, characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, high vascularization, and resistance to multiple therapeutic approaches. Among the many factors affecting the therapeutic effect, the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that is created by cells and associated molecules via complex mechanisms plays a particularly important role in facilitating evasion of the tumor from the immune response. Accumulating evidence is also revealing a close association of the gut microbiota with the challenges in the treatment of GBM. The gut microbiota establishes a connection with the central nervous system through bidirectional signals of the gut-brain axis, thus affecting the occurrence and development of GBM. In this review, we discuss the key immunosuppressive components in the tumor microenvironment, along with the regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiota involved in immunity and metabolism in the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, we concentrate on the immunotherapeutic strategies currently under investigation, which hold promise to overcome the hurdles of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Huanyu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hongda Hospital, Jinxiang, China
| | - Huan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Datsi A, Sorg RV. Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Glioblastoma: Road to Success or Dead End. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770390. [PMID: 34795675 PMCID: PMC8592940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of patients is only 15 months. Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) is an active immunotherapy that aims at inducing an antitumoral immune response. Numerous DCV trials have been performed, vaccinating hundreds of GBM patients and confirming feasibility and safety. Many of these studies reported induction of an antitumoral immune response and indicated improved survival after DCV. However, two controlled randomized trials failed to detect a survival benefit. This raises the question of whether the promising concept of DCV may not hold true or whether we are not yet realizing the full potential of this therapeutic approach. Here, we discuss the results of recent vaccination trials, relevant parameters of the vaccines themselves and of their application, and possible synergies between DCV and other therapeutic approaches targeting the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
New Insights into the Multifaceted Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in High-Grade Gliomas: From Metabolic Reprograming, Immunosuppression, and Therapeutic Resistance to Current Strategies for Targeting MDSCs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040893. [PMID: 33919732 PMCID: PMC8070707 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells “hijack” host immune cells to promote growth, survival, and metastasis. The immune microenvironment of high-grade gliomas (HGG) is a complex and heterogeneous system, consisting of diverse cell types such as microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-cells. Of these, MDSCs are one of the major tumor-infiltrating immune cells and are correlated not only with overall worse prognosis but also poor clinical outcomes. Upon entry from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood, spleen, as well as in tumor microenvironment (TME) in HGG patients, MDSCs deploy an array of mechanisms to perform their immune and non-immune suppressive functions. Here, we highlight the origin, function, and characterization of MDSCs and how they are recruited and metabolically reprogrammed in HGG. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which MDSCs contribute to immunosuppression and resistance to current therapies. Finally, we conclude by summarizing the emerging approaches for targeting MDSCs alone as a monotherapy or in combination with other standard-of-care therapies to improve the current treatment of high-grade glioma patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Adalid-Peralta L, Lopez-Roblero A, Camacho-Vázquez C, Nájera-Ocampo M, Guevara-Salinas A, Ruiz-Monroy N, Melo-Salas M, Morales-Ruiz V, López-Recinos D, Ortiz-Hernández E, Demengeot J, Vazquez-Perez JA, Arce-Sillas A, Gomez-Fuentes S, Parkhouse RME, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Sevilla-Reyes EE. Regulatory T Cells as an Escape Mechanism to the Immune Response in Taenia crassiceps Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:630583. [PMID: 33928043 PMCID: PMC8076859 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.630583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps is a model for human neurocysticercosis. Genetic and/or immune differences may underlie the higher susceptibility to infection in BALB/cAnN with respect to C57BL/6 mice. T regulatory cells (Tregs) could mediate the escape of T. crassiceps from the host immunity. This study is aimed to investigate the role of Tregs in T. crassiceps establishment in susceptible and non-susceptible mouse strains. Treg and effector cells were quantified in lymphoid organs before infection and 5, 30, 90, and 130 days post-infection. The proliferative response post-infection was characterized in vitro. The expression of regulatory and inflammatory molecules was assessed on days 5 and 30 post-infection. Depletion assays were performed to assess Treg functionality. Significantly higher Treg percentages were observed in BALB/cAnN mice, while increased percentages of activated CD127+ cells were found in C57BL/6 mice. The proliferative response was suppressed in susceptible mice, and Treg proliferation occurred only in susceptible mice. Treg-mediated suppression mechanisms may include IL-10 and TGFβ secretion, granzyme- and perforin-mediated cytolysis, metabolic disruption, and cell-to-cell contact. Tregs are functional in BALB/cAnN mice. Therefore Tregs could be allowing parasite establishment and survival in susceptible mice but could play a homeostatic role in non-susceptible strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Cynthia Camacho-Vázquez
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marisol Nájera-Ocampo
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adrián Guevara-Salinas
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nataly Ruiz-Monroy
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marlene Melo-Salas
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Valeria Morales-Ruiz
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dina López-Recinos
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ortiz-Hernández
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Joel A Vazquez-Perez
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Asiel Arce-Sillas
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Gomez-Fuentes
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar E Sevilla-Reyes
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jin Z, Piao L, Sun G, Lv C, Jing Y, Jin R. Dual functional nanoparticles efficiently across the blood-brain barrier to combat glioblastoma via simultaneously inhibit the PI3K pathway and NKG2A axis. J Drug Target 2020; 29:323-335. [PMID: 33108906 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1841214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and complex tumour immunosuppressive micro-environment posed austere challenges for combatting brain tumours such as the glioblastoma. In this study, we have developed a novel dual functional dendrimer drug delivery system (DDS) by the PAMAM and loaded with siLSINCT5 (NP- siRNA) for efficiently across the BBB to inhibit glioblastoma. To achieve the goal of BBB crossing, on the surface of NP-siRNA was decorated with the cell penetrating peptides tLyp-1 (tLypNP-siRNA). Moreover, to overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the glioblastoma (GBM) tissues, a checkpoint inhibitor named as anti-NKG2A monoclonal antibody (aNKG2A), which was able of promoting anti-tumour immunity by unleashing both T and NK Cells, was further conjugated on the surface of siLSINCT5-loaded nanoparticles via the pH-sensitive linkage. Therefore, the developed dual functional and siLSINCT5-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles (tLyp/aNKNP-siRNA) was supposed to have the ability to efficiently cross the BBB and inhibit GBM by simultaneously inhibit the LSINCT5-activated signalling pathways and activate the anti-tumour immunity. The hypothesis was thoroughly confirmed by in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments, and provided a novel strategy for combating glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Lianhua Piao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Guangchao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chuanxiang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yi Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rihua Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Richardson LG, Nieman LT, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Zheng XS, Stafford K, Nagashima H, Miller JJ, Kiyokawa J, Ting DT, Wakimoto H, Cahill DP, Choi BD, Curry WT. IDH-mutant gliomas harbor fewer regulatory T cells in humans and mice. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1806662. [PMID: 32923170 PMCID: PMC7458656 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1806662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic gene isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is commonly mutated in lower grade glioma (LGG) and secondary glioblastoma (GBM). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a significant role in the suppression of antitumor immunity in human glioma. Given the importance of Tregs in the overall framework of designing immune-based therapies, a better understanding on their association with IDH mutational status remains of critical clinical importance. Using multispectral imaging analysis, we compared the incidence of Tregs in IDH-mutant and IDH wild-type glioma from patient tumor samples of LGG. An orthotopic IDH-mutant murine model was generated to evaluate the role of mutant IDH on Treg infiltration by immunohistochemistry. When compared to IDH wild-type controls, Tregs are disproportionally underrepresented in mutant disease, even when taken as a proportion of all infiltrating T cells. Our findings suggest that therapeutic agents targeting Tregs may be more appropriate in modulating the immune response to wild-type disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leland G Richardson
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda T Nieman
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Xijin S Zheng
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Khalifa Stafford
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie J Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juri Kiyokawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William T Curry
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanchez VE, Lynes JP, Walbridge S, Wang X, Edwards NA, Nwankwo AK, Sur HP, Dominah GA, Obungu A, Adamstein N, Dagur PK, Maric D, Munasinghe J, Heiss JD, Nduom EK. GL261 luciferase-expressing cells elicit an anti-tumor immune response: an evaluation of murine glioma models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11003. [PMID: 32620877 PMCID: PMC7335060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the immunosuppressive properties of human gliomas are essential to assess immune-based therapies. GL261 murine glioma cells are widely used as a syngeneic animal model of glioma, however, it has become common practice to transfect these cells with luciferase for fluorescent tumor tracking. The aim of this study was to compare the survival of mice injected with fluorescent or non-fluorescent GL261 cells and characterize the differences in their tumor microenvironment. Mice were intracranially implanted with GL261, GL261 Red-FLuc or GL261-Luc2 cells at varying doses. Cytokine profiles were evaluated by proteome microarray and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to determine survival differences. Median survival for mice implanted with 5 × 104 GL261 cells was 18 to 21 days. The GL261 Red-FLuc implanted mice cells did not reach median survival at any tumor dose. Mice injected with 3 × 105 GL261-Luc2 cells reached median survival at 23 days. However, median survival was significantly prolonged to 37 days in mice implanted with 5 × 104 GL261-Luc2 cells. Additionally, proteomic analyses revealed significantly elevated inflammatory cytokines in the supernatants of the GL261 Red-FLuc cells and GL261-Luc2 cells. Our data suggest that GL261 Red-FLuc and GL261-Luc2 murine models elicit an anti-tumor immune response by increasing pro-inflammatory modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Sanchez
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John P Lynes
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Walbridge
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony K Nwankwo
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah P Sur
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gifty A Dominah
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arnold Obungu
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Adamstein
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edjah K Nduom
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Room 3D-20, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iulita MF, Duchemin S, Vallerand D, Barhoumi T, Alvarez F, Istomine R, Laurent C, Youwakim J, Paradis P, Arbour N, Piccirillo CA, Schiffrin EL, Girouard H. CD4 + Regulatory T Lymphocytes Prevent Impaired Cerebral Blood Flow in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e009372. [PMID: 30572753 PMCID: PMC6405729 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Immune cells are key regulators of the vascular inflammatory response characteristic of hypertension. In hypertensive rodents, regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg, CD4+CD25+) prevented vascular injury, cardiac damage, and endothelial dysfunction of mesenteric arteries. Whether Treg modulate the cerebrovascular damage induced by hypertension is unknown. Methods and Results C57BL/6 mice were perfused with angiotensin II (Ang II; 1000 ng/kg per minute) for 14 days and adoptive transfer of 3×105CD4+CD25+ T cells was performed via 2 intravenous injections. Control mice received a sham surgery and PBS. Treg prevented Ang II‐induced neurovascular uncoupling (P<0.05) and endothelial impairment (P<0.05), evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry in the somatosensory cortex. The neuroprotective effect of Treg was abolished when they were isolated from mice deficient in interleukin‐10. Administration of interleukin‐10 (60 ng/d) to hypertensive mice prevented Ang II‐induced neurovascular uncoupling (P<0.05). Treg adoptive transfer also diminished systemic inflammation induced by Ang II (P<0.05), examined with a peripheral blood cytokine array. Mice receiving Ang II + Treg exhibited reduced numbers of Iba‐1+ cells in the brain cortex (P<0.05) and hippocampus (P<0.001) compared with mice infused only with Ang II. Treg prevented the increase in cerebral superoxide radicals. Overall, these effects did not appear to be directly modulated by Treg accumulating in the brain parenchyma, because only a nonsignificant number of Treg were detected in brain. Instead, Treg penetrated peripheral tissues such as the kidney, inguinal lymph nodes, and the spleen. Conclusions Treg prevent impaired cerebrovascular responses in Ang II‐induced hypertension. The neuroprotective effects of Treg involve the modulation of inflammation in the brain and periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Iulita
- 1 Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,2 Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Sonia Duchemin
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Diane Vallerand
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- 5 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- 6 Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre McGill University Montréal Canada.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Roman Istomine
- 6 Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre McGill University Montréal Canada.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Cyril Laurent
- 1 Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,3 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Canada
| | - Jessica Youwakim
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Pierre Paradis
- 5 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- 1 Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,3 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- 6 Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre McGill University Montréal Canada.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- 5 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research McGill University Montréal Canada.,8 Department of Medicine Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- 2 Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,9 Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kashyap AS, Thelemann T, Klar R, Kallert SM, Festag J, Buchi M, Hinterwimmer L, Schell M, Michel S, Jaschinski F, Zippelius A. Antisense oligonucleotide targeting CD39 improves anti-tumor T cell immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:67. [PMID: 30871609 PMCID: PMC6419472 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells are known to develop mechanisms to circumvent effective anti-tumor immunity. The two ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 are promising drug targets, as they act in concert to convert extracellular immune-stimulating ATP to adenosine. CD39 is expressed by different immune cell populations as well as cancer cells of different tumor types and supports the tumor in escaping immune recognition and destruction. Thus, increasing extracellular ATP and simultaneously reducing adenosine concentrations in the tumor can lead to effective anti-tumor immunity. Methods We designed locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) with specificity for human or mouse CD39 that do not need a transfection reagent or delivery system for efficient target knockdown. Knockdown efficacy of ASOs on mRNA and protein level was investigated in cancer cell lines and in primary human T cells. The effect of CD39 knockdown on ATP-degrading activity was evaluated by measuring levels of ATP in tumor cell supernatants and analysis of T cell proliferation in the presence of extracellular ATP. The in vivo effects of CD39-specific ASOs on target expression, anti-tumor immune responses and on tumor growth were analyzed in syngeneic mouse tumor models using multi-color flow cytometry. Results CD39-specific ASOs suppressed expression of CD39 mRNA and protein in different murine and human cancer cell lines and in primary human T cells. Degradation of extracellular ATP was strongly reduced by CD39-specific ASOs. Strikingly, CD39 knockdown by ASOs was associated with improved CD8+ T cell proliferation. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with CD39-specific ASOs led to dose-dependent reduction of CD39-protein expression in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated macrophages. Moreover, frequency of intratumoral Tregs was substantially reduced in CD39 ASO-treated mice. As a consequence, the ratio of CD8+ T cells to Tregs in tumors was improved, while PD-1 expression was induced in CD39 ASO-treated intratumoral CD8+ T cells. Consequently, CD39 ASO treatment demonstrated potent reduction in tumor growth in combination with anti-PD-1 treatment. Conclusion Targeting of CD39 by ASOs represents a promising state-of-the art therapeutic approach to improve immune responses against tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0545-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek S Kashyap
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Klar
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sandra M Kallert
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Festag
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melanie Buchi
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Monika Schell
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Alfred Zippelius
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma Q, Long W, Xing C, Chu J, Luo M, Wang HY, Liu Q, Wang RF. Cancer Stem Cells and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2924. [PMID: 30619286 PMCID: PMC6308128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system and is characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, neovascularization, and resistance to various combined therapies. In addition to heterogenous populations of tumor cells, the glioma stem cells (GSCs) and other nontumor cells present in the glioma microenvironment serve as critical regulators of tumor progression and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the role of several resident or peripheral factors with distinct tumor-promoting features and their dynamic interactions in the development of glioma. Localized antitumor factors could be silenced or even converted to suppressive phenotypes, due to stemness-related cell reprogramming and immunosuppressive mediators in glioma-derived microenvironment. Furthermore, we summarize the latest knowledge on GSCs and key microenvironment components, and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies to cure this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianquan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenyong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junjun Chu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vermeersch E, Liénart S, Collignon A, Lucas S, Gallimore A, Gysemans C, Unutmaz D, Vanhoorelbeke K, De Meyer SF, Maes W, Deckmyn H. Deletion of GARP on mouse regulatory T cells is not sufficient to inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors. Cell Immunol 2018; 332:129-133. [PMID: 30093071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GARP is a transmembrane protein that presents latent TGF-β1 on the surface of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Neutralizing anti-GARP monoclonal antibodies that prevent the release of active TGF-β1, inhibit the immunosuppressive activity of human Tregs in vivo. In this study, we investigated the contribution of GARP on mouse Tregs to immunosuppression in experimental tumors. Unexpectedly, Foxp3 conditional garp knockout (KO) mice challenged orthotopically with GL261 tumor cells or subcutaneously with MC38 colon carcinoma cells did not show prolonged survival or delayed tumor growth. Also, the suppressive function of KO Tregs was similar to that of wild type Tregs in the T cell transfer model in allogeneic, immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, garp deletion in mouse Tregs is not sufficient to impair their immunosuppressive activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Vermeersch
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S Liénart
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Collignon
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Gallimore
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - C Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Unutmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - K Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - W Maes
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - H Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
High-grade glioma associated immunosuppression does not prevent immune responses induced by therapeutic vaccines in combination with T reg depletion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1545-1558. [PMID: 30054667 PMCID: PMC6182405 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) exert systemic immunosuppression, which is of particular importance as immunotherapeutic strategies such as therapeutic vaccines are increasingly used to treat HGGs. In a first cohort of 61 HGG patients we evaluated a panel of 30 hematological and 34 plasma biomarkers. Then, we investigated in a second cohort of 11 relapsed HGG patients receiving immunomodulation with metronomic cyclophosphamide upfront to a DC-based vaccine whether immune abnormalities persisted and whether they hampered induction of IFNγ+ T-cell responses. HGG patients from the first cohort showed increased numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils and MDSCs and in parallel reduced numbers of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, plasmacytoid and conventional DC2s. MDSCs and T-cell alterations were more profound in WHO IV° glioma patients. Moreover, levels of MDSCs and epidermal growth factor were negatively associated with survival. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 were altered in HGG patients, however, without any impact on clinical outcome. In the immunotherapy cohort, 6-month overall survival was 100%. Metronomic cyclophosphamide led to > 40% reduction of regulatory T cells (Treg). In parallel to Treg-depletion, MDSCs and DC subsets became indistinguishable from healthy controls, whereas T-lymphopenia persisted. Despite low T-cells, IFNγ-responses could be induced in 9/10 analyzed cases. Importantly, frequency of CD8+VLA-4+ T-cells with CNS-homing properties, but not of CD4+ VLA-4+ T-cells, increased during vaccination. Our study identifies several features of systemic immunosuppression in HGGs. Metronomic cyclophosphamide in combination with an active immunization alleviates the latter and the combined treatment allows induction of a high rate of anti-glioma immune responses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lo Re G, Lo Re F, Doretto P, Del Conte A, Amadio M, Cozzi C, Casarotto MM, Maruzzi D, Marus W, Ubiali P, Sandri P. Cyclophosphamide with or without fluorouracil followed by subcutaneous or intravenous interleukin-2 use in solid tumors: A feasibility off-label experience. Cytokine 2018; 113:50-60. [PMID: 29958796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune tolerance seems to correlate with disease progression and T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells play a relevant role in immunosuppression. Cyclophosphamide (Cyt) and Fluorouracil (FU) seem to reduce these cell populations. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE Establishing safety, feasibility, activity and impact on the immune system (neutrophil/lymphocyte [N/L], platelet/L [Plt/L], monocyte [M] and lymphocyte subpopulation (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, HLADR/CD3, Tregs, cells count), CD8/Treg and C-reactive protein (CRP). TREATMENT 1) Cyt 300 mg/sqm ± FU 500 mg/sqm day (d) 1 and interleukin 2 (IL-2) 18 MUI/sqm intravenous (I.V.) d 4-6, 18-20 or 2) Cyt 300 mg/sqm + FU 500 mg/sqm day d 1, IL-2 4.5 MUI subcutaneous (S.C.) d 3-6, 17-20. The cycle was repeated every four weeks for 2 cycles. Stable or responding patients (pts) continued therapy for 3 cycles. RESULTS From February 2014 to December 2016, 13/14 pre-treated pts (mean 3 lines) with solid tumors were enrolled. Male/Female: 1/1. The median age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) was 68 years and 1 respectively. Mean 2 cycles of therapy were administered. G3-4 toxicities presented as diarrhea and bleeding anemia in 2 pts and proteinuria and erhytroderma in 1pt, respectively. Regarding the hematological profile, a more reduction in Plt, less decrease of Plt/Ly, and less increase of Treg with I.V. than S.C. IL-2 administration was observed. However a transient decrease of Treg on day 7 of first cycle in the I.V. IL-2 was reported. RESPONSE PR 3 (23%), SD 3 (23%), PD 7 (54%). The response duration was 2+ and 3 months in 2 HCC and 18+ months in the pancreatic cancer (PC). Pathological CR was reported in one HCC treated with I.V. IL-2. The median progression-free-survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 1 and 7 months. CONCLUSION Cyt-FU-IL-2 can be considered safe, feasible and moderately active in heavily pre-treated pts. Plt, Plt/Ly, CD8/Treg and a transient Tregs reduction were observed without significative difference on survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Doretto
- Clinical Patholgy, AAS5 Pordenonese, Pordenone, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Amadio
- Medical Direction, AAS5 Pordenonese, Pordenone, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Wally Marus
- Pathology Unit, AAS5 Pordenonese, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ubiali
- Surgery Unit, AAS5 Pordenonese, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sandri
- CRO Pordenone-S. Vito Oncology, Pordenone, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schneider H, Lohmann B, Wirsching HG, Hasenbach K, Rushing EJ, Frei K, Pruschy M, Tabatabai G, Weller M. Age-associated and therapy-induced alterations in the cellular microenvironment of experimental gliomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87124-87135. [PMID: 29152068 PMCID: PMC5675620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis associated with advanced age in patients with glioblastoma remains poorly understood. Glioblastoma in the elderly has been particularly associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent angiogenesis, and early uncontrolled studies suggested that the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab (BEV), an antibody to VEGF, might be preferentially active in this patient population. Accordingly, we explored host age-dependent differences in survival and benefit from radiotherapy (RT) or BEV in syngeneic mouse glioma models. Survival was inferior in older mice in the SMA-540 and and less so in SMA-560, but not in the SMA-497 or GL-261 models. Detailed flow cytometric studies revealed increased myeloid and decreased effector T cell population frequencies in SMA-540 tumors of old compared to young mice, but no such difference in the SMA-497 model. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from young to old mice had no effect, whereas survival was reduced with BMT from old to young mice. BEV significantly decreased vessel densities in gliomas of old, but not young mice. Accordingly, old, but not young SMA-540 tumor-bearing mice benefited from BEV alone or in combination with RT. End-stage tumors of old BEV- and BEV/RT-treated mice exhibited increased infiltration of T helper and cytotoxic T cells compared to tumors of young mice. The SMA-540 model may provide a valuable tool to evaluate the influence of host age on glioblastoma progression and treatment response. The biological host factors that modulate glioma growth in old as opposed to young mice remain to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birthe Lohmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Georg Wirsching
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathy Hasenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frei
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Molecular Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center of Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors represent one of the most devastating forms of cancer with abject survival rates that have not changed in the past 60years. This is partly because the brain is a critical organ, and poses unique anatomical, physiological, and immunological barriers. The unique interplay of these barriers also provides an opportunity for creative engineering solutions. Cancer immunotherapy, a means of harnessing the host immune system for anti-tumor efficacy, is becoming a standard approach for treating many cancers. However, its use in brain tumors is not widespread. This review discusses the current approaches, and hurdles to these approaches in treating brain tumors, with a focus on immunotherapies. We identify critical barriers to immunoengineering brain tumor therapies and discuss possible solutions to these challenges.
Collapse
|
17
|
Immune microenvironment of gliomas. J Transl Med 2017; 97:498-518. [PMID: 28287634 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) with a very poor prognosis despite extensive resection combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Histopathological and flow cytometry analyses of human and rodent experimental gliomas revealed heterogeneity of a tumor and its niche, composed of reactive astrocytes, endothelial cells, and numerous immune cells. Infiltrating immune cells consist of CNS resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes. Intratumoral density of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) and MDSCs is the highest in malignant gliomas and inversely correlates with patient survival. Although GAMs have a few innate immune functions intact, their ability to be stimulated via TLRs, secrete cytokines, and upregulate co-stimulatory molecules is not sufficient to initiate antitumor immune responses. Moreover, tumor-reprogrammed GAMs release immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines shaping antitumor responses. Both GAMs and MDSCs have ability to attract T regulatory lymphocytes to the tumor, but MDSCs inhibit cytotoxic responses mediated by natural killer cells, and block the activation of tumor-reactive CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The presence of regulatory T cells may further contribute to the lack of effective immune activation against malignant gliomas. We review the immunological aspects of glioma microenvironment, in particular composition and various roles of the immune cells infiltrating malignant human gliomas and experimental rodent gliomas. We describe tumor-derived signals and mechanisms driving myeloid cell accumulation and reprogramming. Although, understanding the complexity of cell-cell interactions in glioma microenvironment is far from being achieved, recent studies demonstrated several glioma-derived factors that trigger migration, accumulation, and reprogramming of immune cells. Identification of these factors may facilitate development of immunotherapy for gliomas as immunomodulatory and immune evasion mechanisms employed by malignant gliomas pose an appalling challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Miska J, Rashidi A, Chang AL, Muroski ME, Han Y, Zhang L, Lesniak MS. Anti-GITR therapy promotes immunity against malignant glioma in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1555-1567. [PMID: 27734112 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potently immunosuppressive cells that accumulate within the glioma microenvironment. The reduction in their function and/or trafficking has been previously shown to enhance survival in preclinical models of glioma. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor enriched on Tregs that has shown promise as a target for immunotherapy. An agonistic antibody against GITR has been demonstrated to inhibit Tregs in a number of models and has only been recently addressed in glioma. In this study, we examined the modality of the antibody function at the tumor site as opposed to the periphery as the blood-brain barrier prevents efficient antibody delivery to brain tumors. Mice harboring established GL261 tumors were treated with anti-GITR monotherapy and were shown to have a significant increase in overall survival (p < 0.01) when antibodies were injected directly into the glioma core, whereas peripheral antibody treatment only had a modest effect. Peripheral treatment resulted in a significant decrease in granzyme B (GrB) expression by Tregs, whereas intratumoral treatment resulted in both a decrease in GrB expression by Tregs and their selective depletion, which was largely mediated by FcγR-mediated destruction. We also discovered that anti-GITR treatment results in the enhanced survival and functionality of dendritic cells (DCs)-a previously unreported effect of this immunotherapy. In effect, this study demonstrates that the targeting of GITR is a feasible and noteworthy treatment option for glioma, but is largely dependent on the anatomical location in which the antibodies are delivered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lieberman NAP, Moyes KW, Crane CA. Developing immunotherapeutic strategies to target brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:775-88. [PMID: 27253692 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1192470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent years have seen rapid growth in cancer treatments that enhance the anti-tumor activities of the immune system. Collectively known as immunotherapy, modulation of the immune system has shown success treating some hematological malignancies, but has yet to be successfully applied to the treatment of patients with brain tumors. AREAS COVERED This review highlights mechanistic insights from murine studies and compiled recent clinical trial data, focusing on the most aggressive brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM). The field has recently accumulated a critical mass of data, and we discuss past treatment failures in the context of newly developed approaches now entering clinical trials. This article provides an overview of the immunotherapeutic armamentarium currently in development for the treatment of patients with GBM, who are in dire need of safe and effective therapies. Expert commentary: Themes that emerge include the importance of mitigating the effects of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the potential for innate immune cell activation to enhance cytotoxic anti-tumor activity. Consideration of these studies as a collective may inform the design of new immunotherapies, as well as the immune monitoring protocols for patients participating in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A P Lieberman
- a Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Kara White Moyes
- a Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Courtney A Crane
- a Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mangani D, Weller M, Seyed Sadr E, Willscher E, Seystahl K, Reifenberger G, Tabatabai G, Binder H, Schneider H. Limited role for transforming growth factor-β pathway activation-mediated escape from VEGF inhibition in murine glioma models. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1610-1621. [PMID: 27286797 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathways regulate key biological features of glioblastoma. Here we explore whether the TGF-β pathway, which promotes angiogenesis, invasiveness, and immunosuppression, acts as an escape pathway from VEGF inhibition. METHODS The role of the TGF-β pathway in escape from VEGF inhibition was assessed in vitro and in vivo and by gene expression profiling in syngeneic mouse glioma models. RESULTS We found that TGF-β is an upstream regulator of VEGF, whereas VEGF pathway activity does not alter the TGF-β pathway in vitro. In vivo, single-agent activity was observed for the VEGF antibody B20-4.1.1 in 3 and for the TGF-β receptor 1 antagonist LY2157299 in 2 of 4 models. Reduction of tumor volume and blood vessel density, but not induction of hypoxia, correlated with benefit from B20-4.1.1. Reduction of phosphorylated (p)SMAD2 by LY2157299 was seen in all models but did not predict survival. Resistance to B20 was associated with anti-angiogenesis escape pathway gene expression, whereas resistance to LY2157299 was associated with different immune response gene signatures in SMA-497 and GL-261 on transcriptomic profiling. The combination of B20 with LY2157299 was ineffective in SMA-497 but provided prolongation of survival in GL-261, associated with early suppression of pSMAD2 in tumor and host immune cells, prolonged suppression of angiogenesis, and delayed accumulation of tumor infiltrating microglia/macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the biological heterogeneity of murine glioma models and illustrates that cotargeting of the VEGF and TGF-β pathways might lead to improved tumor control only in subsets of glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mangani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Emad Seyed Sadr
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Edith Willscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Katharina Seystahl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Hans Binder
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Van Woensel M, Wauthoz N, Rosière R, Mathieu V, Kiss R, Lefranc F, Steelant B, Dilissen E, Van Gool SW, Mathivet T, Gerhardt H, Amighi K, De Vleeschouwer S. Development of siRNA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles targeting Galectin-1 for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme via intranasal administration. J Control Release 2016; 227:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Domingues P, González-Tablas M, Otero Á, Pascual D, Miranda D, Ruiz L, Sousa P, Ciudad J, Gonçalves JM, Lopes MC, Orfao A, Tabernero MD. Tumor infiltrating immune cells in gliomas and meningiomas. Brain Behav Immun 2016. [PMID: 26216710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are part of a complex microenvironment that promotes and/or regulates tumor development and growth. Depending on the type of cells and their functional interactions, immune cells may play a key role in suppressing the tumor or in providing support for tumor growth, with relevant effects on patient behavior. In recent years, important advances have been achieved in the characterization of immune cell infiltrates in central nervous system (CNS) tumors, but their role in tumorigenesis and patient behavior still remain poorly understood. Overall, these studies have shown significant but variable levels of infiltration of CNS tumors by macrophage/microglial cells (TAM) and to a less extent also lymphocytes (particularly T-cells and NK cells, and less frequently also B-cells). Of note, TAM infiltrate gliomas at moderate numbers where they frequently show an immune suppressive phenotype and functional behavior; in contrast, infiltration by TAM may be very pronounced in meningiomas, particularly in cases that carry isolated monosomy 22, where the immune infiltrates also contain greater numbers of cytotoxic T and NK-cells associated with an enhanced anti-tumoral immune response. In line with this, the presence of regulatory T cells, is usually limited to a small fraction of all meningiomas, while frequently found in gliomas. Despite these differences between gliomas and meningiomas, both tumors show heterogeneous levels of infiltration by immune cells with variable functionality. In this review we summarize current knowledge about tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the two most common types of CNS tumors-gliomas and meningiomas-, as well as the role that such immune cells may play in the tumor microenvironment in controlling and/or promoting tumor development, growth and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Domingues
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-Tablas
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro Otero
- Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Pascual
- Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Miranda
- Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz
- Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Sousa
- Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juana Ciudad
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - María Celeste Lopes
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Dolores Tabernero
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL-IBSAL) and Research Unit of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Van Gool SW. Brain Tumor Immunotherapy: What have We Learned so Far? Front Oncol 2015; 5:98. [PMID: 26137448 PMCID: PMC4470276 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade glioma is a rare brain cancer, incurable in spite of modern neurosurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Novel approaches are in research, and immunotherapy emerges as a promising strategy. Clinical experiences with active specific immunotherapy demonstrate feasibility, safety and most importantly, but incompletely understood, prolonged long-term survival in a fraction of the patients. In relapsed patients, we developed an immunotherapy schedule and we categorized patients into clinically defined risk profiles. We learned how to combine immunotherapy with standard multimodal treatment strategies for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme patients. The developmental program allows further improvements related to newest scientific insights. Finally, we developed a mode of care within academic centers to organize cell-based therapies for experimental clinical trials in a large number of patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Devaud C, Westwood JA, Teng MW, John LB, Yong CS, Duong CP, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Differential potency of regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression in kidney tumors compared to subcutaneous tumors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e963395. [PMID: 25941590 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cancers, regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in suppressing the effector immune response thereby permitting tumor development. Indeed, in mouse models, their depletion can promote the regression of tumors of various origins, including renal cell carcinoma when located subcutaneous (SC). In the present study, we aimed to assess the importance of Treg immunosuppression in the physiologic context of metastatic renal carcinoma (Renca) disease. To that purpose we inoculated renal tumors orthotopically, intra-kidney (IK), in mice. Treg depletions were performed using anti-CD4 antibody in wild type mice or diphtheria toxin (DT) in Foxp3DTR transgenic mice. Our main observation was that Treg were not the key immunosuppressive component of the IK tumoral microenvironment, compared to the same tumors located SC. We demonstrated that the CD8+ effector immune response was still suppressed in IK tumors when compared to SC tumors, following Treg depletion. Furthermore, the level of program cell death protein (PD)-1 was increased on the surface of CD4+ T cells infiltrating IK tumors compared to SC tumors. Finally, the Treg-independent immunosuppression, occurring in IK tumors, was potent enough to inhibit regression of concomitant SC tumors, normally responsive to Treg depletion. Our findings provide further insight into the immunosuppressive nature of the immune response generated in the kidney microenvironment, suggesting that it can have additional mechanisms in addition to Treg. These observations might help to identify better targets from the kidney tumor microenvironment for future cancer therapies.
Collapse
Key Words
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- DEREG, Depletion of Regulatory T cells
- DT, diphtheria toxin
- DTR, diphtheria toxin receptor
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- FR, folate receptor
- Foxp3, Forkhead box protein P3
- IFN, interferon
- IK, intra-kidney
- IL, interleukin
- IP, intra-peritoneal
- IV, intravenously
- M2, type-2 immunosuppressive macrophages
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PD-1, program cell death protein 1
- PD-L1, PD ligand 1
- Renca Ch+ L+, Renca Cherry Luciferase
- SC, subcutaneous
- T regulatory cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Th, T helper cells
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- depletion
- immunosuppression
- kidney tumors
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- tumor microenvironment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Devaud
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Wl Teng
- Cancer Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute ; Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liza B John
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen Sm Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Connie Pm Duong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute ; Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne ; Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University ; Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Platten M, Ochs K, Lemke D, Opitz C, Wick W. Microenvironmental clues for glioma immunotherapy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:440. [PMID: 24604058 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas have been viewed for decades as inaccessible for a meaningful antitumor immune response as they grow in a sanctuary site protected from infiltrating immune cells. Moreover, the glioma microenvironment constitutes a hostile environment for an efficient antitumor immune response as glioma-derived factors such as transforming growth factor β and catabolites of the essential amino acid tryptophan paralyze T-cell function. There is growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that a meaningful antitumor immunity exists in glioma patients and that it can be activated by vaccination strategies. As a consequence, the concept of glioma immunotherapy appears to be experiencing a renaissance with the first phase 3 randomized immunotherapy trials entering the clinical arena. On the basis of encouraging results from other tumor entities using immunostimulatory approaches by blocking endogenous T-cell suppressive pathways mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 or programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 with humanized antibodies, there is now a realistic and promising option to combine active immunotherapy with agents blocking the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with gliomas to allow a peripheral antitumor immune response induced by vaccination to become effective. Here we review the current clinical and preclinical evidence of antimicroenvironment immunotherapeutic strategies in gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Units, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu T, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. The roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1385-94. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.948424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
27
|
Abstract
Conventional therapy for malignant glioma (MG) fails to specifically eliminate tumor cells, resulting in toxicity that limits therapeutic efficacy. In contrast, antibody-based immunotherapy uses the immune system to eliminate tumor cells with exquisite specificity. Increased understanding of the pathobiology of MG and the profound immunosuppression present among patients with MG has revealed several biologic targets amenable to antibody-based immunotherapy. Novel antibody engineering techniques allow for the production of fully human antibodies or antibody fragments with vastly reduced antigen-binding dissociation constants, increasing safety when used clinically as therapeutics. In this report, we summarize the use of antibody-based immunotherapy for MG. Approaches currently under investigation include the use of antibodies or antibody fragments to: (1) redirect immune effector cells to target tumor mutations, (2) inhibit immunosuppressive signals and thereby stimulate an immunological response against tumor cells, and (3) provide costimulatory signals to evoke immunologic targeting of tumor cells. These approaches demonstrate highly compelling safety and efficacy for the treatment of MG, providing a viable adjunct to current standard-of-care therapy for MG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Gedeon
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Katherine A Riccione
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mirghorbani M, Van Gool S, Rezaei N. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in glioma. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:1395-406. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.857603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
29
|
Ooi YC, Tran P, Ung N, Thill K, Trang A, Fong BM, Nagasawa DT, Lim M, Yang I. The role of regulatory T-cells in glioma immunology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 119:125-32. [PMID: 24582432 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, the prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains poor. The lack of response to treatment in GBM patients may be attributed to the immunosuppressed microenvironment that is characteristic of invasive glioma. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive T-cells that normally prevent autoimmunity when the human immune response is evoked; however, there have been strong correlations between glioma-induced immunosuppression and Tregs. In fact, induction of Treg activity has been correlated with glioma development in both murine models and patients. While the exact mechanisms by which regulatory T-cells function require further elucidation, various cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TFG-β) have been implicated in these processes and are currently under investigation. In addition, hypoxia is characteristic of tumor development and is also correlated with downstream induction of Tregs. Due to the poor prognosis associated with immunosuppression in glioma patients, Tregs remain a promising area for immunotherapeutic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinn Cher Ooi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Patrick Tran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nolan Ung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kimberly Thill
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andy Trang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brendan M Fong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Daniel T Nagasawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahn BJ, Pollack IF, Okada H. Immune-checkpoint blockade and active immunotherapy for glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1379-412. [PMID: 24202450 PMCID: PMC3875944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made tremendous progress, including promising results in patients with malignant gliomas. Nonetheless, the immunological microenvironment of the brain and tumors arising therein is still believed to be suboptimal for sufficient antitumor immune responses for a variety of reasons, including the operation of “immune-checkpoint” mechanisms. While these mechanisms prevent autoimmunity in physiological conditions, malignant tumors, including brain tumors, actively employ these mechanisms to evade from immunological attacks. Development of agents designed to unblock these checkpoint steps is currently one of the most active areas of cancer research. In this review, we summarize recent progresses in the field of brain tumor immunology with particular foci in the area of immune-checkpoint mechanisms and development of active immunotherapy strategies. In the last decade, a number of specific monoclonal antibodies designed to block immune-checkpoint mechanisms have been developed and show efficacy in other cancers, such as melanoma. On the other hand, active immunotherapy approaches, such as vaccines, have shown encouraging outcomes. We believe that development of effective immunotherapy approaches should ultimately integrate those checkpoint-blockade agents to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic approaches. With these agents available, it is going to be quite an exciting time in the field. The eventual success of immunotherapies for brain tumors will be dependent upon not only an in-depth understanding of immunology behind the brain and brain tumors, but also collaboration and teamwork for the development of novel trials that address multiple layers of immunological challenges in gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ian F. Pollack
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-412-623-3111; Fax: +1-412-623-1415
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Regulatory T cell in stroke: a new paradigm for immune regulation. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:689827. [PMID: 23983771 PMCID: PMC3747621 DOI: 10.1155/2013/689827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common, debilitating trauma that has an incompletely elucidated pathophysiology and lacks an effective therapy. FoxP3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress a variety of normal physiological and pathological immune responses via several pathways, such as inhibitory cytokine secretion, direct cytolysis induction, and antigen-presenting cell functional modulation. FoxP3+CD25+CD4+ Tregs are involved in a variety of central nervous system diseases and injuries, including axonal injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and stroke. Specifically, FoxP3+CD25+CD4+ Tregs exert neuroprotective effects in acute experimental stroke models. These beneficial effects, however, are difficult to elucidate. In this review, we summarized evidence of FoxP3+CD25+CD4+ Tregs as potentially important immunomodulators in stroke pathogenesis and highlight further investigations for possible immunotherapeutic strategies by modulating the quantity and/or functional effects of FoxP3+CD25+CD4+ Tregs in stroke patients.
Collapse
|