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West AC, Mizoro Y, Wood SH, Ince LM, Iversen M, Jørgensen EH, Nome T, Sandve SR, Martin SAM, Loudon ASI, Hazlerigg DG. Immunologic Profiling of the Atlantic Salmon Gill by Single Nuclei Transcriptomics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669889. [PMID: 34017342 PMCID: PMC8129531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, smoltification is a photoperiod-regulated process, involving radical remodeling of gill function to cope with the profound osmotic and immunological challenges of seawater (SW) migration. While prior work has highlighted the role of specialized "mitochondrion-rich" cells (MRCs) and accessory cells (ACs) in delivering this phenotype, recent RNA profiling experiments suggest that remodeling is far more extensive than previously appreciated. Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the extent of cytological changes in the gill of Atlantic salmon during smoltification and SW transfer. We identify 20 distinct cell clusters, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-associated changes in gene expression and to describe how the cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify previously unknown reduction of several immune-related cell types. Overall, our results provide fresh detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. West
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yasutaka Mizoro
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Shona H. Wood
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Louise M. Ince
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Iversen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Even H. Jørgensen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torfinn Nome
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. I. Loudon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Cohen JD, Sundaram MV. C. elegans Apical Extracellular Matrices Shape Epithelia. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:E23. [PMID: 33036165 PMCID: PMC7712855 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) coat exposed surfaces of epithelia to shape developing tissues and protect them from environmental insults. Despite their widespread importance for human health, aECMs are poorly understood compared to basal and stromal ECMs. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains a variety of distinct aECMs, some of which share many of the same types of components (lipids, lipoproteins, collagens, zona pellucida domain proteins, chondroitin glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans) with mammalian aECMs. These aECMs include the eggshell, a glycocalyx-like pre-cuticle, both collagenous and chitin-based cuticles, and other understudied aECMs of internal epithelia. C. elegans allows rapid genetic manipulations and live imaging of fluorescently-tagged aECM components, and is therefore providing new insights into aECM structure, trafficking, assembly, and functions in tissue shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera V. Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA;
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Liaskos C, Gkoutzourelas A, Spyrou V, Koutsoumpas A, Athanasiou LV, Amiridis GS, Billinis C, Bogdanos DP. Pancreatic anti-GP2 and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in ruminants with paratuberculosis: A better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:778-785. [PMID: 32035824 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ruminants (cattle and sheep) with Mycobacterium avium (MAP)-induced paratuberculosis (ptb), the ruminant model of Crohn's disease (CD), exhibit pancreatic specific autoantibodies (PAB) against GP2 but not against CUZD1. Since anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) is a CD marker, we tested MAP-infected ptb ruminants for ASCA, and compared them with ruminants lacking evidence of anti-MAP serology or with ruminants, which were positive for anti-GP2 antibodies. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 98 samples from ruminants (48 cattle and 50 sheep) were studied. IgG anti-MAP antibodies, and CD-related ASCA and anti-GP2 antibodies were tested by modified ELISAs. RESULTS Nine cattle (18.75%) and 20 sheep (40%) were suffered from ptb. ASCA antibodies were present in 21/48 (43.7%) cattle and 10/50 (20%) sheep while anti-GP2 antibodies were present in 14/48 (29.2%) cattle, and 8/50 (16%) sheep. ASCA antibodies were more prevalent in anti-MAP antibody positive (14/29, 48.3%) than in anti-MAP negative ruminants (17/69, 24.6%, P=0.022) and also in anti-GP2 antibody positive (13/23, 56.5%) than in anti-GP2 negative ruminants (18/75, 24%, P=0.003). No association between ASCA and anti-MAP antibody concentrations were found (r=0.159, P=0.117). A significant association between ASCA and anti-GP2 antibody concentration were observed (r=0.211 and P=0.037). CONCLUSION ASCA are present in a significant proportion of ruminants with ptb and correlate with anti-GP2 antibody positivity, a finding further supporting the notion that Crohn's disease and ptb share common immunological mechanisms of antigen-driven loss of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Liaskos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Gkoutzourelas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Spyrou
- Department of Animal Production, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Andreas Koutsoumpas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios S Amiridis
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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Lopens S, Krawczyk M, Papp M, Milkiewicz P, Schierack P, Liu Y, Wunsch E, Conrad K, Roggenbuck D. The search for the Holy Grail: autoantigenic targets in primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with disease phenotype and neoplasia. AUTO- IMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2020; 11:6. [PMID: 32178720 PMCID: PMC7077156 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-020-00129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike in other autoimmune liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis, the role and nature of autoantigenic targets in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a progressive, chronic, immune-mediated, life threatening, genetically predisposed, cholestatic liver illness, is poorly elucidated. Although anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been associated with the occurrence of PSC, their corresponding targets have not yet been identified entirely. Genome-wide association studies revealed a significant number of immune-related and even disease-modifying susceptibility loci for PSC. However, these loci did not allow discerning a clear autoimmune pattern nor do the therapy options and the male gender preponderance in PSC support a pathogenic role of autoimmune responses. Nevertheless, PSC is characterized by the co-occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) demonstrating autoimmune responses. The identification of novel autoantigenic targets in IBD such as the major zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein 2 (GP2) or the appearance of proteinase 3 (PR3) autoantibodies (autoAbs) have refocused the interest on a putative association of loss of tolerance with the IBD phenotype and consequently with the PSC phenotype. Not surprisingly, the report of an association between GP2 IgA autoAbs and disease severity in patients with PSC gave a new impetus to autoAb research for autoimmune liver diseases. It might usher in a new era of serological research in this field. The mucosal loss of tolerance against the microbiota-sensing GP2 modulating innate and adaptive intestinal immunity and its putative role in the pathogenesis of PSC will be elaborated in this review. Furthermore, other potential PSC-related autoantigenic targets such as the neutrophil PR3 will be discussed. GP2 IgA may represent a group of new pathogenic antibodies, which share characteristics of both type 2 and 3 of antibody-mediated hypersensitive reactions according to Coombs and Gell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Papp
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ewa Wunsch
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany.
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Mapes J, Anandan L, Li Q, Neff A, Clevenger CV, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Aberrantly high expression of the CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) in mammary epithelium leads to breast tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2850-2864. [PMID: 29321207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone prolactin (PRL) and certain members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family play central roles in mammary gland development and physiology, and their dysregulation has been implicated in mammary tumorigenesis. Our recent studies have revealed that the CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) is a critical factor for PRL-mediated activation of the transcription factor STAT5 in mouse mammary epithelium. Of note, CUZD1 controls production of a specific subset of the EGF family growth factors and consequent activation of their receptors. Here, we found that consistent with this finding, CUZD1 overexpression in non-transformed mammary epithelial HC11 cells increases their proliferation and induces tumorigenic characteristics in these cells. When introduced orthotopically in mouse mammary glands, these cells formed adenocarcinomas, exhibiting elevated levels of STAT5 phosphorylation and activation of the EGF signaling pathway. Selective blockade of STAT5 phosphorylation by pimozide, a small-molecule inhibitor, markedly reduced the production of the EGF family growth factors and inhibited PRL-induced tumor cell proliferation in vitro Pimozide administration to mice also suppressed CUZD1-driven mammary tumorigenesis in vivo Analysis of human MCF7 breast cancer cells indicated that CUZD1 controls the production of the same subset of EGF family members in these cells as in the mouse. Moreover, pimozide treatment reduced the proliferation of these cancer cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that overexpression of CUZD1, a regulator of growth factor pathways controlled by PRL and STAT5, promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Blockade of the STAT5 signaling pathway downstream of CUZD1 may offer a therapeutic strategy for managing these breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quanxi Li
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Alison Neff
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Charles V Clevenger
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Indrani C Bagchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Farkona S, Soosaipillai A, Filippou P, Korbakis D, Serra S, Rückert F, Diamandis EP, Blasutig IM. Generation of monoclonal antibodies and development of an immunofluorometric assay for the detection of CUZD1 in tissues and biological fluids. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:1168-1174. [PMID: 28746862 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) was identified as a pancreas-specific protein and was proposed as a candidate biomarker for pancreatic related disorders. CUZD1 protein levels in tissues and biological fluids have not been extensively examined. The purpose of the present study was to generate specific antibodies targeting CUZD1 to assess CUZD1 expression within tissues and biological fluids. METHODS Mouse monoclonal antibodies against CUZD1 were generated and used to perform immunohistochemical analyses and to develop a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CUZD1 protein expression was assessed in various human tissue extracts and biological fluids and in gel filtration chromatography-derived fractions of pancreatic tissue extract, pancreatic juice and recombinant protein. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of CUZD1 in pancreatic tissue showed that the protein is localized to the acinar cells and the lumen of the acini. Western blot analysis detected the protein in pancreatic tissue extract and pancreatic juice. The newly developed ELISA measured CUZD1 in high levels in pancreas and in much lower but detectable levels in several other tissues. In the biological fluids tested, CUZD1 expression was detected exclusively in pancreatic juice. The analysis of gel filtration chromatography-derived fractions of pancreatic tissue extract, pancreatic juice and recombinant CUZD1 suggested that the protein exists in high molecular weight protein complexes. CONCLUSION This study describes the development of tools targeting CUZD1 protein, its tissue expression pattern and levels in several biological fluids. These new tools will facilitate future investigations aiming to delineate the role of CUZD1 in physiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Farkona
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dimitrios Korbakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stefano Serra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Rückert
- Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan M Blasutig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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Transient and Prolonged Response of Chicken Cecum Mucosa to Colonization with Different Gut Microbiota. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163932. [PMID: 27685470 PMCID: PMC5042506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we determined protein and gene expression in the caeca of newly hatched chickens inoculated with cecal contents sourced from hens of different ages. Over 250 proteins exhibited modified expression levels in response to microbiota inoculation. The most significant inductions were observed for ISG12-2, OASL, ES1, LYG2, DMBT1-L, CDD, ANGPTL6, B2M, CUZD1, IgM and Ig lambda chain. Of these, ISG12-2, ES1 and both immunoglobulins were expressed at lower levels in germ-free chickens compared to conventional chickens. In contrast, CELA2A, BRT-2, ALDH1A1, ADH1C, AKR1B1L, HEXB, ALDH2, ALDOB, CALB1 and TTR were expressed at lower levels following inoculation of microbiota. When chicks were given microbiota preparations from different age donors, the recipients mounted differential responses to the inoculation which also differed from the response profile in naturally colonised birds. For example, B2M, CUZD1 and CELA2A responded differently to the inoculation with microbiota of 4- or 40-week-old hens. The increased or decreased gene expression could be recorded 6 weeks after the inoculation of newly hatched chickens. To characterise the proteins that may directly interact with the microbiota we characterised chicken proteins that co-purified with the microbiota and identified a range of host proteins including CDD, ANGPTL6, DMBT1-L, MEP1A and Ig lambda. We propose that induction of ISG12-2 results in reduced apoptosis of host cells exposed to the colonizing commensal microbiota and that CDD, ANGPTL6, DMBT1-L, MEP1A and Ig lambda reduce contact of luminal microbiota with the gut epithelium thereby reducing the inflammatory response.
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Abstract
Inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been linked to a loss of tolerance to self-antigens suggesting the existence of autoantibodies in specific disease phenotypes. However, the lack of clearly defined autoantigenic targets has slowed down research. Genome-wide association studies have identified an impressive number of immune-related susceptibility loci for IBD with no clearly discernible pattern among them. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that innate immune responses to a low-diversity and impaired gut microbiota may be of key importance in initiating and perpetuating chronic inflammation in IBD. Increasing evidence suggests that reduced microbial diversity and microbial-mucosal epithelium interaction (including adhesion and clearance) are critically involved in IBD pathogenesis. Along these lines the discovery of autoantigenic targets in Crohn's disease (CD) has refocused research in IBD on the possible role of autoimmune responses. The identification of the major zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein 2 (GP2) as an autoantigen in CD patients and its proposed role in the sensing of the microbiota lends credence to this trend. Loss of tolerance to GP2 occurs in up to 40% of patients with CD. Corresponding autoantibodies appear to be associated with distinct disease courses (types or phenotypes) in CD. Here, we critically review autoantibodies in CD for their impact on clinical practice and future IBD research. The immunomodulatory role of GP2 in innate and adaptive intestinal immunity is also discussed.
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Liaskos C, Spyrou V, Athanasiou LV, Orfanidou T, Mavropoulos A, Rigopoulou EI, Amiridis GS, Shoenfeld Y, Billinis C, Bogdanos DP. Crohn's disease-specific anti-CUZD1 pancreatic antibodies are absent in ruminants with paratuberculosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:384-90. [PMID: 25575461 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic autoantibodies (PABs) specifically recognizing GP2 and/or CUZD1 are present in more than 35% of patients with Crohn's disease (CrD). We have recently provided evidence of the presence of GP2-specific PABs in ruminants with paratuberculosis (ptb), a Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP)-induced disease resembling CrD. OBJECTIVE To assess whether anti-CUZD1 antibodies are also present in ruminants with ptb. METHODS A total of 110 samples (73 cattle/37 sheep) were studied including 40 with ptb (24 cattle/16 sheep; 20 anti-GP2 antibody pos) and 70 without ptb (49 cattle/21 sheep; 10 anti-GP2 antibody pos). The samples were pre-characterized for anti-MAP and anti-GP2 antibodies by ELISA. Evidence of MAP was confirmed by PCR. Anti-CUZD1 antibody testing was performed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) based on transfected HEK293 cells expressing CUZD1. Anti-sheep or anti-cattle specific antisera were used as revealing antibodies. RESULTS None of the ruminant sera had anti-CUZD1 antibodies by IIF testing at dilutions varying from 1/10 to 1/160. Methodological flaws were prevented by a series of tests. Control sera from anti-CUZD1 positive CrD samples have shown anti-CUZD1 antibody reactivity at various concentrations. Antibody reactivity to GP2-expressing HEK293 cells has confirmed the reactivity to GP2 in ruminant sera found positive for anti-GP2 antibodies by ELISA. CONCLUSION The present study has found no evidence of anti-CUZD1 PABs in MAP-induced ptb. Our findings indicate that the induction of CUZD1-specific PABs is unrelated to MAP infection and that the mechanisms responsible for the loss of tolerance to GP2 and CUZD1 are probably quite distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Liaskos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Biomedical Section, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly (IReTeTh), ITE, Larissa 41222, Greece; Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 45000 Larissa, Greece.
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Department of Animal Production, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece.
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece.
| | - Timoklia Orfanidou
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Biomedical Section, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly (IReTeTh), ITE, Larissa 41222, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Biomedical Section, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly (IReTeTh), ITE, Larissa 41222, Greece.
| | - Eirini I Rigopoulou
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RJ, UK.
| | - Georgios S Amiridis
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece.
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Biomedical Section, Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly (IReTeTh), ITE, Larissa 41222, Greece; Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 45000 Larissa, Greece; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RJ, UK.
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Li P, Cui BT, Duan YN, Zhang FM. Laboratory evaluation and metabolomics in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3592-3599. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i24.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain a challenge for physicians, and they are often based on history, clinical symptoms and endoscopic, histological, radiological and laboratory findings. Studies have shown that metabolomics may have important value in the diagnosis and prognosis of IBD. This paper will review the latest progress in laboratory evaluation and metabolomics in IBD.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many aspects of autoimmune disease are not well understood, including the specificities of autoimmune targets, and patterns of co-morbidity and cross-heritability across diseases. Prior work has provided evidence that somatic mutation caused by gene conversion and deletion at segmentally duplicated loci is relevant to several diseases. Simple tandem repeat (STR) sequence is highly mutable, both somatically and in the germ-line, and somatic STR mutations are observed under inflammation. RESULTS Protein-coding genes spanning STRs having markers of mutability, including germ-line variability, high total length, repeat count and/or repeat similarity, are evaluated in the context of autoimmunity. For the initiation of autoimmune disease, antigens whose autoantibodies are the first observed in a disease, termed primary autoantigens, are informative. Three primary autoantigens, thyroid peroxidase (TPO), phogrin (PTPRN2) and filaggrin (FLG), include STRs that are among the eleven longest STRs spanned by protein-coding genes. This association of primary autoantigens with long STR sequence is highly significant (p<3.0x10(-7)). Long STRs occur within twenty genes that are associated with sixteen common autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. The repeat within the TTC34 gene is an outlier in terms of length and a link with systemic lupus erythematosus is proposed. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that many autoimmune diseases are triggered by immune responses to proteins whose DNA sequence mutates somatically in a coherent, consistent fashion. Other autoimmune diseases may be caused by coherent somatic mutations in immune cells. The coherent somatic mutation hypothesis has the potential to be a comprehensive explanation for the initiation of many autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Andrew Ross
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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