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Nandana MB, Bharatha M, Praveen R, Nayaka S, Vishwanath BS, Rajaiah R. Dimethyl ester of bilirubin ameliorates Naja naja snake venom-induced lung toxicity in mice via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation. Toxicon 2024; 244:107757. [PMID: 38740099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Naja naja snake bite causes thousands of deaths worldwide in a year. N. naja envenomed victims exhibit both local and systemic reactions that potentially lead to death. In clinical practice, pulmonary complications in N. naja envenomation are commonly encountered. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity remain unknown. Here, we reasoned that N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity is prompted by NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation in mice. Treatment with dimethyl ester of bilirubin (BD1), significantly inhibited the N. naja venom-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs both in vivo and in vitro (p < 0.05). Further, BD1 reduced N. naja venom-induced recruitment of inflammatory cells, and hemorrhage in the lung toxicity examined by histopathology. BD1 also diminished N. naja venom-induced local toxicities in paw edema and myotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, BD1 was able to enhance the survival time against N. naja venom-induced mortality in mice. In conclusion, the present data showed that BD1 alleviated N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation. Small molecule inhibitors that intervene in venom-induced toxicities may have therapeutic applications complementing anti-snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuganahalli B Nandana
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Madeva Bharatha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Raju Praveen
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Spandan Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
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Silva LMG, Gouveia VA, Campos GRS, Dale CS, da Palma RK, de Oliveira APL, Marcos RL, Duran CCG, Cogo JC, Silva Junior JA, Zamuner SR. Photobiomodulation mitigates Bothrops jararacussu venom-induced damage in myoblast cells by enhancing myogenic factors and reducing cytokine production. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012227. [PMID: 38814992 PMCID: PMC11192417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation has exhibited promise in mitigating the local effects induced by Bothrops snakebite envenoming; however, the mechanisms underlying this protection are not yet fully understood. Herein, the effectiveness of photobiomodulation effects on regenerative response of C2C12 myoblast cells following exposure to Bothrops jararacussu venom (BjsuV), as well as the mechanisms involved was investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C2C12 myoblast cells were exposed to BjsuV (12.5 μg/mL) and irradiated once for 10 seconds with laser light of 660 nm (14.08 mW; 0.04 cm2; 352 mW/cm2) or 780 nm (17.6 mW; 0.04 cm2; 440 mW/ cm2) to provide energy densities of 3.52 and 4.4 J/cm2, and total energies of 0.1408 and 0.176 J, respectively. Cell migration was assessed through a wound-healing assay. The expression of MAPK p38-α, NF-Кβ, Myf5, Pax-7, MyoD, and myogenin proteins were assessed by western blotting analysis. In addition, interleukin IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-alfa and IL-10 levels were measured in the supernatant by ELISA. The PBM applied to C2C12 cells exposed to BjsuV promoted cell migration, increase the expression of myogenic factors (Pax7, MyF5, MyoD and myogenin), reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-alfa, and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, PBM downregulates the expression of NF-kB, and had no effect on p38 MAKP. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrated that protection of the muscle cell by PBM seems to be related to the increase of myogenic factors as well as the modulation of inflammatory mediators. PBM therapy may offer a new therapeutic strategy to address the local effects of snakebite envenoming by promoting muscle regeneration and reducing the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Almeida Gouveia
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Squarzone Dale
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly da Palma
- Facultad De Ciencias De la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central De Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institute for Research and Innovation in Life and Health Sciences in Central Catalonia (Iris-CC). Vic, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Labat Marcos
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Programa de Mestrado em Bioengenharia do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Silva Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella Regina Zamuner
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
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Luo P, Ji Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Cheng R, Zhang S, Qian X, Huang C. Affected inflammation-related signaling pathways in snake envenomation: A recent insight. Toxicon 2023; 234:107288. [PMID: 37703930 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Snake envenomation is well known to cause grievous pathological signs, including haemorrhagic discharge, necrosis, and respiratory distress. However, inflammatory reactions are also common envenoming manifestations that lead to successive damage, such as oedema, ulceration, lymphadenectasis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and even multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Interference with the inflammatory burst is hence important in the clinical treatment of snake envenomation. Here, we summarize the typical snake toxins (or venoms) that cause inflammatory reactions and the underlying signaling pathways. In brief, inflammatory reactions are usually triggered by snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2), snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP), snake venom serine protease (SVSP) and C-type lectin/snaclec (CTL) as well as disintegrin (DIS) via multiple signaling pathways. They are nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/PKB also called PI3K-AKT) signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways promotes the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, especially interleukin-1β (IL-1β) which causes further inflammatory cascades and manifestations, such as swelling, fever, pain, and severe complications. Remarkably, almost half of introduced snake toxins (or venoms) have anti-inflammatory effects through blocking these pathways and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Investigation of affected inflammation-related signaling pathways is meaningful to achieve better clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Luo
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Ji
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Ruoxi Cheng
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Xiao Qian
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
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Joglekar AV, Dehari D, Anjum MM, Dulla N, Chaudhuri A, Singh S, Agrawal AK. Therapeutic potential of venom peptides: insights in the nanoparticle-mediated venom formulations. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Venoms are the secretions produced by animals, generally for the purpose of self-defense or catching a prey. Biochemically venoms are mainly composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, ions, etc., and classified into three major classes, viz. neurotoxic, hemotoxic and cytotoxic based upon their mode of action. Venoms are composed of different specific peptides/toxins which are responsible for their unique biological actions. Though venoms are generally seen as a source of death, scientifically venom is a complex biochemical substance having a specific pharmacologic action which can be used as agents to diagnose and cure a variety of diseases in humans.
Main body
Many of these venoms have been used since centuries, and their specified therapies can also be found in ancient texts such as Charka Samhita. The modern-day example of such venom therapeutic is captopril, an antihypertensive drug developed from venom of Bothrops jararaca. Nanotechnology is a modern-day science of building materials on a nanoscale with advantages like target specificity, increased therapeutic response and diminished side effects. In the present review we have introduced the venom, sources and related constituents in brief, by highlighting the therapeutic potential of venom peptides and focusing more on the nanoformulations-based approaches. This review is an effort to compile all such report to have an idea about the future direction about the nanoplatforms which should be focused to have more clinically relevant formulations for difficult to treat diseases.
Conclusion
Venom peptides which are fatal in nature if used cautiously and effectively can save life. Several research findings suggested that many of the fatal diseases can be effectively treated with venom peptides. Nanotechnology has emerged as novel strategy in diagnosis, treatment and mitigation of diseases in more effective ways. A variety of nanoformulation approaches have been explored to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxicity and targeted delivery of the venom peptide conjugated with it. We concluded that venom peptides along with nanoparticles can evolve as the new era for potential treatments of ongoing and untreatable diseases.
Graphical Abstract
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Moreira V, Leiguez E, Janovits PM, Maia-Marques R, Fernandes CM, Teixeira C. Inflammatory Effects of Bothrops Phospholipases A 2: Mechanisms Involved in Biosynthesis of Lipid Mediators and Lipid Accumulation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120868. [PMID: 34941706 PMCID: PMC8709003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) constitute one of the major protein groups present in the venoms of viperid and crotalid snakes. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) exhibit a remarkable functional diversity, as they have been described to induce a myriad of toxic effects. Local inflammation is an important characteristic of snakebite envenomation inflicted by viperid and crotalid species and diverse svPLA2s have been studied for their proinflammatory properties. Moreover, based on their molecular, structural, and functional properties, the viperid svPLA2s are classified into the group IIA secreted PLA2s, which encompasses mammalian inflammatory sPLA2s. Thus, research on svPLA2s has attained paramount importance for better understanding the role of this class of enzymes in snake envenomation and the participation of GIIA sPLA2s in pathophysiological conditions and for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight studies that have identified the inflammatory activities of svPLA2s, in particular, those from Bothrops genus snakes, which are major medically important snakes in Latin America, and we describe recent advances in our collective understanding of the mechanisms underlying their inflammatory effects. We also discuss studies that dissect the action of these venom enzymes in inflammatory cells focusing on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators and lipid accumulation in immunocompetent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Priscila Motta Janovits
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia-Marques
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Abdullah NAH, Rusmili MRA, Zainal Abidin SA, Shaikh MF, Hodgson WC, Othman I. Isolation and Characterization of A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, a Secretory Phospholipase A 2 from Malaysian Spitting Cobra ( Naja sumatrana) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120859. [PMID: 34941697 PMCID: PMC8709200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins are one of the main toxin families found in snake venom. PLA2 toxins are associated with various detrimental effects, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemostatic disturbances, nephrotoxicity, edema, and inflammation. Although Naja sumatrana venom contains substantial quantities of PLA2 components, there is limited information on the function and activities of PLA2 toxins from the venom. In this study, a secretory PLA2 from the venom of Malaysian N. sumatrana, subsequently named A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, was isolated, purified, and characterized. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was purified using a mass spectrometry-guided approach and multiple chromatography steps. Based on LC-MSMS, A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was found to show high sequence similarity with PLA2 from venoms of other Naja species. The PLA2 activity of A2-EPTX-Nsm1 was inhibited by 4-BPB and EDTA. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was significantly less cytotoxic in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) compared to crude venom and did not show a concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study that characterizes and investigates the cytotoxicity of an Asp49 PLA2 isolated from Malaysian N. sumatrana venom in a human neuroblastoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
| | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Kuantan Campus, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
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Bothrops Jararaca Snake Venom Modulates Key Cancer-Related Proteins in Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080519. [PMID: 34437390 PMCID: PMC8402457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide in an uncontrolled way and may spread into other tissues where they may infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Several previous reports have described biochemical anti-tumorigenic properties of crude snake venom or its components, including their capability of inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work describing cancer cell proteomic changes following treatment with snake venoms. In this work we describe the quantitative changes in proteomics of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell lines following treatment with Bothrops jararaca snake venom, as well as the functional implications of the proteomic changes. Cell lines were treated with sub-toxic doses at either 0.63 μg/mL (low) or 2.5 μg/mL (high) of B. jararaca venom for 24 h, conditions that cause no cell death per se. Proteomics analysis was conducted on a nano-scale liquid chromatography coupled on-line with mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). More than 1000 proteins were identified and evaluated from each cell line treated with either the low or high dose of the snake venom. Protein profiling upon venom treatment showed differential expression of several proteins related to cancer cell metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. Among the identified proteins we highlight histone H3, SNX3, HEL-S-156an, MTCH2, RPS, MCC2, IGF2BP1, and GSTM3. These data suggest that sub-toxic doses of B. jararaca venom have potential to modulate cancer-development related protein targets in cancer cells. This work illustrates a novel biochemical strategy to identify therapeutic targets against cancer cell growth and survival.
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Ranéia E Silva PA, de Lima DS, Mesquita Luiz JP, Câmara NOS, Alves-Filho JCF, Pontillo A, Bortoluci KR, Faquim-Mauro EL. Inflammatory effect of Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu venom mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome involves ATP and P2X7 receptor. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:687-701. [PMID: 33620070 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle tissue damage is one of the local effects described in bothropic envenomations. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is a K49-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that induces a massive muscle tissue injury, and, consequently, local inflammatory reaction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor that triggers inflammation by activating caspase 1 and releasing interleukin (IL)-1β and/or inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to tissue damage. We, therefore, aimed to address activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by BthTX-I-associated injury and the mechanism involved in this process. Intramuscular injection of BthTX-I results in infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in gastrocnemius muscle, which is reduced in NLRP3- and Caspase-1-deficient mice. The in vitro IL-1β production induced by BthTX-I in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) requires caspase 1/11, ASC and NLRP3 and is dependent on adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced K+ efflux and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). BthTX-I induces a dramatic release of ATP from C2C12 myotubes, therefore representing the major mechanism for P2X7R-dependent inflammasome activation in macrophages. A similar result was obtained when human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with BthTX-I. These findings demonstrated the inflammatory effect of BthTX-I on muscle tissue, pointing out a role for the ATP released by damaged cells for the NLRP3 activation on macrophages, contributing to the understanding of the microenvironment of the tissue damage of the Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Andrade Ranéia E Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhêmerson Souza de Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mesquita Luiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Farias Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Ramalho Bortoluci
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTC-Mol),Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana L Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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The relationship between clinics and the venom of the causative Amazon pit viper (Bothrops atrox). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008299. [PMID: 32511239 PMCID: PMC7302866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins with toxic activities, with many distinct isoforms, affecting different physiological targets, comprised in a few protein families. It is currently accepted that this diversity in venom composition is an adaptive advantage for venom efficacy on a wide range of prey. However, on the other side, variability on isoforms expression has implications in the clinics of human victims of snakebites and in the efficacy of antivenoms. B. atrox snakes are responsible for most of the human accidents in Brazilian Amazon and the type and abundance of protein families on their venoms present individual variability. Thus, in this study we attempted to correlate the individual venom proteome of the snake brought to the hospital by the patient seeking for medical assistance with the clinical signs observed in the same patient. Individual variability was confirmed in venoms of the 14 snakes selected for the study. The abundance of each protein family was quite similar among the venom samples, while the isoforms composition was highly variable. Considering the protein families, the SVMP group presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Considering individual isoforms, some isoforms of venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented expression levels that with statistically significant positive correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. However, some unexpected data were also observed as the correlation between a CTL, CRISP or LAAO isoforms with blister formation, still to be confirmed with a larger number of samples. Although this is still a small number of patient samples, we were able to indicate that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites, to confirm at the bedside the prominent role of SVMPs and to include new possible toxin candidates for the development of toxin inhibitors or to improve antivenom selectiveness, important actions for the next generation treatments of snakebites. Bothrops atrox is a snake of major medical importance in the Amazon. Its venom is specialized to kill preys in the nature, especially because of coagulotoxic and proteolytic activities. B. atrox envenomings cause local inflammation and, in a significant proportion, systemic manifestations, namely bleeding disorders. These signs and symptoms are caused by the various toxins present in the venom of this snake, which act in the organism by different mechanisms. It is not known to what extent the composition of the venom that was inoculated by the snake that caused the envenoming can influence the patient’s clinical condition. To study this subject, this work correlated the constituents of the venom with the clinical manifestations of hospitalized patients, taking advantage of the fact that many patients bring the snake responsible for the bite. The abundance of each toxin family was similar among the venom samples, but the variants composition of each toxin was highly variable. Considering the protein families, a group named metalloproteases (SVMP) presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Some variants of venom SVMPs, and other toxin families, such as C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. Our results show that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites.
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Moreira V, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Vinolo MAR, Curi R, Lambeau G, Teixeira C. 12-HETE is a regulator of PGE 2 production via COX-2 expression induced by a snake venom group IIA phospholipase A 2 in isolated peritoneal macrophages. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 317:108903. [PMID: 31811862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The snake venom miotoxin (MT)-III is a group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) with pro-inflammatory activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that MT-III has the ability to stimulate macrophages to release inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism. Among them, we highlight prostaglandin (PG)E2 produced by the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway, through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. However, the mechanisms coordinating this process are not fully understood. This study investigates the regulatory mechanisms exerted by other groups of bioactive eicosanoids derived from 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), in particular 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (12-HETE), on group IIA sPLA2-induced (i) PGE2 release, (ii) COX-2 expression, and (iii) activation of signaling pathways p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases(p38MAPK), protein C kinase (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and NF-κB. Stimulation of macrophages with group IIA sPLA2 resulted in release of 12-HETE without modification of 12-LO protein levels. Pre-treatment of these cells with baicalein, a 12-LO inhibitor, decreased the sPLA2-induced PGE2 production, significantly reduced COX-2 expression, and inhibited sPLA2-induced ERK; however, it did not affect p38MAPK or PKC phosphorylation. In turn, sPLA2-induced PGE2 release and COX-2 expression, but not NF-κB activation, was attenuated by pre-treating macrophages with PD98059 an inhibitor of ERK1/2. These results suggest that, in macrophages, group IIA sPLA2-induced PGE2 release and COX-2 protein expression are distinctly mediated through 12-HETE followed by ERK1/2 pathway activation, independently of NF-κB activation. These findings highlight an as yet undescribed mechanism by which 12-HETE regulates one of the distinct signaling pathways for snake venom group IIA sPLA2-induced PGE2 release and COX-2 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Geng L, Liu W, Chen Y. Tanshinone IIA attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by down-regulating COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis via inactivation of NF-κB pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2019; 26:15. [PMID: 31754613 PMCID: PMC6852914 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-019-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity is a major pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), extracted from traditional Chinese herb Radix salvia miltiorrhiza, possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, as well as neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to explore the possible mechanism by which Tan IIA attenuated Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to different concentrations of Aβ led to neurotoxicity by reducing cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis and increasing neuroinflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Aβ treatment promoted cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, and activated nuclear transcription factor kappa (NF-κB) pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. However, pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Tan IIA prior to Aβ prevented these Aβ-induced cellular events noticeably. These data suggested that Tan IIA exerted its neuroprotective action by alleviating Aβ-induced increase in COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion via inactivation of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Geng
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, No. 357 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, No. 357 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000 China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, No. 357 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000 China
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12
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Crotalus durissus ruruima Snake Venom and a Phospholipase A 2 Isolated from This Venom Elicit Macrophages to Form Lipid Droplets and Synthesize Inflammatory Lipid Mediators. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2745286. [PMID: 31781674 PMCID: PMC6875421 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2745286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viper snake Crotalus durissus ruruima (Cdr) is a subspecies found in northern area of Brazil. Among the snakes of Crotalus genus subspecies, the venom of Cdr presents highest level of crotoxin, which is the major component of Crotalus snake venoms, formed by two subunits (crotapotin and a phospholipase A2 named CBr) and presents potent neurotoxic activity. Curiously, the venom of C. d. ruruima (CdrV) is better neutralized by antibothropic than by anticrotalic serum, strongly suggesting that this venom has similarities with venom of Bothrops genus snakes with regard to the ability to induce inflammation. Macrophages are cells with a central role in inflammatory and immunological responses. Upon inflammatory stimuli, these cells exhibit increased numbers of lipid droplets, which are key organelles in the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators. However, the effects of CdrV and CBr in macrophage functions are unknown. We herein investigated the ability of CdrV and CBr to activate macrophages with focus on the formation of lipid droplets (LDs), synthesis of lipid mediators, and mechanisms involved in these effects. The involvement of LDs in PGE2 biosynthesis was also assessed. Stimulation of murine macrophages with CdrV and CBr induced an increased number of LDs and release of prostanoids (PGE2, PGD2, and TXB2). Neither CdrV nor CBr induced the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 by macrophages. LDs induced by both CdrV and CBr are associated to PLIN2 recruitment and expression and were shown to be dependent on COX-1, but not COX-2 activity. Moreover, PGE2 colocalized to CdrV- and CBr-induced LDs, revealing the role of these organelles as sites for the synthesis of prostanoids. These results evidence, for the first time, the ability of a whole snake venom to induce formation of LDs and the potential role of these organelles for the production of inflammatory mediators during envenomation by Crotalus snakes.
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Ferraz CR, Arrahman A, Xie C, Casewell NR, Lewis RJ, Kool J, Cardoso FC. Multifunctional Toxins in Snake Venoms and Therapeutic Implications: From Pain to Hemorrhage and Necrosis. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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14
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Varikuti S, Jha BK, Volpedo G, Ryan NM, Halsey G, Hamza OM, McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Neglected Tropical Diseases Caused by Protozoan Parasites. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2655. [PMID: 30555425 PMCID: PMC6284052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments using anti-parasitic drugs are toxic and prolonged with poor patient compliance. In addition, emergence of drug-resistant parasites is increasing worldwide. Hence, there is a need for safer and better therapeutics for these infections. Host-directed therapy using drugs that target host pathways required for pathogen survival or its clearance is a promising approach for treating infections. This review will give a summary of the current status and advances of host-targeted therapies for treating NTDs caused by protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Omar M Hamza
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Zoccal KF, Ferreira GZ, Prado MK, Gardinassi LG, Sampaio SV, Faccioli LH. LTB4 and PGE2 modulate the release of MIP-1α and IL-1β by cells stimulated with Bothrops snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 150:289-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Swethakumar B, NaveenKumar SK, Katkar GD, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Inhibition of Echis carinatus venom by DNA, a promising therapeutic molecule for snakebite management. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1115-1125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Burin SM, Menaldo DL, Sampaio SV, Frantz FG, Castro FA. An overview of the immune modulating effects of enzymatic toxins from snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:664-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Gallic Acid-L-Leucine Conjugate Protects Mice against LPS-Induced Inflammation and Sepsis via Correcting Proinflammatory Lipid Mediator Profiles and Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1081287. [PMID: 29765489 PMCID: PMC5889890 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of endotoxin LPS-induced sepsis is hallmarked by aberrant production of proinflammatory lipid mediators and nitric oxide (NO). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the new product gallic acid-L-leucine (GAL) conjugate could ameliorate the LPS-induced dysregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and NO production. We first investigated the effects of GAL conjugate on the expression of proinflammatory enzymes and the production of proinflammatory NO and lipid mediators in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7, primary peritoneal macrophages, and mouse model. Western blot analyses revealed that GAL attenuated LPS-induced expression of iNOS, COX-2, and 5-LOX in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, probing NO-mediated fluorescence revealed that GAL antagonized the stimulatory effect of LPS on iNOS activity. By profiling of lipid mediators with ESI-MS-based lipidomics, we found that GAL suppressed LPS-induced overproduction of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, leukotriene B4, and thromboxane B2. We further discovered that GAL might exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by the following mechanisms: (1) suppressing LPS-induced activation of MAP kinases (i.e., ERK1/2, JNK, and p38); (2) reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and (3) preventing LPS-induced nuclear translocation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Consequently, GAL significantly decreased the levels of COX-2 and iNOS expression and the plasma levels of proinflammatory lipid mediators in LPS-treated mice. GAL pretreatment enhanced the survival of mice against LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Taken together, our results suggest that GAL may be a potential anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of endotoxemia and sepsis.
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. PhTX-II a basic myotoxic phospholipase A₂ from Porthidium hyoprora snake venom, pharmacological characterization and amino acid sequence by mass spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3077-97. [PMID: 25365526 PMCID: PMC4247251 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A monomeric basic PLA₂ (PhTX-II) of 14149.08 Da molecular weight was purified to homogeneity from Porthidium hyoprora venom. Amino acid sequence by in tandem mass spectrometry revealed that PhTX-II belongs to Asp49 PLA₂ enzyme class and displays conserved domains as the catalytic network, Ca²⁺-binding loop and the hydrophobic channel of access to the catalytic site, reflected in the high catalytic activity displayed by the enzyme. Moreover, PhTX-II PLA₂ showed an allosteric behavior and its enzymatic activity was dependent on Ca²⁺. Examination of PhTX-II PLA₂ by CD spectroscopy indicated a high content of alpha-helical structures, similar to the known structure of secreted phospholipase IIA group suggesting a similar folding. PhTX-II PLA₂ causes neuromuscular blockade in avian neuromuscular preparations with a significant direct action on skeletal muscle function, as well as, induced local edema and myotoxicity, in mice. The treatment of PhTX-II by BPB resulted in complete loss of their catalytic activity that was accompanied by loss of their edematogenic effect. On the other hand, enzymatic activity of PhTX-II contributes to this neuromuscular blockade and local myotoxicity is dependent not only on enzymatic activity. These results show that PhTX-II is a myotoxic Asp49 PLA₂ that contributes with toxic actions caused by P. hyoprora venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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ZHANG ZHIQIANG, FANG YONGCHAO, WANG QIANG, SUN YU, XIONG CHUANZHI, CAO LI, WANG BEIYUE, BAO NIRONG, ZHAO JIANNING. Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis regulates particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:1499-505. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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