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The Emerging Role of Probiotics and their Derivatives against Biofilm-Producing MRSA: A Scoping Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4959487. [PMID: 36605101 PMCID: PMC9810406 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4959487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main bacterial pathogens causing chronic infections, mainly because of its capacity to produce biofilm. Biofilm production is one of the underlying strategies for antibacterial drug resistance. Accordingly, preventing and attenuating biofilm production has become an emerging approach to controlling persistent infections. Therefore, this scoping review is aimed at surveying the published literature describing the usage of probiotics and their derivatives against biofilm-producing MRSA. Methods Updated literature searches were conducted across seven electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify all original published articles about probiotics against MRSA. In this regard, studies were summarized and analyzed in the present review. Results In the reviewed studies, various microorganisms and compounds were used as probiotics as follows: Lactobacillus species (8 studies), Enterococcus species (4 studies), Bacillus species (2 studies), Streptomyces species (2 studies), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 study), Corynebacterium accolens (1 study), and Lactococcus lactis derived Nisin (3 studies). Based on our comprehensive search, 21 studies with eligibility criteria were included in the present review including 12 studies on clinical strains, 6 studies on ATCC, 2 studies simultaneously on clinical and standard strains, and finally 1 study on food sample. Conclusions Our study showed that there was an increasing trend in the number of publications reporting probiotics against biofilm-producing MRSA. The results of this scoping review could use to guide the undertaking of the subsequent systematic reviews. In summary, probiotics with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties can use as an embedded agent in food products or as a biopharmaceutical in the prevention and treatment of MRSA infections.
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Yahya Ahmed M, Abdalbagi Ali H, Mohammed Taher Gorish B, Omer Ali S, Saif Aldein Abdalrhim E, Hamza Mergani M, Abass Abd Elgadir A, Khalid Mohammed S, Omer Ahmed S, Alsaeid Musa N, Saeed Ahmed A, Mohammed Abdalla W, Fadlallah Hamedelnil Y, Ibrahim Hashim A, Altayb HN. Molecular Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and mecA Genes Products in Selected Food Samples Collected from Different Areas in Khartoum State. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:5520573. [PMID: 33828591 PMCID: PMC8004378 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5520573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is an intoxication that results from the consumption of improperly prepared or stored foods containing sufficient amounts of one or more preformed S. aureus enterotoxins. Nowadays, many researchers worldwide noted an emergence of resistant strains such as Staphylococci particularly for the antibiotic methicillin. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the existence of Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxins, mecA genes, in selected food samples. A total of 400 selected food samples were collected from different areas in Khartoum State. The selected foods included cheese, meat products, fish, and raw milk. One hundred samples from each type of food were cultivated, and the resultant growth yielded 137 (34.25%) S. aureus, 126 (31.5%) bacteria other than S. aureus, and 137 (34.25%) yielded no growth. Eighty-four of the 137 S. aureus isolates were randomly selected and tested for the presence of mecA and enterotoxin genes. The oxacillin sensitivity test showed that 15 (11%) of 137 S. aureus isolates were oxacillin resistant. The PCR assay showed that the mecA gene was detected in 15 of 84 (17%) S. aureus isolates. Simultaneously, only 2 (2.385%) out of 84 S. aureus isolates showed an enterotoxin B gene product. There was a relatively moderate prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with very low frequency of enterotoxin B gene in different kinds of selected food samples collected from Khartoum State. These findings elucidate the increased risk on public in Khartoum being affected by Staphylococcal food poisoning upon consumption of dairy or meat products prepared in unhygienic conditions that could lead to intoxication by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yahya Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hashim Abdalbagi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Sara Omer Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eman Saif Aldein Abdalrhim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mawada Hamza Mergani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Asmaa Abass Abd Elgadir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Somaya Khalid Mohammed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Salma Omer Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Naglaa Alsaeid Musa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alaa Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wafaa Mohammed Abdalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yousif Fadlallah Hamedelnil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Hashim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hisham N. Altayb
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Freitas Ribeiro L, Akira Sato R, de Souza Pollo A, Marques Rossi GA, do Amaral LA. Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. on Brazilian Dairy Farms that Produce Unpasteurized Cheese. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120779. [PMID: 33302353 PMCID: PMC7762534 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) have been identified in several foods, including dairy products. Studies are needed about their occurrence and genetic diversity in the dairy production chain in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and control. This study therefore focuses on isolating and characterizing MRS strains detected in milk used in the production of Brazilian artisanal unpasteurized cheeses. To this end, samples were collected from bovine feces, the hands of milkmen, milking buckets, sieves, unpasteurized milk, whey, water, artisanal unpasteurized cheeses, cheese processing surfaces, cheese handlers, cheese trays, cheese molds, and skimmers at five dairy farms located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Colonies suggestive of Staphylococcus spp. were subjected to multiplex PCR to confirm the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and to detect the mecA gene. Sixteen isolates containing mecA gene were detected in samples from unpasteurized cheese and from cheese handlers. None of these isolates were positive to enterotoxin genes. These 16 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, which revealed they were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, and cefepime. Using gene sequencing, the MRS isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. epidermidis. Furthermore, isolates from cheese handlers’ hands and artisanal unpasteurized cheese presented high genetic similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis, which indicates cross contamination during cheese production. Thus, we found that people directly involved in milking and cheese processing activities at small dairy farms are a potential source of contamination of MRS strains in unpasteurized milk and cheese, representing a risk to public health.
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High diversity of genetic lineages and virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Smith
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Pina M. Fratamico
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Artisanal Cheeses in México. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:8760357. [PMID: 30581470 PMCID: PMC6276487 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8760357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy foods have frequently been implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning, and contaminated raw milk is often involved. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw cow milk cheese produced in Mexico. A total of 78 unpasteurized cow milk cheese samples were screened for S. aureus. The isolates were identified as S. aureus based on morphology, Gram stain, catalase test, coagulase test, and mannitol salt agar fermentation. Isolates were subjected to biotyping, the methicillin resistance was analyzed using the disk diffusion, and the Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) production was examined by a dot-blot analysis. From a total of 78 samples of unpasteurized cheeses analyzed in this study, 44 cheeses were positive for S. aureus; however, a differential contamination between the different types of cheeses was observed, with high risk of contamination in adobero cheese (12, 95% CI 1.75 to 94.20; p=0.002). In this study, the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 18.1% (8/44) and of enterotoxin A producers was 18.1% (8/44). When classified by biotypes, MRSA only belongs to the human ecovar biotype (2/8, 25%) and the D biotype (4/8, 50%). S. aureus producers of enterotoxin A were distributed in specific nonhost biotypes.
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Ma Y, Zhao Y, Tang J, Tang C, Chen J, Liu J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance & enterotoxins/enterotoxin-likes genes in Staphylococcus aureusfrom food. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2017.1340341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yisalan Ma
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanying Zhao
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Junni Tang
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Liu
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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Giacinti G, Carfora V, Caprioli A, Sagrafoli D, Marri N, Giangolini G, Amoruso R, Iurescia M, Stravino F, Dottarelli S, Feltrin F, Franco A, Amatiste S, Battisti A. Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecA or mecC and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep farms in central Italy. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7857-7863. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Arfatahery N, Davoodabadi A, Abedimohtasab T. Characterization of Toxin Genes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Fishery Products in Iran. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34216. [PMID: 27694813 PMCID: PMC5046122 DOI: 10.1038/srep34216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of seafood-borne diseases worldwide, which are attributable to the contamination of food by preformed enterotoxins. In this study, a total of 206 (34.3%) Staphylococcus aureus strains were obtained from 600 fish and shrimp samples and were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. We assessed the prevalence of the genes responsible for the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB) and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) genes. The results indicated that 34% of aqua food samples were contaminated with S. aureus, and 23.8% of these isolates were mec-A-positive. Sixty-four percent of the strains isolated from contaminated seafood was enterotoxigenic S. aureus, and 28.2% of SEs were MRSA-positive. The most prevalent genotype was characterized by the presence of the sea gene (45.2%), followed by the seb gene (18.5%), and the tst gene encoding TSST-1 was found in eight strains (3.9%). Of the 206 S. aureus isolates, 189 strains (84.9%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Given the frequent outbreaks of enterotoxigenic MRSA, it is necessary to make revisions to mandatory programmes to facilitate improved hygiene practices during fishing, aquaculture, processing, and sales to prevent the contamination of fishery products in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Arfatahery
- Dev of Microbiology, Dept of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Davoodabadi
- Dev of Microbiology, Dept of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Department, Medical School, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Taranehpeimaneh Abedimohtasab
- Dev of Microbiology, Dept of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Carfora V, Giacinti G, Sagrafoli D, Marri N, Giangolini G, Alba P, Feltrin F, Sorbara L, Amoruso R, Caprioli A, Amatiste S, Battisti A. Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep and in-contact humans: An intra-farm study. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4251-4258. [PMID: 27060817 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is involved in a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals, and it is considered one of the most significant etiological agents of intramammary infection in dairy ruminants, causing both clinical and subclinical infections. In this study, the intra-farm prevalence and circulation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) were investigated on an Italian dairy sheep farm previously identified as MRSA-positive by testing bulk tank milk (first isolation in 2012). Human samples (nasal swabs, hand skin samples, and oropharyngeal swabs) from 3 persons working in close contact with the animals were also collected, and the genetic characteristics and relatedness of the MRSA isolates from human and animal sources within the farm were investigated. After 2yr from the first isolation, we confirmed the presence of the same multidrug-resistant strain of MRSA sequence type (ST)1, clonal complex (CC)1, spa type t127, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa, showing identical pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and resistance profiles at the farm level in bulk tank milk. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were detected in 2 out of 556 (0.34%) individual milk samples, whereas MSSA isolates were detected in 10 samples (1.8%). The MRSA were further isolated from udder skin samples from the 2 animals that were MRSA-positive in milk and in 2 of the 3 examined farm personnel. All MRSA isolates from both ovine and human samples belonged to ST(CC)1, spa type t127, SCCmec type IVa, with some isolates from animals harboring genes considered markers of human adaptation. In contrast, all MSSA isolates belonged to ruminant-associated CC130, ST700, spa type t528. Analysis by PFGE performed on selected MRSA isolates of human and animal origin identified 2 closely related (96.3% similarity) pulsotypes, displaying only minimal differences in gene profiles (e.g., presence of the immune evasion cluster genes). Although we observed low MRSA intra-farm prevalence, our findings highlight the importance of considering the possible zoonotic potential of CC1 livestock-associated MRSA, in view of the ability to persist over years at the farm level. Biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices could be useful to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and to minimize exposure in the community and in categories related to farm animal industry (e.g., veterinarians, farmers, and farm workers).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - G Giacinti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - D Sagrafoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - N Marri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - G Giangolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - P Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - F Feltrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - L Sorbara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - R Amoruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - S Amatiste
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Qualità del Latte e dei Prodotti Derivati degli Ovini e dei Caprini, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri," General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
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Traversa A, Gariano GR, Gallina S, Bianchi DM, Orusa R, Domenis L, Cavallerio P, Fossati L, Serra R, Decastelli L. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food and wild animal carcasses in Italy. Food Microbiol 2015; 52:154-8. [PMID: 26338130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in food-producing animals, both livestock and wildlife, and derived products, are considered potential sources of MRSA in humans. There is a paucity of data on MRSA in foods in Italy, and the data regarding wild animals are particularly scarce. A total of 2162 food samples collected during official monitoring activities in 2008 were analyzed for the detection of S. aureus. Also, samples from 1365 wild animals collected by the National Reference Center for Wild Animal Diseases in 2003-2009 were subjected to anatomopathological examination. S. aureus isolates were processed for phenotypic and molecular methicillin resistance determinations. S. aureus was found in 2.0% of wild animal carcasses and in 3.2% of wild boar lymph nodes: none showed methicillin resistance. The prevalence of S. aureus in food was 17.1%. Two MRSA strains, both from bulk tank milk (prevalence 0.77%) were isolated: the strains were resistant to tetracycline, had spa-type t899, and were negative for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. The low prevalence of MRSA suggests that the risk of transmission to humans via food is limited. However, attention should be paid to the cattle food chain, which may be a potential route of transmission of LA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Traversa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - G R Gariano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - S Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - D M Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - R Orusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici, S.C. Valle d'Aosta, Regione Amerique 7G, 11020 Quart, Aosta, Italy
| | - L Domenis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici, S.C. Valle d'Aosta, Regione Amerique 7G, 11020 Quart, Aosta, Italy
| | - P Cavallerio
- AOU San Giovanni Battista, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - L Fossati
- AOU San Giovanni Battista, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - R Serra
- AOU San Giovanni Battista, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - L Decastelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Riva A, Borghi E, Cirasola D, Colmegna S, Borgo F, Amato E, Pontello MM, Morace G. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk: Prevalence, SCCmec Typing, Enterotoxin Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1142-6. [PMID: 26038904 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a known major cause of foodborne illnesses, and raw milk and dairy products are often contaminated by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains. In the present study, 35 S. aureus strains were isolated from 383 raw milk samples collected from various dairy herds in the province of Milan (northern Italy). The isolates were characterized based on their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see). About half (45.7%) of the strains were enterotoxigenic, and 37.1% were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial drugs tested. Seven (20%) of 35 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and SCCmec typing performed with a multiplex PCR assay revealed the presence of gene cassettes IV and V, typical of community-acquired MRSA, and I and II, characteristic of health care-associated MRSA. The MRSA strains were evaluated for the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, but this gene was not found. The results of the present study revealed the presence of toxin-producing S. aureus and MRSA strains in raw milk. MRSA and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in dairy farms are an important risk factor for the spread of staphylococcal infections; therefore, further studies are needed to find strategies for monitoring and controlling the presence of S. aureus, especially MRSA, in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cirasola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Colmegna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Maria Pontello
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Morace
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Enterotoxin genes, enterotoxin production, and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products in Central Italy. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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