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Lima LS, Müller TN, Ansiliero R, Schuster MB, Silva BL, Jaskulski IB, da Silva WP, Moroni LS. Biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes from the meat processing industry environment and the use of different combinations of detergents, sanitizers, and UV-A radiation to control this microorganism in planktonic and sessile forms. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2483-2499. [PMID: 38767749 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes from the meat processing industry environment, as well as the use of different combinations of detergents, sanitizers, and UV-A radiation in the control of this microorganism in the planktonic and sessile forms. Four L. monocytogenes isolates were evaluated and showed moderate ability to form biofilm, as well as carried genes related to biofilm production (agrB, agrD, prfA, actA, cheA, cheY, flaA, sigB), and genes related to tolerance to sanitizers (lde and qacH). The biofilm-forming isolates of L. monocytogenes were susceptible to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and peracetic acid (PA) in planktonic form, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125 and 75 ppm, respectively, for contact times of 10 and 5 min. These concentrations are lower than those recommended by the manufacturers, which are at least 200 and 300 ppm for QAC and PA, respectively. Biofilms of L. monocytogenes formed from a pool of isolates on stainless steel and polyurethane coupons were subjected to 14 treatments involving acid and enzymatic detergents, QAC and PA sanitizers, and UV-A radiation at varying concentrations and contact times. All treatments reduced L. monocytogenes counts in the biofilm, indicating that the tested detergents, sanitizers, and UV-A radiation exhibited antimicrobial activity against biofilms on both surface types. Notably, the biofilm formed on polyurethane showed greater tolerance to the evaluated compounds than the biofilm on stainless steel, likely due to the material's surface facilitating faster microbial colonization and the development of a more complex structure, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Listeria monocytogenes isolates from the meat processing industry carry genes associated with biofilm production and can form biofilms on both stainless steel and polyurethane surfaces, which may contribute to their persistence within meat processing lines. Despite carrying sanitizer tolerance genes, QAC and PA effectively controlled these microorganisms in their planktonic form. However, combinations of detergent (AC and ENZ) with sanitizers (QAC and PA) at minimum concentrations of 125 ppm and 300 ppm, respectively, were the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Siqueira Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Taís Nunzio Müller
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ansiliero
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Bär Schuster
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Louise Silva
- Centro Multiusuário, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville, SC, 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Itiane Barcellos Jaskulski
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96001-970, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 960110-610, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96001-970, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 960110-610, Brazil
| | - Liziane Schittler Moroni
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho, SC, 89870-000, Brazil.
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Patel RR, Arun PP, Singh SK, Singh M. Mycobacterial biofilms: Understanding the genetic factors playing significant role in pathogenesis, resistance and diagnosis. Life Sci 2024; 351:122778. [PMID: 38879157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Even though the genus Mycobacterium is a diverse group consisting of a majority of environmental bacteria known as non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), it also contains some of the deadliest pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in history associated with chronic disease called tuberculosis (TB). Formation of biofilm is one of the unique strategies employed by mycobacteria to enhance their ability to survive in hostile conditions. Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium species is an emerging area of research with significant implications for understanding its pathogenesis and treatment of related infections, specifically TB. This review provides an overview of the biofilm-forming abilities of different species of Mycobacterium and the genetic factors influencing biofilm formation with a detailed focus on M. tuberculosis. Biofilm-mediated resistance is a significant challenge as it can limit antibiotic penetration and promote the survival of dormant mycobacterial cells. Key genetic factors promoting biofilm formation have been explored such as the mmpL genes involved in lipid transport and cell wall integrity as well as the groEL gene essential for mature biofilm formation. Additionally, biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance and pathogenesis highlighting the specific niches, sites of infection along with the possible mechanisms of biofilm dissemination have been discussed. Furthermore, drug targets within mycobacterial biofilm and their role as potential biomarkers in the development of rapid diagnostic tools have been highlighted. The review summarises the current understanding of the complex nature of Mycobacterium biofilm and its clinical implications, paving the way for advancements in the field of disease diagnosis, management and treatment against its multi-drug resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raj Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pandey Priya Arun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Juárez-Cepeda J, Valenzuela O, Garibay-Valdez E, Velazquez C, Garibay-Escobar A. Gene expression during the development of Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:257-263. [PMID: 37311924 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a consortium of bacteria that are strongly bound to each other and the surface on which they developed irreversibly. Bacteria can survive adverse environmental conditions and undergo changes when transitioning from a planktonic form to community cells. The process of mycobacteria adhesion is complex, involving characteristics and properties of bacteria, surfaces, and environmental factors; therefore, the formation of different biofilms is possible. Cell wall-, lipid-, and lipid transporter-related genes (glycopeptidolipids, GroEL1, protein kinase) are important in mycobacterial biofilm development. We investigated gene expression during in vitro development of Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms on a hydroxyapatite (HAP) surface. Biofilm formation by M. smegmatis cells was induced for 1, 2, 3, and 5 days on the HAP surface. Mycobacteria on polystyrene generated an air-liquid interface biofilm, and on the fifth day, it increased by 35% in the presence of HAP. Six genes with key roles in biofilm formation were analyzed by real-time RT‒qPCR during the biofilm formation of M. smegmatis on both abiotic surfaces. The expression of groEL1, lsr2, mmpL11, mps, pknF, and rpoZ genes during biofilm formation on the HAP surface did not exhibit significant changes compared to the polystyrene surface. These genes involved in biofilm formation are not affected by HAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Juárez-Cepeda
- Departmento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Olivia Valenzuela
- Departmento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Estefanía Garibay-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Km 0.6 Carretera a La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Departmento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departmento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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Hayer JJ, Heinemann C, Schulze-Dieckhoff BG, Steinhoff-Wagner J. A risk-oriented evaluation of biofilm and other influencing factors on biological quality of drinking water for dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac112. [PMID: 35390153 PMCID: PMC9115896 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of livestock drinking water quality on animal physiology, welfare, and performance, influences such as biofilm formation on trough surfaces on microbial water quality are rarely researched. The objective of this study was to assess the microbial quality of water offered to lactating dairy cows and identify risk factors for poor water quality. We further aimed to determine the impact of biofilm formation on water quality and evaluate rapid test systems to score the hygiene status of dairy troughs on the farm. A total of 105 troughs located on 24 typical Western German dairy farms were sampled. Samples of livestock drinking water and biofilm were analyzed for aerobic total viable count (TVC), coliform count (CC), Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and other bacteria resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins (CRB). Surface protein- and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-rapid tests were evaluated to detect biofilm formation. The influence of 22 selected fixed and variable trough characteristics on impaired livestock drinking water quality was evaluated by calculating odds ratios. The average TVC, CC, and E. coli counts were 4.4 ± 0.06 (mean ± SD), 1.7 ± 0.1, and 0.6 ± 0.1 log10 cfu per mL, respectively. CC was detectable in 94.3% of all water samples and E. coli in 48.6%. MRSA was found in pooled livestock drinking water samples of a single farm and CRB on three farms, suggesting that troughs might function as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thereby contributing to an exchange of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between animals. Risk factors for the impairment of at least one microbial quality criteria (TVC, CC, or E. coli) increased significantly (P < 0.05) when using high-volume troughs, other trough materials than stainless steel, a lower distance to the milking parlor, heavy visible soiling, biofilm formation, and high ambient and high water temperatures. CC (r = 0.46; P < 0.001) and E. coli (r = 0.31; P < 0.01) of water samples correlated with their equivalent in biofilm and with the results of rapid tests on trough surfaces (0.31 > r > 0.19; P < 0.05). Addressing the identified risk factors could be an approach to ensure sufficient biological quality of livestock drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Hayer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Céline Heinemann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Martin KH, Borlee GI, Wheat WH, Jackson M, Borlee BR. Busting biofilms: free-living amoebae disrupt preformed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium bovis biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:695-706. [PMID: 32459167 PMCID: PMC7641382 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to eradicate because of their ability to tolerate antibiotics and evade host immune responses. Amoebae and/or their secreted products may provide alternative strategies to inhibit and disperse biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. We evaluated the potential of five predatory amoebae - Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba lenticulata, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Vermamoeba vermiformis and Dictyostelium discoideum - and their cell-free secretions to disrupt biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium bovis. The biofilm biomass produced by MRSA and M. bovis was significantly reduced when co-incubated with A. castellanii, A. lenticulata and A. polyphaga, and their corresponding cell-free supernatants (CFS). Acanthamoeba spp. generally produced CFS that mediated biofilm dispersal rather than directly killing the bacteria; however, A. polyphaga CFS demonstrated active killing of MRSA planktonic cells when the bacteria were present at low concentrations. The active component(s) of the A. polyphaga CFS is resistant to freezing, but can be inactivated to differing degrees by mechanical disruption and exposure to heat. D. discoideum and its CFS also reduced preformed M. bovis biofilms, whereas V. vermiformis only decreased M. bovis biofilm biomass when amoebae were added. These results highlight the potential of using select amoebae species or their CFS to disrupt preformed bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Grace I. Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William H. Wheat
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bradley R. Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Gazula H, Scherm H, Li C, Takeda F, Wang P, Chen J. Ease of biofilm accumulation, and efficacy of sanitizing treatments in removing the biofilms formed, on coupons made of materials commonly used in blueberry packing environment. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gazula H, Quansah J, Allen R, Scherm H, Li C, Takeda F, Chen J. Microbial loads on selected fresh blueberry packing lines. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Effect of Homocysteine on Biofilm Formation by Mycobacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:287-293. [PMID: 30013272 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria show peculiar aggregated outgrowth like biofilm on the surface of solid or liquid media. Biofilms harbor antibiotic resistant bacteria in a self-produced extracellular matrix that signifies the bacterial fate to sedentary existence. Despite years of research, very little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to biofilm formation. LuxS has been previously known to play a role in biofilm formation in Autoinducer-2 dependent manner. We here show the effect of LuxS product-homocysteine, on the biofilm forming ability of non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG showing AI-2 independent phenotypic effect of LuxS. Exogenous supplementation of homocysteine in the culture media leads to aberrant cording, pellicle outgrowth, and biofilm formation. Thus, our study contributes to the better understanding of the mechanism of mycobacterial biofilm formation and sheds light on the role of LuxS product homocysteine. In addition, we highlight the contribution of activated methyl cycle in bacterial quorum sensing.
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Pandit R, Gaikwad S, Rai M. Biogenic fabrication of CuNPs, Cu bioconjugates and in vitro assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:568-575. [PMID: 28745291 PMCID: PMC8675963 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the authors synthesised copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by using extract of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and later the NPs were bioconjugated with nisin, which shows antimicrobial activity against food spoilage microorganisms. CuNPs and its bioconjugate were characterised by ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy, NP tracking analysis, Zetasizer, transmission electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Zeta potential of CuNPs and its bioconjugate were found to be very stable. They evaluated in vitro efficacy of CuNPs and its bioconjugate against selected food spoilage bacteria: namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes and fungi including Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus niger. Antimicrobial activity of CuNPs was found to be maximum against F. moniliforme (18 mm) and the least activity was noted against L. monocytogenes (13 mm). Antioxidant activity of CuNPs and ginger extract was performed by various methods such as total antioxidant capacity reducing power assay, 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and hydrogen peroxide assay. Antioxidant activity of CuNPs was higher as compared with ginger extract. Hence, CuNPs and its bioconjugate can be used against food spoilage microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Pandit
- Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati 444 602, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil Gaikwad
- Microbial Diversity Research Center, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati 444 602, Maharashtra, India.
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Sharma IM, Petchiappan A, Chatterji D. Quorum sensing and biofilm formation in mycobacteria: Role of c-di-GMP and methods to study this second messenger. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:823-34. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indra Mani Sharma
- Molecular Biophysics Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Anushya Petchiappan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka India
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12
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Adetunji VO, Adedeji AO, Kwaga J. Assessment of the contamination potentials of some foodborne bacteria in biofilms for food products. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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