1
|
Liu H, Ma L, Cao Z. DNA methylation and its potential roles in common oral diseases. Life Sci 2024; 351:122795. [PMID: 38852793 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Oral diseases are among the most common diseases worldwide and are associated with systemic illnesses, and the rising occurrence of oral diseases significantly impacts the quality of life for many individuals. It is crucial to detect and treat these conditions early to prevent them from advancing. DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic process that contributes to a variety of diseases including various oral diseases. Taking advantage of its reversibility, DNA methylation becomes a viable therapeutic target by regulating various cellular processes. Understanding the potential role of this DNA alteration in oral diseases can provide significant advances and more opportunities for diagnosis and therapy. This article will review the biology of DNA methylation, and then mainly discuss the key findings on DNA methylation in oral cancer, periodontitis, endodontic disease, oral mucosal disease, and clefts of the lip and/or palate in the background of studies on global DNA methylation and gene-specific DNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vatsa PP, Jindal Y, Bhadwalkar J, Chamoli A, Upadhyay V, Mandoli A. Role of epigenetics in OSCC: an understanding above genetics. Med Oncol 2023; 40:122. [PMID: 36941511 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is categorized under head and neck cancer that frequently develops from squamous cells hence also known as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Although molecular markers for oral cavity cancer are already known, epigenetic signatures for the same haven't been explored much. Epigenetic and genetic alterations were initially thought to be discrete mechanisms driving the tumour but the whole exome sequencing of various cancers has revealed the interdependency of epigenetics and genetic alterations. The reversible nature of these epigenetic changes makes them an alluring target for cancer therapeutics. The primary epigenetic alterations in cancer include DNA methylation and histone modifications. These alterations are useful for patient early detection and prognostication. This review summarizes the epigenetic perspective to understand the etiology, epigenetic biomarkers, and epi-drugs for better predictive diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka P Vatsa
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Yogita Jindal
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Janhavi Bhadwalkar
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Ambika Chamoli
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Vinal Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghoshal S, Dracham CB, Sundaram A, Kumar R, Bal A, Das A, Bahl A, Verma RK, Elangovan A. Prognostic Value of HPV Infection Assessed by p16 Immunohistochemistry and the Influence of Tobacco Usage in Oropharyngeal Cancers: Real World Scenario. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:5823-5831. [PMID: 36742604 PMCID: PMC9895501 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To find if an association could be established between Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) in a group of patients known to be regular users of tobacco, and to determine the impact of HPV status on clinical outcomes.Case records of 212 patients with AJCC-7 (The American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition) stages II-IVB non metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx treated using radical radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy during the years 2015-2018 were retrieved. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from oropharyngeal biopsies were available for 177 patients and were evaluated for p16 expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. More than 50% nuclear staining with or without cytoplasmic staining was considered HPV+ . The association between tobacco use and HPV, as well as the influence of HPV status on survival outcomes were assessed. p16 expression was found to be positive in 23(13%) patients. Significant association was found between chewable tobacco usage and HPV positivity (p = 0.051). The median follow up was 20.5 months (range: 3-80). 5-year Overall Survival was 43.4% and 29.8% (p = 0.044) in HPV+ and HPV- patients, respectively. Local control was significantly better in HPV+ patients (38.6% vs. 25.3%, p = 0.049). There was also a trend towards improved Disease-free Survival in HPV+ patients (31 months vs. 15 months, p = 0.078). Though less in prevalence among the Indian population, improved outcomes in HPV+ OPC patients and widely available IHC HPV assays signifies the routine implementation of p16 testing in day-to-day clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Ghoshal
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Chinna Babu Dracham
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Archana Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amanjit Bal
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashim Das
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Roshan Kumar Verma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Arun Elangovan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang W, Li W, Zhang H. An Overview of DNA Methylation Indicators for the Course of Oral Precancer. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:6468773. [PMID: 36060560 PMCID: PMC9439927 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6468773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a physiologically epigenetic alteration that happens when a methyl group is introduced to a CpG dinucleotide in the gene-regulating sequence of DNA. However, the majority of oral cancers have a well-defined precancerous stage; there are few clinical and morphological parameters for detecting and signalling the progression of precancerous to malignant tumours. DNA methylation forms are dynamic and reversible, allowing them to adjust to environmental or therapeutic changes. We did an extensive investigation to compile the data supporting aberrant DNA methylation forms as a possible biomarker for prediction. According to two longitudinal studies, p16 hypermethylation was considerably higher in precancerous lesions that progressed to cancer than in lesions that shrank. Most of the studies examined for this study were tiny cross-sectional research with scant validation and inadequately specified control groups. Existing evidence suggests that DNA methylation sequences can be relevant as a diagnostic biomarker for OPS development; however, sample size and research design restrictions make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Strong studies, including extensive epigenome-wide methylation scans of OPS with longitudinal monitoring, are necessary in this study in order to corroborate the recently discovered signals and discover new risk loci and disease progression molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Wei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guru SA, Sumi MP, Mir AR, Beg MMA, koner BC, Saxena A. Aberrant hydroxymethylation in promoter CpG regions of genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis characterizes advanced chronic myeloid leukemia disease, poor imatinib respondents and poor survival. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:405. [PMID: 35421941 PMCID: PMC9008925 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is strong evidence that disease progression, drug response and overall clinical outcomes of CML disease are not only decided by BCR/ABL1 oncoprotein but depend on accumulation of additional genetic and epigenetic aberrations. DNA hydroxymethylation is implicated in the development of variety of diseases. DNA hydroxymethylation in gene promoters plays important roles in disease progression, drug response and clinical outcome of various diseases. Therefore in this study, we aimed to explore the role of aberrant hydroxymethylation in promoter regions of different tumor suppressor genes in relation to CML disease progression, response to imatinib therapy and clinical outcome.
Methods
We recruited 150 CML patients at different clinical stages of the disease. Patients were followed up for 48 months and haematological/molecular responses were analysed. Haematological response was analysed by peripheral blood smear. BCR/ABL1 specific TaqMan probe based qRT-PCR was used for assessing the molecular response of CML patients on imatinib therapy. Promoter hydroxymethylation of the genes was characterized using MS-PCR.
Results
We observed that promoter hydroxymethylation of DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A and p14ARFARF genes characterize advanced CML disease and poor imatinib respondents. Although, cytokine signalling (SOCS1) gene was hypermethylated in advanced stages of CML and accumulated in patients with poor imatinib response, but the differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, we found hypermethylation of p14ARF, RASSF1 and p16INK4A genes and cytokine signalling gene (SOCS1) significantly associated with poor overall survival of CML patients on imatinib therapy. The results of this study are in agreement of the role of aberrant DNA methylation of different tumor suppressor genes as potential biomarkers of CML disease progression, poor imatinib response and overall clinical outcome.
Conclusion
In this study, we report that promoter hydroxymethylation of DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A and p14ARFARF genes is a characteristic feature of CML disease progressions, defines poor imatinib respondents and poor overall survival of CML patients to imatinib therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bencivenga D, Stampone E, Vastante A, Barahmeh M, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. An Unanticipated Modulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors: The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081346. [PMID: 35456025 PMCID: PMC9028986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now definitively established that a large part of the human genome is transcribed. However, only a scarce percentage of the transcriptome (about 1.2%) consists of RNAs that are translated into proteins, while the large majority of transcripts include a variety of RNA families with different dimensions and functions. Within this heterogeneous RNA world, a significant fraction consists of sequences with a length of more than 200 bases that form the so-called long non-coding RNA family. The functions of long non-coding RNAs range from the regulation of gene transcription to the changes in DNA topology and nucleosome modification and structural organization, to paraspeckle formation and cellular organelles maturation. This review is focused on the role of long non-coding RNAs as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors’ (CDKIs) levels and activities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes necessary for the tuned progression of the cell division cycle. The control of their activity takes place at various levels. Among these, interaction with CDKIs is a vital mechanism. Through CDKI modulation, long non-coding RNAs implement control over cellular physiology and are associated with numerous pathologies. However, although there are robust data in the literature, the role of long non-coding RNAs in the modulation of CDKIs appears to still be underestimated, as well as their importance in cell proliferation control.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu C, Ge S, Cheng J, Gao H, Zhang F, Han A. Pathological and Prognostic Characterization of Craniopharyngioma Based on the Expression of TrkA, β-Catenin, Cell Cycle Markers, and BRAF V600E Mutation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:859381. [PMID: 35707464 PMCID: PMC9190302 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.859381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected 61 craniopharyngioma (CP) specimens to investigate the expression of TrkA, β-catenin, BRAF gene mutation, and NTRK1 fusion in CP. There were 37 male and 24 female individuals with a median age of 34 years (range, 4-75 years). Histologically, there were 46 cases of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), 14 cases of papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP), and 1 case with a mixed adamantinomatous and papillary pattern. By immunohistochemistry, we found that moderate/high TrkA expression was detected in 47% (28/60) CP and was significantly higher in adult patients (p = 0.018). Interestingly, TrkA is more expressed in "whorled epithelium" cells in ACP, similar to the localization of abnormal β-catenin. The abnormal expression rate of β-catenin was 70% (43/61), and the medium/high cyclin D1 expression rate was 73% (44/60), both of which were significantly higher in ACP than in PCP. Of the CP, 41% (21/51) had a moderate/strong P16-positive signal; 58% (34/59) showed a high Ki-67 expression, and there was a significant correlation between high Ki-67 L.I. and high tumor recurrence (p = 0.021). NTRK1 fusion was not found in CP by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). By PCR, 26% (15/58) CP showed BRAF V600E gene mutation, which mainly occurred in PCP (100%, 14/14) except one case of mixed CP. Moreover, TrkA expression was negatively correlated with Ki-67 index and positively correlated with P16 expression. There was a significantly negative correlation between BRAF V600E mutation and abnormal β-catenin expression. Our results demonstrate for the first time that TrkA expression might occur in CP, especially in adult CP patients, and suggest that cyclin D1 could be used for ACP histological classification in addition to β-catenin and BRAF V600E mutation, while Ki-67 could be used as a marker to predict CP recurrence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Z, Wei B, Qiao A, Yang P, Chen W, Zhen D, Qiu X. A novel EZH2/NXPH4/CDKN2A axis is involved in regulating the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:340-350. [PMID: 34919637 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
NXPH4 is discovered to be a neuropeptide-like glycoprotein, belonging to the Neurexophilins (Nxphs) family. NXPH4 shares a similar domain structure with NXPH1, which, however, is poorly understood in terms of its function. Bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification in this study confirmed the abnormal high expression of NXPH4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cells. Knockdown of NXPH4 by siRNA can inhibit the proliferation and migration of cells, resulting in significant cell cycle arrest in S1 phase. Furthermore, in NSCLC cells, NXPH4 was regulated by transcriptional activation of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in its upstream. While downstream, NXPH4 could interact with CDKN2A and downregulate its protein stability, thus participating in the cell cycle regulation through interacting with cyclinD-CDK4/6-pRB-E2F signaling pathway. To sum up, the present study reveals a regulatory pathway of EZH2/NXPH4/CDKN2A in NSCLC, providing possible reference for understanding the function of NXPH4 in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Yang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anbang Qiao
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Popo Yang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dezhi Zhen
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Qiu
- Department of respiratory medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Head and Neck Cancers Are Not Alike When Tarred with the Same Brush: An Epigenetic Perspective from the Cancerization Field to Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225630. [PMID: 34830785 PMCID: PMC8616074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Squamous cell carcinomas affect different head and neck subsites and, although these tumors arise from the same epithelial lining and share risk factors, they differ in terms of clinical behavior and molecular carcinogenesis mechanisms. Differences between HPV-negative and HPV-positive tumors are those most frequently explored, but further data suggest that the molecular heterogeneity observed among head and neck subsites may go beyond HPV infection. In this review, we explore how alterations of DNA methylation and microRNA expression contribute to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development and progression. The association of these epigenetic alterations with risk factor exposure, early carcinogenesis steps, transformation risk, and prognosis are described. Finally, we discuss the potential application of the use of epigenetic biomarkers in HNSCC. Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are among the ten most frequent types of cancer worldwide and, despite all efforts, are still diagnosed at late stages and show poor overall survival. Furthermore, HNSCC patients often experience relapses and the development of second primary tumors, as a consequence of the field cancerization process. Therefore, a better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in HNSCC development and progression may enable diagnosis anticipation and provide valuable tools for prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. However, the different biological behavior of these tumors depending on the affected anatomical site and risk factor exposure, as well as the high genetic heterogeneity observed in HNSCC are major obstacles in this pursue. In this context, epigenetic alterations have been shown to be common in HNSCC, to discriminate the tumor anatomical subsites, to be responsive to risk factor exposure, and show promising results in biomarker development. Based on this, this review brings together the current knowledge on alterations of DNA methylation and microRNA expression in HNSCC natural history, focusing on how they contribute to each step of the process and on their applicability as biomarkers of exposure, HNSCC development, progression, and response to therapy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Ghasemzadeh V. Investigation of the Effect of 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine in Comparison to and in Combination with Trichostatin A on p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b Gene Expression, Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction in Colon Cancer Caco-2 Cell Line. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:64. [PMID: 34447506 PMCID: PMC8357004 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_11_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell cycle is divided into four phases, G1, G2, S, and M phase. The mammalian cell cycle is controlled and governed by the kinase complexes including cyclin and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), cyclin-CDK complexes. The activity of the complexes is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), the INK4, and the CDK interacting protein/kinase inhibitory protein (CIP/KIP) families. Promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation of CDKIs have been reported in several cancers. These changes can be reversed by DNA demethylating agents, such as decitabine, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), such as trichostatin A. Previously, we reported the effect of 5-Aza-CdR and trichostatin A (TSA) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 5-Aza-CdR in comparison to and in combination with trichostatin A on p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b genes expression, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in colon cancer Caco-2 cell line. Methods The Caco-2 cells were cultured and treated with 5-Aza-CdR and TSA (alone and combined). The cell viability, apoptosis, and relative gene expression were determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. Results Both compounds inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis, and up-regulated the p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b gene significantly. The TSA had a more significant effect in comparison to 5-Aza-CdR. Furthermore, maximal apoptosis and up-regulation were observed with combined treatment. Conclusions our finding indicated that 5-Aza-CdR and TSA can epigenetically re-activate the p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b gene resulting in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Student of Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Li D, Zhou L, Kan S, He G, Zhou K, Wang L, Chen M, Shu W. LMNA functions as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the proliferation and migration ability. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12008-12019. [PMID: 32896989 PMCID: PMC7578910 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the LMNA gene in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the associated molecular mechanism is not yet clear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between LMNA and HCC. LMNA gene expression in normal tissues and corresponding tumours was evaluated and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. Next, the LMNA gene was knocked out in the 293T and HepG2 cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Subsequently, the proliferation, migration and colony formation rate of the two LMNA knockout cell lines were analysed. Finally, the molecular mechanism affecting the tumorigenesis due to the loss of the LMNA gene was evaluated. The results showed that the LMNA gene was abnormally expressed in many tumours, and the survival rate of the HCC patients with a high expression of the LMNA gene was significantly reduced compared with the rate in patients with a low LMNA expression. The knockout of the LMNA gene in the HCC cell line HepG2 resulted in a decreased tumorigenicity, up-regulation of the P16 expression and down-regulation of the CDK1 expression. These findings suggested that LMNA might function as an oncogene in HCC and provided a potential new target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuang Kan
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Guozhang He
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Shu
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo M, Peng Y, Gao A, Du C, Herman JG. Epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer. Biomark Res 2019; 7:23. [PMID: 31695915 PMCID: PMC6824025 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is one of the hallmarks of human cancers. Tumor genotype variations among tumors within different patients are known as interpatient heterogeneity, and variability among multiple tumors of the same type arising in the same patient is referred to as intra-patient heterogeneity. Subpopulations of cancer cells with distinct phenotypic and molecular features within a tumor are called intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). Since Nowell proposed the clonal evolution of tumor cell populations in 1976, tumor heterogeneity, especially ITH, was actively studied. Research has focused on the genetic basis of cancer, particularly mutational activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs). The phenomenon of ITH is commonly explained by Darwinian-like clonal evolution of a single tumor. Despite the monoclonal origin of most cancers, new clones arise during tumor progression due to the continuous acquisition of mutations. It is clear that disruption of the "epigenetic machinery" plays an important role in cancer development. Aberrant epigenetic changes occur more frequently than gene mutations in human cancers. The epigenome is at the intersection of the environment and genome. Epigenetic dysregulation occurs in the earliest stage of cancer. The current trend of epigenetic therapy is to use epigenetic drugs to reverse and/or delay future resistance to cancer therapies. A majority of cancer therapies fail to achieve durable responses, which is often attributed to ITH. Epigenetic therapy may reverse drug resistance in heterogeneous cancer. Complete understanding of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity may assist in designing combinations of targeted therapies based on molecular information extracted from individual tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Guo
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052 China
| | - Yaojun Peng
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Aiai Gao
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Chen Du
- 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - James G Herman
- 3The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liyanage C, Wathupola A, Muraleetharan S, Perera K, Punyadeera C, Udagama P. Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor-Suppressor Genes p16INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 in Salivary DNA as a Quadruple Biomarker Panel for Early Detection of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040148. [PMID: 31013839 PMCID: PMC6523930 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Silencing of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) by DNA promoter hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis; hence, TSGs may serve as early tumor biomarkers. We determined the promoter methylation levels of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 TSGs in salivary DNA from oral cancer (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients, using methylation-specific PCR coupled with densitometry analysis. We assessed the association between DNA methylation of individual TSGs with OC and OPC risk factors. The performance and the clinical validity of this quadruple-methylation marker panel were evaluated in discriminating OC and OPC patients from healthy controls using the CombiROC web tool. Our study reports that RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 TSGs were significantly hypermethylated in OC and OPC cases compared to healthy controls. DNA methylation levels of TSGs were significantly augmented by smoking, alcohol use, and betel quid chewing, indicating the fact that frequent exposure to risk factors may drive oral and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis through TSG promoter hypermethylation. Also, this quadruple-methylation marker panel of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 TSGs demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy in the early detection of OC at 91.7% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity and of OPC at 99.8% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity from healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamikara Liyanage
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03 00300, Sri Lanka.
| | - Asanga Wathupola
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03 00300, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sanjayan Muraleetharan
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03 00300, Sri Lanka.
| | - Kanthi Perera
- National Cancer Institute of Sri Lanka, Maharagama, 10280, Sri Lanka.
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Preethi Udagama
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03 00300, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Allameh A, Moazeni-Roodi A, Harirchi I, Ravanshad M, Motiee-Langroudi M, Garajei A, Hamidavi A, Mesbah-Namin SA. Promoter DNA Methylation and mRNA Expression Level of p16 Gene in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Clinicopathological Characteristics. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:1535-1543. [PMID: 30511108 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between p16 methylation and its expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Also the contribution of clinicopathological factors, HPV infection and smoking in p16 expression and promoter methylation has been investigated. In this study 67 consecutive OSCC patients and 59 normal individuals were enrolled. All patients were candidates for surgery of oral cavity and fresh tumor biopsies were collected and processed for DNA and RNA extraction. Normal gingival tissues were collected from individuals referred to dentistry clinic and considered as controls. All the cases and controls were checked for HPV infection and then promoter methylation and expression of p16 gene were determined using Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and real-time PCR (QPCR), respectively. Methylation of p16 in tumors and normal tissues were 59.7 and 38.9%, respectively. Most of hypermethylated samples (>82%) were in high grades. P16 methylation was comparable in HPV+ and HPV- patients or smokers. P16 was overexpressed (~3 fold; p = 0.044) in HPV+ tumors, but it was significantly down-regulated in smoker patients (40% of all tumors). Comparison of P16 expression in OSCC tumors with different degrees of promoter methylation further suggest the relationship of methylation rate and down-regulation of P16 expression. The p16 methylation and expression was differentially affected in patients with HPV infection and the smoker cases. Regardless of the influence of environmental factors, it appears that P16 status is useful for classifying patients with OSCC and for influencing treatment strategies in accordance with this classification. Moreover, targeting the upregulation of p16 could be a promising therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolamir Allameh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Moazeni-Roodi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Iraj Harirchi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ravanshad
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maziar Motiee-Langroudi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ata Garajei
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Hamidavi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mesbah-Namin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Loukinov D. Targeting CTCFL/BORIS for the immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1955-1965. [PMID: 30390146 PMCID: PMC11028242 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have great potential in the fight against metastatic malignancies. Current anti-tumor immunotherapy is hindered by existing tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and tumor escape using various mechanisms, highlighting the need for improved targets for immunotherapy. The cancer-testis antigen CTCFL/BORIS was discovered 16 years ago and possesses all features necessary for an ideal TAA. Recently CTCFL/BORIS has received additional attention as a target expressed in cancer stem cells (CSC). These cells drive tumor growth recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance. CTCFL/BORIS silencing leads to senescence and death of CSC. Therefore, an immunotherapeutic strategy that targets CTCFL/BORIS may lead to the selective destruction of CSC and potential eradication of metastatic disease. The high immunotherapeutic potential of CTCFL/BORIS antigen was shown in a stringent 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer. Using these highly metastatic, poorly immunogenic carcinoma cells inoculated into T-helper2 prone mice, we showed that DC fed with recombinant CTCFL/BORIS as an immunogen inhibited tumor growth and reduced the number of metastases in distant organs. About 20% of CTCFL/BORIS immunized animals were tumor free. 50% of animals remained metastasis free. Those having metastasis showed at least tenfold fewer metastases compared to controls. In a rat model of breast cancer, we showed that alphavirus-based CTCFL/BORIS immunotherapy was capable of cancer elimination as we were able to cure 50% of animals. Based on the above data, we believe that translation of CTCFL/BORIS-targeting immunotherapeutic strategies to the clinic will provide new avenues for improving survival of breast cancer patients with advanced metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Loukinov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID/NIH, Twinbrook 1, Room 1329, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Association of p16 as Prognostic Factors for Oropharyngeal Cancer: Evaluation of p16 in 1470 Patients for a 16 Year Study in Northeast China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9594568. [PMID: 30310820 PMCID: PMC6166388 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9594568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiological risk factor for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC). Our study investigates the prevalence, prognostic, and clinicopathologic features of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer in Northeast China and elucidates the involvement of p16 in the tumorigenesis and progression of OPSCC. Specimens from 1470 OPSCC patients collected from 2000 to 2016 were analyzed using the status of HPV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and p16 immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of p16 was observed in 81 (5.51%) of the 1470 cases, and HPV positive was present in 78 cases (5.31%) of the 1470 cases. HPV positive and p16 overexpression have a good concordance. However, we found that the etiological fraction of HPV in cancers of the OPSCCs was obviously lower in Northeast China than other cohorts previously reported. Interestingly, nearly 89% of patients with p16 expression were smokers, and nearly 70% of patients with p16 expression had a history of alcohol. Our study also demonstrates that p16 expression is significantly associated with early stage primary OPSCCs and the patients with p16 expression tend to show better survival following surgery and radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma J, Fu Y, Tu YY, Liu Y, Tan YR, Ju WT, Pickering CR, Myers JN, Zhang ZY, Zhong LP. Mutation allele frequency threshold does not affect prognostic analysis using next-generation sequencing in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:758. [PMID: 30041611 PMCID: PMC6057048 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the development of sequencing technologies, there may be some disputes on sequencing analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate different allele frequency thresholds of mutations in targeted genes on prognostic analyses using a panel of cancer associated gene exons (CAGE) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods Forty-six patients were included in this study. Twelve genes were sequenced and analyzed using next-generation sequencing from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Allele frequency thresholds of 10, 5, and 3% were used for prognostic analyses. Results With a mean sequence depth of 3199-fold, 99% of CAGE were represented by at least 10 reads. Ninety-four non-synonymous (missense [70.2%], nonsense [11.7%], splice site [10.6%], and insertion/deletion [7.5%]) mutations were detected in 40 OSCC patients with an allele frequency threshold of 10%. TP53 (78.3%), NOTCH1 (30.4%), CASP8 (13.0%), CDKN2A (10.9%), and CDH1 (6.5%) were the most frequently mutated genes. Using allele frequency thresholds of 10, 5, and 3%, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between patients with non-synonymous mutations and wild type genotypes. Conclusions TP53, NOTCH1, CASP8, CDKN2A, and CDH1 are the most frequently mutated genes in OSCC patients. The allele frequency threshold used in this study does not affect the results of clinical outcome analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4481-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yao-Yao Tu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi-Ran Tan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wu-Tong Ju
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Lai-Ping Zhong
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Strzelczyk JK, Krakowczyk Ł, Owczarek AJ. Aberrant DNA methylation of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters in tumours and the surgical margins of patients with oral cavity cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:1896-1904. [PMID: 29896273 PMCID: PMC5995944 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is a type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality each year. An epigenetic pathway of transcriptional inactivation for many genes has been described in various cancers, including HNSCC. For our study, we selected genes for which silencing caused by hypermethylation can promote cancer development. In 75 primary HNSCC tumours and paired surgical margins, we investigated the methylation status of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters by methylation-specific PCR after bisulphite treatment. The promoter methylation rates of p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 in tumours were 58.67%, 49.33%, 58.67%, 50.67%, and 57.33% and 50.67%, 41.33%, 37.33%, 42.67%, and 25.33% in the surgical margin, respectively. Our observations confirm the presence of epigenetic changes not only in the cancer cells, but also in the surrounding mucosa and represent a basis for further analysis to unravel these complicated issues. Appropriate cancer risk assessment based on epigenetic alterations in surgical margins may influence a patient's diagnosis and cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Łukasz Krakowczyk
- Clinic of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Str., 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Ostrogórska 30 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zeng R, Liu Y, Jiang ZJ, Huang JP, Wang Y, Li XF, Xiong WB, Wu XC, Zhang JR, Wang QE, Zheng YF. EPB41L3 is a potential tumor suppressor gene and prognostic indicator in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1443-1454. [PMID: 29568917 PMCID: PMC5873871 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there have been reports about the role of erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 3 (EPB41L3) in several types of cancer, primarily in non-small-cell lung carcinoma, the molecular function and modulatory mechanisms of EPB41L3 remain unclear. In specific, the functional and clinical significance of EPB41L3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been explored to date. In the present study, reduced EPB41L3 expression was demonstrated in ESCC cell lines and tissues, which was due to its high methylation rate. Ectopic expression of EPB41L3 in ESCC cells inhibited cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. In addition, EPB41L3 overexpression induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest by activating Caspase-3/8/9 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1/Cyclin B1 signaling, respectively. Notably, patients with higher EPB41L3 expression had markedly higher overall survival rates compared with patients with lower EPB41L3 expression. In summary, the present results suggest that EPB41L3 may be a tumor suppressor gene in ESCC development, representing a potential therapeutic target and a prognostic indicator for ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Jing Jiang
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Peng Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Feng Li
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bin Xiong
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Cong Wu
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ren Zhang
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiobiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yan-Fang Zheng
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Özdemir İ, Pınarlı FG, Pınarlı FA, Aksakal FNB, Okur A, Uyar Göçün P, Karadeniz C. Epigenetic silencing of the tumor suppressor genes SPI1, PRDX2, KLF4, DLEC1, and DAPK1 in childhood and adolescent lymphomas. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 35:131-144. [PMID: 30020823 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2018.1467986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the expression and methylation status of seven distinctive genes with tumor suppressing properties in childhood and adolescent lymphomas. A total of 96 patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL, n = 41), Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL, n = 15), and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH, n = 40, as controls) are included in the research. The expression status of CDKN2A, SPI1, PRDX2, DLEC1, FOXO1, KLF4 and DAPK1 genes were measured with QPCR method after the RNA isolation from paraffin blocks of tumor tissue and cDNA conversion. DNA isolation was performed from samples with low gene expression followed by methylation PCR study specific to promoter regions of these genes. We found that SPI1, PRDX2, DLEC1, KLF4, and DAPK1 genes are significantly less expressed in patient than the control group (p = 0.0001). However, expression of CDKNA2 and FOXO1 genes in the patient and control groups were not statistically different. The methylation ratios of all genes excluding the CDKN2A and FOXO1 were significantly higher in the HL and NHL groups than the controls (p = 0.0001). We showed that SPI1, PRDX2, DLEC1, KLF4 and DAPK1 genes are epigenetically silenced via hypermethylation in the tumor tissues of children with HL and NHL. As CDKN2A gene was not expressed in both patient and control groups, we conclude that it is not specific to malignancy. As FOXO1 gene was similarly expressed in both groups, its relationship with malignancy could not be established. The epigenetically silenced genes may be candidates for biomarkers or therapeutic targets in childhood and adolescent lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İhsan Özdemir
- a Department of Pediatrics , Gazi University Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Faruk Güçlü Pınarlı
- b Department of Pediatric Oncology , Gazi University Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ferda Alpaslan Pınarlı
- c Center of Cell Research and Genetic Diagnosis, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research Hospital , Health Sciences University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - F Nur Baran Aksakal
- d Department of Public Health , Gazi University Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Arzu Okur
- b Department of Pediatric Oncology , Gazi University Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Pınar Uyar Göçün
- e Department of Pathology , Gazi University Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ceyda Karadeniz
- b Department of Pediatric Oncology , Gazi University Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sandoval-Basilio J, González-González R, Bologna-Molina R, Isiordia-Espinoza M, Leija-Montoya G, Alcaraz-Estrada SL, Serafín-Higuera I, González-Ramírez J, Serafín-Higuera N. Epigenetic mechanisms in odontogenic tumors: A literature review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:211-217. [PMID: 29310033 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, regulate important biological processes as gene expression and it was suggested that these phenomena play important roles in the carcinogenesis and tumor biology. The aim of this review is to provide the current state of knowledge about epigenetic alterations, focusing mainly on DNA methylation, reported in odontogenic tumors. DESIGN Literatures were searched based in the combination of the following keywords: odontogenic tumors, epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA, microRNA, DNA methyltransferases. Electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were screened. RESULTS The analysis of epigenetic alterations in different tumors has rapidly increased; however, limited information is available about epigenetic mechanisms involved in the formation of odontogenic tumors. DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic modification in these tumors and the participation of non-coding RNA's in odontogenic tumors has been recently addressed. Differential expression of DNA methyltransferases, altered DNA methylation patterns and aberrant expression of non-coding RNA's were reported in odontogenic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Current studies suggest epigenetics as an emerging mechanism, possibly implicated in etiopathogenesis of odontogenic tumors. Deeper understanding of the epigenetic abnormalities in these tumors could show potential applications as biomarkers or therapeutic possibilities in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Departamento de Investigación, Facultad Odontología, Universidad de la República. (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han YD, Wang XB, Cui NH, Zhang S, Wang C, Zheng F. Associations of P16INK4a promoter hypermethylation with squamous intra-epithelial lesion, cervical cancer and their clinicopathological features: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1871-1883. [PMID: 27669738 PMCID: PMC5352104 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the associations of P16INK4a methylation status with low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (HSIL), cervical cancer (CC) and their clinicopathological features, a meta-analysis with 29 eligible studies was conducted. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the strength of the associations. Heterogeneity, sensitivity of pooled results and publication bias were also evaluated. Overall, there was an increasing trend of P16INK4a hypermethylation rates among LSIL (21.4%), HSIL (30.9%) and CC (35.0%) specimens. P16INK4a hypermethylation was significantly associated with the increased risk of LSIL, HSIL and CC, with the pooled ORs of 3.26 (95% CI: 1.86-5.71), 5.80 (95% CI: 3.80-8.84) and 12.17 (95% CI: 5.86-25.27), respectively. A significant association was also found between P16INK4a hypermethylation and smoking habit (OR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.13-7.08). Taken together, meta-analysis results support P16INK4a hypermethylation as an epigenetic marker for the progression of cervical carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-di Han
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ning-Hua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eljabo N, Nikolic N, Carkic J, Jelovac D, Lazarevic M, Tanic N, Milasin J. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in the tumour, tumour margins, and normal buccal mucosa of patients with oral cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:976-982. [PMID: 29449053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite adequate surgical resection, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shows a high rate of recurrence and metastasis, which could be explained by the presence of molecular alterations in seemingly normal tumour margins and the entire oral mucosa. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the presence of gene amplification (c-Myc and HER2) and promoter methylation (p14 and p16) in the tumours, tumour margins, and unaffected oral mucosa of 40 OSCC patients, and (2) to evaluate the possibility of using these alterations as prognostic markers. c-Myc and HER2 genes were quantified by means of real-time PCR (qPCR), and p14 and p16 methylation status was determined by methylation-specific PCR (MSP PCR). All tissues examined exhibited molecular alterations in various proportions. Tumour tissues, as expected, showed the highest prevalence of alterations, while oral mucosa showed the lowest. Multiple alterations (co-alterations) in tumours and tumour margins were significantly more frequent than in unaffected oral mucosa (P<0.001 and P=0.027, respectively). HER2 amplification in margin tissue (P<0.001) and swabs (P=0.013), as well as the existence of three co-alterations in margins (P=0.001) and macroscopically unaffected oral mucosa (P<0.001) were correlated with shorter disease-specific survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Eljabo
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Nikolic
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Carkic
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Jelovac
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Lazarevic
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Tanic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Milasin
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao D, Herman JG, Guo M. The clinical value of aberrant epigenetic changes of DNA damage repair genes in human cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37331-37346. [PMID: 26967246 PMCID: PMC5095080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and integrity of the human genome are maintained by the DNA damage repair (DDR) system. Unrepaired DNA damage is a major source of potentially mutagenic lesions that drive carcinogenesis. In addition to gene mutation, DNA methylation occurs more frequently in DDR genes in human cancer. Thus, DNA methylation may play more important roles in DNA damage repair genes to drive carcinogenesis. Aberrant methylation patterns in DNA damage repair genes may serve as predictive, diagnostic, prognostic and chemosensitive markers of human cancer. MGMT methylation is a marker for poor prognosis in human glioma, while, MGMT methylation is a sensitive marker of glioma cells to alkylating agents. Aberrant epigenetic changes in DNA damage repair genes may serve as therapeutic targets. Treatment of MLH1-methylated colon cancer cell lines with the demethylating agent 5′-aza-2′-deoxycytidine induces the expression of MLH1 and sensitizes cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Synthetic lethality is a more exciting approach in patients with DDR defects. PARP inhibitors are the most effective anticancer reagents in BRCA-deficient cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Medical College of NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - James G Herman
- The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nikolic N, Carkic J, Ilic Dimitrijevic I, Eljabo N, Radunovic M, Anicic B, Tanic N, Falk M, Milasin J. P14 methylation: an epigenetic signature of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the Serbian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
26
|
Burassakarn A, Pientong C, Sunthamala N, Chuerduangphui J, Vatanasapt P, Patarapadungkit N, Kongyingyoes B, Ekalaksananan T. Aberrant gene promoter methylation of E-cadherin, p16 INK4a , p14 ARF , and MGMT in Epstein–Barr virus-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas. Med Oncol 2017; 34:128. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
27
|
Alhosin M, Omran Z, Zamzami MA, Al-Malki AL, Choudhry H, Mousli M, Bronner C. Signalling pathways in UHRF1-dependent regulation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:174. [PMID: 27839516 PMCID: PMC5108085 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) through DNA methylation and histone changes is a main hallmark of cancer. Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING Finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is a potent oncogene overexpressed in various solid and haematological tumors and its high expression levels are associated with decreased expression of several TSGs including p16INK4A, BRCA1, PPARG and KiSS1. Using its several functional domains, UHRF1 creates a strong coordinated dialogue between DNA methylation and histone post-translation modification changes causing the epigenetic silencing of TSGs which allows cancer cells to escape apoptosis. To ensure the silencing of TSGs during cell division, UHRF1 recruits several enzymes including histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and histone lysine methyltransferases G9a and Suv39H1 to the right place at the right moment. Several in vitro and in vivo works have reported the direct implication of the epigenetic player UHRF1 in tumorigenesis through the repression of TSGs expression and suggested UHRF1 as a promising target for cancer treatment. This review describes the molecular mechanisms underlying UHRF1 regulation in cancer and discusses its importance as a therapeutic target to induce the reactivation of TSGs and subsequent apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alhosin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Centre for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ziad Omran
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marc Mousli
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Christian Bronner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sinevici N, O'sullivan J. Oral cancer: Deregulated molecular events and their use as biomarkers. Oral Oncol 2016; 61:12-8. [PMID: 27688099 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral Cancer (OC) is a subset of head and neck cancer (HNC) with an annual worldwide incidence of 275,000 cases. OC remains a significant burden worldwide in terms of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Despite desirable outcomes in early diagnosed OCs and treatment advances most OCs are detected in advanced stages. The 5-year survival rate of early-stage disease is ∼80% and that of late-stage disease is only ∼20%. Recurrence and chemoresistance from a treatment point of view and pain and disfiguration are important factors contributing to the high morbidity and mortality of OC. Furthermore the process of oral carcinogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood. Consequently numerous potential biomarkers have been hypothesised though controversial results across the board hamper their clinical implementation. Of greatest advantage would be biomarkers signalling early events preceeding OC. Biomarker targets predominately involve deregulated molecular events that participate in cell signalling, growth, survival, motility, angiogenesis and cell cycle control but can also use changes in metabolic genes to discriminate healthy form disease state. Promising potential biomarkers include the growth signalling oncogenes, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Cyclin D1, the anti-growth signalling components p53 and p21, apoptotic effectors such as Bcl-2 and also components involved in immortalisation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis processes. Translation of these potential biomakers to the patients is closer than ever though few issues remain to be resolved. Firstly large clinical trials are needed to validate their clinical applicability but also standardised methods of collection, storage and processing methods are needed to minimise variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff O'sullivan
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Loss-of-function screening to identify miRNAs involved in senescence: tumor suppressor activity of miRNA-335 and its new target CARF. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30185. [PMID: 27457128 PMCID: PMC4960484 DOI: 10.1038/srep30185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance of microRNAs (miRs), small non-coding molecules, has been implicated in a variety of biological processes. Here, we recruited retroviral insertional mutagenesis to obtain induction of an arbitrary noncoding RNAs, and coupled it with a cell based loss-of-function (5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5Aza-dC)-induced senescence bypass) screening system. Cells that escaped 5-Aza-dC-induced senescence were subjected to miR-microarray analysis with respect to the untreated control. We identified miR-335 as one of the upregulated miRs. In order to characterize the functional significance, we overexpressed miR-335 in human cancer cells and found that it caused growth suppression. We demonstrate that the latter accounted for inhibition of 5-Aza-dC incorporation into the cell genome, enabling them to escape from induction of senescence. We also report that CARF (Collaborator of ARF) is a new target of miR-335 that regulates its growth suppressor function by complex crosstalk with other proteins including p16INK4A, pRB, HDM2 and p21WAF1.
Collapse
|
30
|
DNA Hypermethylation of CREB3L1 and Bcl-2 Associated with the Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt Pathway in Human BEAS-2B Cells Exposure to Silica Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158475. [PMID: 27362941 PMCID: PMC4928798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are raising concerns due to its widely applications in biomedicine. However, current information about the epigenetic toxicity of SiNPs is insufficient. In this study, the epigenetic regulation of low-dose exposure to SiNPs was evaluated in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells over 30 passages. Cell viability was decreased in a dose- and passage-dependent manner. The apoptotic rate, the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3, were significantly increased induced by SiNPs. HumanMethylation450 BeadChip analysis identified that the PI3K/Akt as the primary apoptosis-related pathway among the 25 significant altered processes. The differentially methylated sites of PI3K/Akt pathway involved 32 differential genes promoters, in which the CREB3L1 and Bcl-2 were significant hypermethylated. The methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza, further verified that the DNA hypermethylation status of CREB3L1 and Bcl-2 were associated with downregulation of their mRNA levels. In addition, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis was triggered by SiNPs via the downregulation of PI3K/Akt/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that long-term low-dose exposure to SiNPs could lead to epigenetic alterations.
Collapse
|
31
|
p16 expression independent of human papillomavirus is associated with lower stage and longer disease-free survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2016; 48:441-8. [PMID: 27370365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information regarding the incidence of p16 expression, its association with human papillomavirus (HPV) and prognosis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The role of p16 in OSCC is evaluated in 215 cases using tissue microarrays (TMAs). p16 immunohistochemistry and HPV in situ hybridisation were performed on TMAs following histopathology review of 215 patients with OSCC in the Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute database. Thirty-seven (17.2%) cases showed p16 expression without association with HPV. p16 expression significantly decreased with increasing pT category (p=0.002). p16 expression was associated with longer disease-specific survival on univariable analysis (p=0.044) but not on multivariable analysis adjusting for depth of invasion. Amongst patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, patients with p16 expression had significantly longer disease-free and overall survival. p16 expression was seen in early stage OSCCs and was associated with better survival following surgery and radiotherapy. While not an independent predictor of survival, p16 may mediate its effects by contributing to reduced proliferative capacity, leading to smaller tumour size and lower invasive potential.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao R, Choi BY, Lee MH, Bode AM, Dong Z. Implications of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of CDKN2A (p16(INK4a)) in Cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:30-39. [PMID: 27428416 PMCID: PMC4919535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant gene silencing is highly associated with altered cell cycle regulation during carcinogenesis. In particular, silencing of the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the p16(INK4a) protein, has a causal link with several different types of cancers. The p16(INK4a) protein plays an executional role in cell cycle and senescence through the regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 and cyclin D complexes. Several genetic and epigenetic aberrations of CDKN2A lead to enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis with recurrence of cancer and poor prognosis. In these cases, the restoration of genetic and epigenetic reactivation of CDKN2A is a practical approach for the prevention and therapy of cancer. This review highlights the genetic status of CDKN2A as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Bu Young Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju 361-742, South Korea
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China.
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shridhar K, Walia GK, Aggarwal A, Gulati S, Geetha AV, Prabhakaran D, Dhillon PK, Rajaraman P. DNA methylation markers for oral pre-cancer progression: A critical review. Oral Oncol 2015; 53:1-9. [PMID: 26690652 PMCID: PMC4788701 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although oral cancers are generally preceded by a well-established pre-cancerous stage, there is a lack of well-defined clinical and morphological criteria to detect and signal progression from pre-cancer to malignant tumours. We conducted a critical review to summarize the evidence regarding aberrant DNA methylation patterns as a potential diagnostic biomarker predicting progression. We identified all relevant human studies published in English prior to 30th April 2015 that examined DNA methylation (%) in oral pre-cancer by searching PubMed, Web-of-Science and Embase databases using combined key-searches. Twenty-one studies (18-cross-sectional; 3-longitudinal) were eligible for inclusion in the review, with sample sizes ranging from 4 to 156 affected cases. Eligible studies examined promoter region hyper-methylation of tumour suppressor genes in pathways including cell-cycle-control (n=15), DNA-repair (n=7), cell-cycle-signalling (n=4) and apoptosis (n=3). Hyper-methylated loci reported in three or more studies included p16, p14, MGMT and DAPK. Two longitudinal studies reported greater p16 hyper-methylation in pre-cancerous lesions transformed to malignancy compared to lesions that regressed (57-63.6% versus 8-32.1%; p<0.01). The one study that explored epigenome-wide methylation patterns reported three novel hyper-methylated loci (TRHDE; ZNF454; KCNAB3). The majority of reviewed studies were small, cross-sectional studies with poorly defined control groups and lacking validation. Whilst limitations in sample size and study design preclude definitive conclusions, current evidence suggests a potential utility of DNA methylation patterns as a diagnostic biomarker for oral pre-cancer progression. Robust studies such as large epigenome-wide methylation explorations of oral pre-cancer with longitudinal tracking are needed to validate the currently reported signals and identify new risk-loci and the biological pathways of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Shridhar
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Gagandeep Kaur Walia
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Aastha Aggarwal
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Smriti Gulati
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - A V Geetha
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Preet K Dhillon
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
CMTM3 inhibits cell growth and migration and predicts favorable survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7849-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
35
|
Patil S, Rao R, Raj T. DNA methylation induced epigenetic silencing: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:i-ii. [PMID: 25954083 PMCID: PMC4409809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Thirumal Raj
- Post-graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Epigenetic alterations in a gastric leiomyoma. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2014; 2014:371638. [PMID: 25544907 PMCID: PMC4273588 DOI: 10.1155/2014/371638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leiomyomas constitute 2.5% of all resected neoplasms of the stomach. They are usually asymptomatic, but may present mucosal ulceration. Aberrant DNA methylation is a well-defined epigenetic change in human neoplasms; however, gene-acquired methylation may not necessarily be related with a malignant phenotype. In this report we analyzed in a gastric leiomyoma, the methylation status of 84 CpGI in tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes. We analyzed the tumor center (TC) and tumor periphery (TP) separately. We found aberrant methylation in 2/84 CpGI in the TC portion, that is, MLH1 and MSH3, and 5/84 CpGI in the TP, that is, MLH1, MSH3, APC, MSH6, and MGMT. The gene with the highest methylation percentage in the TC and TP was MLH1. Given that MLH1 methylation has been associated with microsatellite instability, we analyzed the status of the microsatellite Bat-26. We found that neither the TC nor the TP presented instability. The methylation of MLH1, MGMT, and APC has been described in GISTs, but to the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the methylation of these genes has been associated with gastric leiomyoma. Further research should be conducted to identify reliable molecular markers that could differentiate between GISTs and gastric leiomyomas.
Collapse
|