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Unnikrishnan G, Joy A, Megha M, Kolanthai E, Senthilkumar M. Exploration of inorganic nanoparticles for revolutionary drug delivery applications: a critical review. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:157. [PMID: 38112849 PMCID: PMC10730791 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The nanosystems for delivering drugs which have evolved with time, are being designed for greater drug efficiency and lesser side-effects, and are also complemented by the advancement of numerous innovative materials. In comparison to the organic nanoparticles, the inorganic nanoparticles are stable, have a wide range of physicochemical, mechanical, magnetic, and optical characteristics, and also have the capability to get modified using some ligands to enrich their attraction towards the molecules at the target site, which makes them appealing for bio-imaging and drug delivery applications. One of the strong benefits of using the inorganic nanoparticles-drug conjugate is the possibility of delivering the drugs to the affected cells locally, thus reducing the side-effects like cytotoxicity, and facilitating a higher efficacy of the therapeutic drug. This review features the direct and indirect effects of such inorganic nanoparticles like gold, silver, graphene-based, hydroxyapatite, iron oxide, ZnO, and CeO2 nanoparticles in developing effective drug carrier systems. This article has remarked the peculiarities of these nanoparticle-based systems in pulmonary, ocular, wound healing, and antibacterial drug deliveries as well as in delivering drugs across Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) and acting as agents for cancer theranostics. Additionally, the article sheds light on the plausible modifications that can be carried out on the inorganic nanoparticles, from a researcher's perspective, which could open a new pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Unnikrishnan
- Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Anjumol Joy
- Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Megha
- Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - M Senthilkumar
- Department of Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India.
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Choudhary A, Jain P, Mohapatra S, Mustafa G, Ansari MJ, Aldawsari MF, Alalaiwe AS, Mirza MA, Iqbal Z. A Novel Approach of Targeting Linezolid Nanoemulsion for the Management of Lymph Node Tuberculosis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15688-15694. [PMID: 35571844 PMCID: PMC9096948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) represents a major public health problem, globally affecting children and adults. Lymphatic TB is the most common type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which affects the peripheral lymph nodes. This burgeoning disease requires a long-term treatment of multiple antibiotics to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in an increased rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. To overcome drug resistance with the first-line antibiotics, linezolid W/O nanoemulsion was developed in this current work. W/O nanoemulsion was prepared by oil phase titration technique using sunflower oil, span 80 and tween 80, and optimized by pseudophase ternary diagrams. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, viscosity, and refractive index for the optimized formulation were found to be 92.32 nm, 0.066, -21.9 mV, 32.623 cP, and 1.453, respectively. Drug release from the developed nanoemulsion followed the zero-order kinetic. The antimicrobial efficacy study confirms the antibacterial potential of the developed nanoemulsion. In vivo studies conducted on Wistar rats confirms the lymphatic targeting with a high amount of drug at the target organ just after 8 h of dosing. As a result of the foregoing promising results, it may be inferred that the suggested nanoemulsion could be a viable therapy option for lymph node tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Choudhary
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sradhanjali Mohapatra
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- College
of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi Campus, P.O. Box 11961, Riyadh 11943, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alalaiwe
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Aamir Mirza
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Saifullah B, Arulselvan P, El Zowalaty ME, Tan WS, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, Baby R, Hussein MZ. A Novel Para-Amino Salicylic Acid Magnesium Layered Hydroxide Nanocomposite Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Delivery System with Enhanced in vitro Therapeutic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7035-7050. [PMID: 34703226 PMCID: PMC8526802 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s297040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections are associated with severe local inflammatory reactions, which may be life-threatening and lead to tuberculosis pathogenesis and associated complications. Inorganic nanolayers have been vastly exploited for biomedical applications (especially in drug delivery) because of their biocompatible and biodegradable nature with the ability to release a drug in a sustained manner. Herein, we report a new nanodelivery system of inorganic nanolayers based on magnesium layered hydroxides (MgLH) and a successfully intercalated anti-tuberculosis drug para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). METHODS The designed anti-tuberculosis nanodelivery composite, MgLH-PAS, was prepared by a novel co-precipitation method using MgNO3 as well MgO as starting materials. RESULTS The designed nano-formulation, PAS-MgLH, showed good antimycobacterial and antimicrobial activities with significant synergistic anti-inflammatory effects on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The designed nano-formulation was also found to be biocompatible with human normal lung cells (MRC-5) and 3T3 fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the in vitro release of PAS from PAS-MgLH was found to be sustained in human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solutions of pH 7.4 and pH 4.8. DISCUSSION The results of the present study are highly encouraging for further in vivo studies. This new nanodelivery system, MgLH, can be exploited in the delivery of other drugs and in numerous other biomedical applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Management Sciences and Technology, The Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University Sukkur, Sukkur, Sindh, 65170, Pakistan
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
- Muthayammal Centre for Advanced Research, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 637408, India
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Woan Sean Tan
- Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Biosciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rabia Baby
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Dual Drugs Anticancer Nanoformulation using Graphene Oxide-PEG as Nanocarrier for Protocatechuic Acid and Chlorogenic Acid. Pharm Res 2019; 36:91. [PMID: 31020429 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemotherapy of cancer has been complicated by poor bioavailability, adverse side effects, high dose requirement, drug resistance and low therapeutic indices. Cancer cells have different ways to inhibit the chemotherapeutic drugs, use of dual/multiple anticancer agents may be achieve better therapeutic effects in particular for drug resistant tumors. Designing a biocompatible delivery system, dual or multiple drugs could addressing these chemotherapy drawbacks and it is the focus of many current biomedical research. METHODS In the present study, graphene oxide-polyethylene glycol (GOPEG) nanocarrier is designed and loaded with two anticancer drugs; Protocatechuic acid (PCA) and Chlorogenic acid (CA). The designed anticancer nanocomposite was further coated with folic acid to target the cancer cells, as their surface membranes are overexpressed with folate receptors. RESULTS The particle size distribution of the designed nanocomposite was found to be narrow, 9-40 nm. The release profiles of the loaded drugs; PCA and CA was conducted in human body simulated PBS solutions of pH 7.4 (blood pH) and pH 4.8 (intracellular lysosomal pH). Anticancer properties were evaluated against cancerous cells i.e. liver cancer, HEPG2 and human colon cancer, HT-29 cells. The cytocompatbility was assessed on normal 3T3 fibroblasts cells. CONCLUSION The size of the final designed anticancer nanocomposite formulation, GOPEG-PCACA-FA was found to be distributed at 9-40 nm with a median of 8 nm. The in vitro release of the drugs PCA and CA was found to be of sustained manner which took more than 100 h for the release. Furthermore, the designed formulation was biocompatible with normal 3T3 cells and showed strong anticancer activity against liver and colon cancer cells.
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Mustafa IF, Hussein MZ, Saifullah B, Idris AS, Hilmi NHZ, Fakurazi S. Synthesis of (Hexaconazole-Zinc/Aluminum-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposite) Fungicide Nanodelivery System for Controlling Ganoderma Disease in Oil Palm. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:806-813. [PMID: 29281878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A fungicide, hexaconazole was successfully intercalated into the intergalleries of zinc/aluminum-layered double hydroxide (ZALDH) using the ion-exchange method. Due to the intercalation of hexaconazole, the basal spacing of the ZALDH was increased from 8.7 Å in ZALDH to 29.4 Å in hexaconazole-intercalated ZALDH (HZALDH). The intercalation of hexaconazole into the interlayer of the nanocomposite was confirmed using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) study. This supramolecular chemistry intercalation process enhanced the thermal stability of the hexaconazole moiety. The fungicide loading was estimated to be 51.8%. The nanodelivery system also shows better inhibition toward the Ganoderma boninense growth than the counterpart, free hexaconazole. The results from this work have a great potential to be further explored for combating basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isshadiba F Mustafa
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) , No.6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hailini Z Hilmi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) , No.6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shukla R, Shukla H, Sonkar A, Pandey T, Tripathi T. Structure-based screening and molecular dynamics simulations offer novel natural compounds as potential inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isocitrate lyase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2045-2057. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1341337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Amit Sonkar
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Tripti Pandey
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Gopala Krishna P, Paduvarahalli Ananthaswamy P, Trivedi P, Chaturvedi V, Bhangi Mutta N, Sannaiah A, Erra A, Yadavalli T. Antitubercular activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion synthesis using lemon juice as bio-fuel. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:1026-1033. [PMID: 28415385 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis, structural and morphological characteristics of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using solution combustion synthesis method where lemon juice was used as the fuel. In vitro anti-tubercular activity of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles and their biocompatibility studies, both in vitro and in vivo were carried out. The synthesized nanoparticles showed inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain at concentrations as low as 12.5μg/mL. In vitro cytotoxicity study performed with normal mammalian cells (L929, 3T3-L1) showed that ZnO nanoparticles are non-toxic with a Selectivity Index (SI) >10. Cytotoxicity performed on two human cancer cell lines DU-145 and Calu-6 indicated the anti-cancer activity of ZnO nanoparticles at varied concentrations. Results of blood hemolysis indicated the biocompatibility of ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, in vivo toxicity studies of ZnO nanoparticles conducted on Swiss albino mice (for 14days as per the OECD 423 guidelines) showed no evident toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 562 157, India; Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Prashanth Paduvarahalli Ananthaswamy
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India; Department of Chemistry, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560 064, India.
| | - Priyanka Trivedi
- Biochemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vinita Chaturvedi
- Biochemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | | | - Ananda Sannaiah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru 560 006, India
| | - Amani Erra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612, USA
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Saifullah B, Hussein MZB. Inorganic nanolayers: structure, preparation, and biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5609-33. [PMID: 26366081 PMCID: PMC4562743 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s72330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrotalcite-like compounds are two-dimensional inorganic nanolayers also known as clay minerals or anionic clays or layered double hydroxides/layered hydroxy salts, and have emerged as a single type of material with numerous biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, gene delivery, cosmetics, and biosensing. Inorganic nanolayers are promising materials due to their fascinating properties, such as ease of preparation, ability to intercalate different type of anions (inorganic, organic, biomolecules, and even genes), high thermal stability, delivery of intercalated anions in a sustained manner, high biocompatibility, and easy biodegradation. Inorganic nanolayers have been the focus for researchers over the last decade, resulting in widening application horizons, especially in the field of biomedical science. These nanolayers have been widely applied in drug and gene delivery. They have also been applied in biosensing technology, and most recently in bioimaging science. The suitability of inorganic nanolayers for application in drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensing technology, and bioimaging science makes them ideal materials to be applied for theranostic purposes. In this paper, we review the structure, methods of preparation, and latest advances made by inorganic nanolayers in such biomedical applications as drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensing, and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir B Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Adewoyin M, Mohsin SMN, Arulselvan P, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S. Enhanced anti-inflammatory potential of cinnamate-zinc layered hydroxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:2475-84. [PMID: 25995619 PMCID: PMC4425241 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s72716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamic acid (CA) is a phytochemical originally derived from Cinnamomum cassia, a plant with numerous pharmacological properties. The intercalation of CA with a nanocarrier, zinc layered hydroxide, produces cinnamate-zinc layered hydroxide (ZCA), which has been previously characterized. Intercalation is expected to improve the solubility and cell specificity of CA. The nanocarrier will also protect CA from degradation and sustain its release. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intercalation on the anti-inflammatory capacity of CA. METHODS In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of ZCA was investigated and compared with that of nonintercalated CA. Evaluations were based on the capacity of ZCA and CA to modulate the release of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, the expression of proinflammatory enzymes, ie, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were examined. RESULTS Although both ZCA and CA downregulated nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β, and IL-6, ZCA clearly displayed better activity. Similarly, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were inhibited in samples treated with ZCA and CA. The two compounds effectively inactivated the transcription factor NF-κB, but the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was significantly upregulated by ZCA only. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that ZCA possesses better anti-inflammatory potential than CA, while zinc layered hydroxide had little or no effect, and these results were comparable with the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Adewoyin
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sumaiyah Megat Nabil Mohsin
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates as potential inhibitors of some mycobacterial enzymes. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:703053. [PMID: 25538961 PMCID: PMC4236894 DOI: 10.1155/2014/703053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimycobacterially active salicylanilide diethyl phosphates were evaluated to identify their potential drug target(s) for the inhibition of several mycobacterial enzymes, including isocitrate lyase, L-alanine dehydrogenase (MtAlaDH), lysine ε-aminotransferase, chorismate mutase, and pantothenate synthetase. The enzymes are related to the nongrowing state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates represent new candidates with significant inhibitory activity especially against L-alanine dehydrogenase. The most active MtAlaDH inhibitor, 5-chloro-2-[(3-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl diethyl phosphate, has an IC50 of 4.96 µM and the best docking results. Other mycobacterial enzymes were mostly inhibited by some derivatives but at higher concentrations; isocitrate lyase showed the highest resistance to salicylanilide diethyl phosphates.
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