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Zhang D, Wang X, Lin J, Xiong Y, Lu H, Huang J, Lou X. Multi-frequency therapeutic ultrasound: A review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106608. [PMID: 37774469 PMCID: PMC10543167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound is a noninvasive, radiation-free and real-time therapeutic approach to treat deep-seated targets, which benefits numerous diseases otherwise requiring surgeries. Treatment efficiency is one of the key factors determining therapeutic outcomes, but improving it solely by increasing the total power can be limited by the performance of general ultrasound devices. To address this, multi-frequency therapeutic ultrasound, using additional ultrasound waves of different frequencies on top of the standard single-frequency wave, provides a promising method for treatment efficiency enhancement with limited power. Several applications and numerical works have demonstrated its superiority on treatment enhancement. This paper presents an overview of the mechanisms, implementations, applications and decisive parameters of the multi-frequency therapeutic ultrasound, which could help to pave the way for better understanding and further developing this technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaji Lin
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqin Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxuan Lu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Jangjou A, Meisami AH, Jamali K, Niakan MH, Abbasi M, Shafiee M, Salehi M, Hosseinzadeh A, Amani AM, Vaez A. The promising shadow of microbubble over medical sciences: from fighting wide scope of prevalence disease to cancer eradication. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:49. [PMID: 34154581 PMCID: PMC8215828 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubbles are typically 0.5-10 μm in size. Their size tends to make it easier for medication delivery mechanisms to navigate the body by allowing them to be swallowed more easily. The gas included in the microbubble is surrounded by a membrane that may consist of biocompatible biopolymers, polymers, surfactants, proteins, lipids, or a combination thereof. One of the most effective implementation techniques for tiny bubbles is to apply them as a drug carrier that has the potential to activate ultrasound (US); this allows the drug to be released by US. Microbubbles are often designed to preserve and secure medicines or substances before they have reached a certain area of concern and, finally, US is used to disintegrate microbubbles, triggering site-specific leakage/release of biologically active drugs. They have excellent therapeutic potential in a wide range of common diseases. In this article, we discussed microbubbles and their advantageous medicinal uses in the treatment of certain prevalent disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetic condition, renal defects, and finally, their use in the treatment of various forms of cancer as well as their incorporation with nanoparticles. Using microbubble technology as a novel carrier, the ability to prevent and eradicate prevalent diseases has strengthened the promise of effective care to improve patient well-being and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jangjou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Meisami
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kazem Jamali
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Niakan
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Abbasi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shafiee
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseinzadeh
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lorton O, Guillemin P, Holman R, Desgranges S, Gui L, Crowe LA, Terraz S, Nastasi A, Lazeyras F, Contino-Pépin C, Salomir R. Enhancement of HIFU thermal therapy in perfused tissue models using micron-sized FTAC-stabilized PFOB-core endovascular sonosensitizers. Int J Hyperthermia 2020; 37:1116-1130. [PMID: 32990101 PMCID: PMC8352380 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1817575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is clinically accepted for the treatment of solid tumors but remains challenging in highly perfused tissue due to the heat sink effect. Endovascular liquid-core sonosensitizers have been previously suggested to enhance the thermal energy deposition at the focal area and to lower the near-/far-field heating. We are investigating the therapeutic potential of PFOB-FTAC micro-droplets in a perfused tissue-mimicking model and postmortem excised organs. METHOD A custom-made in vitro perfused tissue-mimicking model, freshly excised pig kidneys (n = 3) and liver (n = 1) were perfused and subjected to focused ultrasound generated by an MR-compatible HIFU transducer. PFOB-FTAC sonosensitizers were injected in the perfusion fluid up to 0.235% v/v ratio. Targeting and on-line PRFS thermometry were performed on a 3 T MR scanner. Assessment of the fluid perfusion was performed with pulsed color Doppler in vitro and with dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI in excised organs. RESULTS Our in vitro model of perfused tissue demonstrated re-usability. Sonosensitizer concentration and perfusion rate were tunable in situ. Differential heating under equivalent HIFU sonications demonstrated a dramatic improvement in the thermal deposition due to the sonosensitizers activity. Typically, the energy deposition was multiplied by a factor between 2.5 and 3 in perfused organs after the administration of micro-droplets, while DCE-MRI indicated an effective perfusion. CONCLUSION The current PFOB-FTAC micro-droplet sonosensitizers provided a large and sustained enhancement of the HIFU thermal deposition at the focal area, suggesting solutions for less technological constraints, lower risk for the near-/far- field heating. We also report a suitable experimental model for other MRgHIFU studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orane Lorton
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Guillemin
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Holman
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Gui
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lindsey A Crowe
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Terraz
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Nastasi
- Visceral and Transplantation Division, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Lazeyras
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rares Salomir
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Radiology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Goel L, Jiang X. Advances in Sonothrombolysis Techniques Using Piezoelectric Transducers. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051288. [PMID: 32120902 PMCID: PMC7085655 DOI: 10.3390/s20051288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the great advancements in the applications of piezoelectric materials is the application for therapeutic medical ultrasound for sonothrombolysis. Sonothrombolysis is a promising ultrasound based technique to treat blood clots compared to conventional thrombolytic treatments or mechanical thrombectomy. Recent clinical trials using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, microbubble mediated sonothrombolysis, and catheter directed sonothrombolysis have shown promise. However, these conventional sonothrombolysis techniques still pose clinical safety limitations, preventing their application for standard of care. Recent advances in sonothrombolysis techniques including targeted and drug loaded microbubbles, phase change nanodroplets, high intensity focused ultrasound, histotripsy, and improved intravascular transducers, address some of the limitations of conventional sonothrombolysis treatments. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of these latest pre-clincial advancements for sonothrombolysis and their potential to improve clinical blood clot treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Goel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA;
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-515-5240
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Guillemin PC, Gui L, Lorton O, Zilli T, Crowe LA, Desgranges S, Montet X, Terraz S, Miralbell R, Salomir R, Boudabbous S. Mild hyperthermia by MR-guided focused ultrasound in an ex vivo model of osteolytic bone tumour: optimization of the spatio-temporal control of the delivered temperature. J Transl Med 2019; 17:350. [PMID: 31651311 PMCID: PMC6814062 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound was suggested for the induction of deep localized hyperthermia adjuvant to radiation- or chemotherapy. In this study we are aiming to validate an experimental model for the induction of uniform temperature elevation in osteolytic bone tumours, using the natural acoustic window provided by the cortical breakthrough. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were conducted on ex vivo lamb shank by mimicking osteolytic bone tumours. The cortical breakthrough was exploited to induce hyperthermia inside the medullar cavity by delivering acoustic energy from a phased array HIFU transducer. MR thermometry data was acquired intra-operatory using the proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) method. Active temperature control was achieved via a closed-loop predictive controller set at 6 °C above the baseline. Several beam geometries with respect to the cortical breakthrough were investigated. Numerical simulations were used to further explain the observed phenomena. Thermal safety of bone heating was assessed by cross-correlating MR thermometry data with the measurements from a fluoroptic temperature sensor inserted in the cortical bone. RESULTS Numerical simulations and MR thermometry confirmed the feasibility of spatio-temporal uniform hyperthermia (± 0.5 °C) inside the medullar cavity using a fixed focal point sonication. This result was obtained by the combination of several factors: an optimal positioning of the focal spot in the plane of the cortical breakthrough, the direct absorption of the HIFU beam at the focal spot, the "acoustic oven effect" yielded by the beam interaction with the bone, and a predictive temperature controller. The fluoroptical sensor data revealed no heating risks for the bone and adjacent tissues and were in good agreement with the PRFS thermometry from measurable voxels adjacent to the periosteum. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the feasibility of MR-guided focused ultrasound hyperthermia inside the medullar cavity of bones affected by osteolytic tumours. Our results are considered a promising step for combining adjuvant mild hyperthermia to external beam radiation therapy for sustained pain relief in patients with symptomatic bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C Guillemin
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Gui
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Orane Lorton
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zilli
- Radiation Oncology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lindsey A Crowe
- Radiology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Desgranges
- Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Systèmes Amphiphiles, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Avignon Université, 84911, Avignon, France
| | - Xavier Montet
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Radiology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Terraz
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Radiology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Miralbell
- Radiation Oncology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rares Salomir
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Radiology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sana Boudabbous
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Radiology Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tabatabaei ZS, Rajabi O, Nassirli H, Vejdani Noghreiyan A, Sazgarnia A. A comparative study on generating hydroxyl radicals by single and two-frequency ultrasound with gold nanoparticles and protoporphyrin IX. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2019; 42:1039-1047. [PMID: 31617155 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-019-00803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new manner of killing cancer cells based on the cytotoxic interactions of ultrasound with sonosensitizing agents. It is shown that gold nanoparticles (GNPs) increase the efficiency of cavitation activity of ultrasound. In this study the influence of a single and/or two frequencies of ultrasound waves to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) was assessed in the presence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and/or GNPs. Ultrasound cavitation activity was determined by recording fluorescence signals from chemical terephthalic acid (TA) dosimeters with or without PpIX and/or GNPs at the frequencies of 0.8 and 2.4 MHz individually and aggregately. To study hydroxyl radicals, experiments were performed with and without hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol, histidine, and sodium azide. Cavitation activity was amplified by increasing ultrasound intensity and exposure time. The cavitation activity induced by dual ultrasound frequency was remarkably higher than the summation of effects produced by individual frequencies. All three scavengers reduced the fluorescence signal level. The effect of GNPs on intensifying cavitation activity at higher frequency was greater than that of lower frequency. PpIX showed a more effective sonosensitizing property at the lower frequency. Also, estimated synergism at dual frequency irradiation was improved in the presence of GNPs. We found that GNPs increased hydroxyl radical production at 2.4 MHz and that PpIX increased hydroxyl radical production at 0.8 MHz. Dual frequency exposure was more effective than single frequency exposure. PpIX at low frequency and gold nanoparticles at high frequency both enhance sonodynamic treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hooriyeh Nassirli
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Vejdani Noghreiyan
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ameneh Sazgarnia
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Boulos P, Varray F, Poizat A, Ramalli A, Gilles B, Bera JC, Cachard C. Weighting the Passive Acoustic Mapping Technique With the Phase Coherence Factor for Passive Ultrasound Imaging of Ultrasound-Induced Cavitation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:2301-2310. [PMID: 30273149 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2871983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) cavitation is currently being explored for low-invasive therapy techniques applied to a wide panel of pathologies. Because of the random behavior of cavitation, a real-time spatial monitoring system may be required. For this purpose, the US passive imaging techniques have been recently investigated. In particular, the passive acoustic mapping (PAM) beamforming method enables the reconstruction of cavitation activity maps by beamforming acoustic signals passively recorded by an array transducer. In this paper, an optimized version of PAM, PAM weighted with a phase coherence factor (PAM-PCF), is considered. A general validation process is developed including simulations on a point source and experiments on a wire. Furthermore, using a focused regulated US-induced cavitation generator, reproducible cavitation experiments are conducted in water and in agar gel. The spatial behavior of a bubble cavitation cloud is determined using the PAM-PCF beamforming method to localize the focal cavitation point in two perpendicular imaging planes.
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Wang M, Zhou Y. Numerical investigation of the inertial cavitation threshold by dual-frequency excitation in the fluid and tissue. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 42:327-338. [PMID: 29429677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inertial cavitation thresholds, which are defined as bubble growth by 2-fold from the equilibrium radius, by two types of ultrasonic excitation (at the classical single-frequency mode and dual-frequency mode) were calculated. The effect of the dual-frequency excitation on the inertial cavitation threshold in the different surrounding media (fluid and tissue) was studied, and the paramount parameters (driving frequency, amplitude ratio, phase difference, and frequency ratio) were also optimized to maximize the inertial cavitation. The numerical prediction confirms the previous experimental results that the dual-frequency excitation is capable of reducing the inertial cavitation threshold in comparison to the single-frequency one at the same output power. The dual-frequency excitation at the high frequency (i.e., 3.1 + 3.5 MHz vs. 1.1 + 1.3 MHz) is preferred in this study. The simulation results suggest that the same amplitudes of individual components, zero phase difference, and large frequency difference are beneficial for enhancing the bubble cavitation. Overall, this work may provide a theoretical model for further investigation of dual-frequency excitation and guidance of its applications for a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., 639798, Singapore; Motor Group, R&D, ASM Pacific Technology Ltd, 3/F, Watson Centre, 16-22 Kung Yip St, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., 639798, Singapore
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Suo D, Govind B, Zhang S, Jing Y. Numerical investigation of the inertial cavitation threshold under multi-frequency ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 41:419-426. [PMID: 29137770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Through the introduction of multi-frequency sonication in High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), enhancement of efficiency has been noted in several applications including thrombolysis, tissue ablation, sonochemistry, and sonoluminescence. One key experimental observation is that multi-frequency ultrasound can help lower the inertial cavitation threshold, thereby improving the power efficiency. However, this has not been well corroborated by the theory. In this paper, a numerical investigation on the inertial cavitation threshold of microbubbles (MBs) under multi-frequency ultrasound irradiation is conducted. The relationships between the cavitation threshold and MB size at various frequencies and in different media are investigated. The results of single-, dual and triple frequency sonication show reduced inertial cavitation thresholds by introducing additional frequencies which is consistent with previous experimental work. In addition, no significant difference is observed between dual frequency sonication with various frequency differences. This study, not only reaffirms the benefit of using multi-frequency ultrasound for various applications, but also provides a possible route for optimizing ultrasound excitations for initiating inertial cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingjie Suo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Bala Govind
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yun Jing
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Papadopoulos N, Kyriacou PA, Damianou C. Review of Protocols Used in Ultrasound Thrombolysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2447-2469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Suo D, Guo S, Lin W, Jiang X, Jing Y. Thrombolysis using multi-frequency high intensity focused ultrasound at MHz range: anin vitrostudy. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:7403-18. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/18/7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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