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Yadav DK, Chang AC, Grooms NWF, Chung SH, Gabel CV. O-GlcNAc signaling increases neuron regeneration through one-carbon metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2024; 13:e86478. [PMID: 38334260 PMCID: PMC10857789 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism plays an essential role in the regrowth and regeneration of a neuron following physical injury. Yet, our knowledge of the specific metabolic pathways that are beneficial to neuron regeneration remains sparse. Previously, we have shown that modulation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling, a ubiquitous post-translational modification that acts as a cellular nutrient sensor, can significantly enhance in vivo neuron regeneration. Here, we define the specific metabolic pathway by which O-GlcNAc transferase (ogt-1) loss of function mediates increased regenerative outgrowth. Performing in vivo laser axotomy and measuring subsequent regeneration of individual neurons in C. elegans, we find that glycolysis, serine synthesis pathway (SSP), one-carbon metabolism (OCM), and the downstream transsulfuration metabolic pathway (TSP) are all essential in this process. The regenerative effects of ogt-1 mutation are abrogated by genetic and/or pharmacological disruption of OCM and the SSP linking OCM to glycolysis. Testing downstream branches of this pathway, we find that enhanced regeneration is dependent only on the vitamin B12 independent shunt pathway. These results are further supported by RNA sequencing that reveals dramatic transcriptional changes by the ogt-1 mutation, in the genes involved in glycolysis, OCM, TSP, and ATP metabolism. Strikingly, the beneficial effects of the ogt-1 mutation can be recapitulated by simple metabolic supplementation of the OCM metabolite methionine in wild-type animals. Taken together, these data unearth the metabolic pathways involved in the increased regenerative capacity of a damaged neuron in ogt-1 animals and highlight the therapeutic possibilities of OCM and its related pathways in the treatment of neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Andrew C Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Noa WF Grooms
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Samuel H Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Christopher V Gabel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
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2
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Metabolic remodeling of pyrimidine synthesis pathway and serine synthesis pathway in human glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16277. [PMID: 36175487 PMCID: PMC9522918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumor with dismal outcomes in adults. Metabolic remodeling is now widely acknowledged as a hallmark of cancer cells, but glioblastoma-specific metabolic pathways remain unclear. Here we show, using a large-scale targeted proteomics platform and integrated molecular pathway-level analysis tool, that the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway and serine synthesis pathway (SSP) are the major enriched pathways in vivo for patients with glioblastoma. Among the enzymes associated with nucleotide synthesis, RRM1 and NME1 are significantly upregulated in glioblastoma. In the SSP, SHMT2 and PSPH are upregulated but the upstream enzyme PSAT1 is downregulated in glioblastoma. Kaplan–Meier curves of overall survival for the GSE16011 and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets revealed that high SSP activity correlated with poor outcome. Enzymes relating to the pyrimidine synthesis pathway and SSP might offer therapeutic targets for new glioblastoma treatments.
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3
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Combined Targeted and Untargeted Profiling of HeLa Cells Deficient in Purine De Novo Synthesis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030241. [PMID: 35323684 PMCID: PMC8948957 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three genetically determined enzyme defects of purine de novo synthesis (PDNS) have been identified so far in humans: adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide-ribosiduria (AICA-ribosiduria), and deficiency in bifunctional enzyme phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PAICS). Clinical signs of these defects are mainly neurological, such as seizures, psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, autistic features, etc. This work aims to describe the metabolic changes of CRISPR-Cas9 genome-edited HeLa cells deficient in the individual steps of PDNS to better understand known and potential defects of the pathway in humans. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for both targeted and untargeted metabolomic analyses. The statistically significant features from the untargeted study were identified by fragmentation analysis. Data from the targeted analysis were processed in Cytoscape software to visualize the most affected metabolic pathways. Statistical significance of PDNS intermediates preceding deficient enzymes was the highest (p-values 10 × 10−7–10 × 10−15) in comparison with the metabolites from other pathways (p-values of up to 10 × 10−7). Disturbed PDNS resulted in an altered pool of adenine and guanine nucleotides. However, the adenylate energy charge was not different from controls. Different profiles of acylcarnitines observed among deficient cell lines might be associated with a specific enzyme deficiency rather than global changes related to the PDNS pathway. Changes detected in one-carbon metabolism might reduce the methylation activity of the deficient cells, thus affecting the modification state of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
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McGinity CL, Palmieri EM, Somasundaram V, Bhattacharyya DD, Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Ryan AE, Glynn SA, Thomas DD, Miranda KM, Anderson SK, Lockett SJ, McVicar DW, Wink DA. Nitric Oxide Modulates Metabolic Processes in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7068. [PMID: 34209132 PMCID: PMC8268115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic requirements and functions of cancer and normal tissues are vastly different. Due to the rapid growth of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, distorted vasculature is commonly observed, which creates harsh environments that require rigorous and constantly evolving cellular adaption. A common hallmark of aggressive and therapeutically resistant tumors is hypoxia and hypoxia-induced stress markers. However, recent studies have identified alterations in a wide spectrum of metabolic pathways that dictate tumor behavior and response to therapy. Accordingly, it is becoming clear that metabolic processes are not uniform throughout the tumor microenvironment. Metabolic processes differ and are cell type specific where various factors promote metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, within the tumor, these metabolically distinct cell types can organize to form cellular neighborhoods that serve to establish a pro-tumor milieu in which distant and spatially distinct cellular neighborhoods can communicate via signaling metabolites from stroma, immune and tumor cells. In this review, we will discuss how biochemical interactions of various metabolic pathways influence cancer and immune microenvironments, as well as associated mechanisms that lead to good or poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. McGinity
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Erika M. Palmieri
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Dibyangana D. Bhattacharyya
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (A.E.R.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Robert Y. S. Cheng
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Aideen E. Ryan
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (A.E.R.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (A.E.R.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Douglas D. Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | | | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, LEIDO Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
| | - David A. Wink
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.M.); (E.M.P.); (V.S.); (D.D.B.); (L.A.R.); (R.Y.S.C.); (S.K.A.); (D.W.M.)
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Li M, Wu C, Yang Y, Zheng M, Yu S, Wang J, Chen L, Li H. 3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase: a potential target for cancer treatment. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:541-556. [PMID: 33735398 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic changes have been recognized as an important hallmark of cancer cells. Cancer cells can promote their own growth and proliferation through metabolic reprogramming. Particularly, serine metabolism has frequently been reported to be dysregulated in tumor cells. 3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) catalyzes the first step in the serine biosynthesis pathway and acts as a rate-limiting enzyme involved in metabolic reprogramming. PHGDH upregulation has been observed in many tumor types, and inhibition of PHGDH expression has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of PHGDH-overexpressing tumor cells, indicating that it may be utilized as a target for cancer treatment. Recently identified inhibitors targeting PHGDH have already shown effectiveness. A further in-depth analysis and concomitant development of PHGDH inhibitors will be of great value for the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSIONS In this review we describe in detail the role of PHGDH in various cancers and inhibitors that have recently been identified to highlight progression in cancer treatment. We also discuss the development of new drugs and treatment modalities based on PHGDH targets. Overexpression of PHGDH has been observed in melanoma, breast cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, parathyroid adenoma, glioma, cervical cancer and others. PHGDH may serve as a molecular biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of these cancers. The design and development of novel PHGDH inhibitors may have broad implications for cancer treatment. Therapeutic strategies of PHGDH inhibitors in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs may provide new perspectives for precision medicine and effective personalized treatment for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Canrong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mengzhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Silin Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Chandrika M, Chua PJ, Muniasamy U, Huang RYJ, Thike AA, Ng CT, Tan PH, Yip GW, Bay BH. Prognostic significance of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:655-665. [PMID: 33625616 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is an oxidoreductase in the serine biosynthesis pathway. Although it has been reported to affect growth of various tumors, its role in breast cancer is largely unknown. This study aimed to analyze the expression of PHGDH in breast cancer tissue samples and to determine if PHGDH regulates breast cancer cell proliferation. METHODS Tissue microarrays consisting of 305 cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma were used for immunohistochemical evaluation of PHGDH expression. The role of PHGDH in breast cancer was investigated in vitro by knocking down its expression and determining the effect on cell proliferation and cell cycling, and in ovo by using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. RESULTS Immunohistochemical examination showed that PHGDH is mainly localized in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells and significantly associated with higher cancer grade, larger tumor size, increased PCNA expression, and lymph node positivity. Analysis of the GOBO dataset of 737 patients demonstrated that increased PHGDH expression was associated with poorer overall survival. Knockdown of PHGDH expression in breast cancer cells in vitro resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation, reduction in cells entering the S phase of the cell cycle, and downregulation of various cell cycle regulatory genes. The volume of breast tumor in an in ovo CAM assay was found to be smaller when PHGDH was silenced. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that PHGDH has a regulatory role in breast cancer cell proliferation and may be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukrishnan Chandrika
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Pei Jou Chua
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Umamaheswari Muniasamy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Ruby Yun Ju Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Aye Aye Thike
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Cheng Teng Ng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - George W Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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7
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Geeraerts SL, Kampen KR, Rinaldi G, Gupta P, Planque M, Louros N, Heylen E, De Cremer K, De Brucker K, Vereecke S, Verbelen B, Vermeersch P, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Cassiman D, Fendt SM, Voet A, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K, De Keersmaecker K. Repurposing the Antidepressant Sertraline as SHMT Inhibitor to Suppress Serine/Glycine Synthesis-Addicted Breast Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:50-63. [PMID: 33203732 PMCID: PMC7611204 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a hallmark of cancer that supports tumor growth, survival, and chemotherapy resistance. Although normal cells often rely on extracellular serine and glycine supply, a significant subset of cancers becomes addicted to intracellular serine/glycine synthesis, offering an attractive drug target. Previously developed inhibitors of serine/glycine synthesis enzymes did not reach clinical trials due to unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, implying that further efforts to identify clinically applicable drugs targeting this pathway are required. In this study, we aimed to develop therapies that can rapidly enter the clinical practice by focusing on drug repurposing, as their safety and cost-effectiveness have been optimized before. Using a yeast model system, we repurposed two compounds, sertraline and thimerosal, for their selective toxicity against serine/glycine synthesis-addicted breast cancer and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Isotope tracer metabolomics, computational docking, enzymatic assays, and drug-target interaction studies revealed that sertraline and thimerosal inhibit serine/glycine synthesis enzymes serine hydroxymethyltransferase and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that sertraline's antiproliferative activity was further aggravated by mitochondrial inhibitors, such as the antimalarial artemether, by causing G1-S cell-cycle arrest. Most notably, this combination also resulted in serine-selective antitumor activity in breast cancer mouse xenografts. Collectively, this study provides molecular insights into the repurposed mode-of-action of the antidepressant sertraline and allows to delineate a hitherto unidentified group of cancers being particularly sensitive to treatment with sertraline. Furthermore, we highlight the simultaneous inhibition of serine/glycine synthesis and mitochondrial metabolism as a novel treatment strategy for serine/glycine synthesis-addicted cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauni Lien Geeraerts
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics - Plant Fungi Interactions (CMPG-PFI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kim Rosalie Kampen
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Purvi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Louros
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elien Heylen
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics - Plant Fungi Interactions (CMPG-PFI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Katrijn De Brucker
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics - Plant Fungi Interactions (CMPG-PFI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vereecke
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benno Verbelen
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics - Plant Fungi Interactions (CMPG-PFI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics - Plant Fungi Interactions (CMPG-PFI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Murtas G, Marcone GL, Sacchi S, Pollegioni L. L-serine synthesis via the phosphorylated pathway in humans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5131-5148. [PMID: 32594192 PMCID: PMC11105101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
L-serine is a nonessential amino acid in eukaryotic cells, used for protein synthesis and in producing phosphoglycerides, glycerides, sphingolipids, phosphatidylserine, and methylenetetrahydrofolate. Moreover, L-serine is the precursor of two relevant coagonists of NMDA receptors: glycine (through the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase), which preferentially acts on extrasynaptic receptors and D-serine (through the enzyme serine racemase), dominant at synaptic receptors. The cytosolic "phosphorylated pathway" regulates de novo biosynthesis of L-serine, employing 3-phosphoglycerate generated by glycolysis and the enzymes 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine aminotransferase, and phosphoserine phosphatase (the latter representing the irreversible step). In the human brain, L-serine is primarily found in glial cells and is supplied to neurons for D-serine synthesis. Serine-deficient patients show severe neurological symptoms, including congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, and intractable seizures, thus highlighting the relevance of de novo production of this amino acid in brain development and morphogenesis. Indeed, the phosphorylated pathway is strictly linked to cancer. Moreover, L-serine has been suggested as a ready-to-use treatment, as also recently proposed for Alzheimer's disease. Here, we present our current state of knowledge concerning the three mammalian enzymes of the phosphorylated pathway and known mutations related to pathological conditions: although the structure of these enzymes has been solved, how enzyme activity is regulated remains largely unknown. We believe that an in-depth investigation of these enzymes is crucial to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in modulating concentrations of the serine enantiomers and for studying the interplay between glial and neuronal cells and also to determine the most suitable therapeutic approach for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Giorgia Letizia Marcone
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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Surowiec RK, Ferris SF, Apfelbaum A, Espinoza C, Mehta RK, Monchamp K, Sirihorachai VR, Bedi K, Ljungman M, Galban S. Transcriptomic Analysis of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) Identifies a Targetable ALDH-Positive Subset of Highly Tumorigenic Cancer Stem-like Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:223-239. [PMID: 33106374 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cancer stem cell (CSC) landscape in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is desperately needed to address treatment resistance and identify novel therapeutic approaches. Patient-derived DIPG cells demonstrated heterogeneous expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD133 by flow cytometry. Transcriptome-level characterization identified elevated mRNA levels of MYC, E2F, DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, glycolytic metabolism, and mTOR signaling in ALDH+ compared with ALDH-, supporting a stem-like phenotype and indicating a druggable target. ALDH+ cells demonstrated increased proliferation, neurosphere formation, and initiated tumors that resulted in decreased survival when orthotopically implanted. Pharmacologic MAPK/PI3K/mTOR targeting downregulated MYC, E2F, and DDR mRNAs and reduced glycolytic metabolism. In vivo PI3K/mTOR targeting inhibited tumor growth in both flank and an ALDH+ orthotopic tumor model likely by reducing cancer stemness. In summary, we describe existence of ALDH+ DIPGs with proliferative properties due to increased metabolism, which may be regulated by the microenvironment and likely contributing to drug resistance and tumor recurrence. IMPLICATIONS: Characterization of ALDH+ DIPGs coupled with targeting MAPK/PI3K/mTOR signaling provides an impetus for molecularly targeted therapy aimed at addressing the CSC phenotype in DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Surowiec
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah F Ferris
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April Apfelbaum
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ranjit K Mehta
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karamoja Monchamp
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Veerin R Sirihorachai
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karan Bedi
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for RNA Biomedicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stefanie Galban
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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10
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Guo WB, Huang ZH, Yang C, Lv XY, Xia H, Tian H, Yang JK, Zhou QZ, Chen MK, Xue KY, Liu CD. Down regulating PHGDH affects the lactate production of sertoli cells in varicocele. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:70. [PMID: 32664979 PMCID: PMC7359552 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although varicocele is considered to be one of the leading causes of male infertility, the precise mechanism underlying how varicocele leads to male infertility is not completely understood. We found the lactate concentration on the varicocele side of the patients was decreased compare with peripheral venous blood. In the testicles, the lactate produced by the sertoli cells through the glycolysis pathway provides most of the energy needed for spermatogenesis, the reduction of lactate will affect spermatogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of this abnormal energy metabolism phenomenon in varicocele. METHODS In this study, we collected the testicular tissue from patients with varicocele, the glycolysis related proteins PHGDH was identified by iTRAQ proteomics technology. Experimental rat varicocele model was constructed according to our new clip technique, the mRNA and protein expression levels of PHGDH were examined with qRT-PCR and Western blotting. We constructed a sertoli cell of PHGDH down-regulation model, and then detected the glucose consumption, LDH activities and lactate production in the sertoli cells. Western blot was conducted to investigate the effects of PHGDH on the expression of phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH) and Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis and cell cycle in sertoli cells. RESULTS The results showed that testicular protein PHGDH was down-regulated in patients with varicocele and in experimental rat varicocele model. Down-regulation of PHGDH in sertoli cells significantly decreased the glucose consumption, LDH activities and lactate production in the sertoli cells, indicating that the low expression of PHGDH ultimately led to a decrease in lactate production by affecting the glycolysis. The Western blot results showed that the down-regulation of PHGDH significantly reduced the expression of pathway protein PSPH and PKM2, leading to the reduction of lactate production. Moreover, PHGDH knockdown can promote apoptosis and inhibit cell cycle to affect cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conformed that varicocele lead to the decreasing of testis lactate production. Down-regulation of PHGDH in sertoli cells may mediate the process of abnormal glucose metabolism. Our study provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying metabolism-associated male infertility and suggests a novel therapeutic target for male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Guo
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Huang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Yuan Lv
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hu Tian
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Kun Yang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Zhao Zhou
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Kun Chen
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang-Yi Xue
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cun-Dong Liu
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Acquisition of Cisplatin Resistance Shifts Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metabolism toward Neutralization of Oxidative Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061670. [PMID: 32599707 PMCID: PMC7352569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cisplatin (CDDP) is commonly utilized in the treatment of advanced solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Cisplatin response remains highly variable among individual tumors and development of cisplatin resistance is common. We hypothesized that development of cisplatin resistance is partially driven by metabolic reprogramming. Methods: Using a pre-clinical HNSCC model and an integrated approach to steady state metabolomics, metabolic flux and gene expression data we characterized the interaction between cisplatin resistance and metabolic reprogramming. Results: Cisplatin toxicity in HNSCC was driven by generation of intra-cellular oxidative stress. This was validated by demonstrating that acquisition of cisplatin resistance generates cross-resistance to ferroptosis agonists despite the fact that cisplatin itself does not trigger ferroptosis. Acquisition of cisplatin resistance dysregulated the expression of genes involved in amino acid, fatty acid metabolism and central carbon catabolic pathways, enhanced glucose catabolism and serine synthesis. Acute cisplatin exposure increased intra-tumoral levels of S-methyl-5-thiadenosine (MTA) precursors and metabotoxins indicative of generalized oxidative stress. Conclusions: Acquisition of cisplatin resistance is linked to metabolic recovery from oxidative stress. Although this portends poor effectiveness for directed metabolic targeting, it supports the potential for biomarker development of cisplatin effectiveness using an integrated approach.
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12
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Yu L, Teoh ST, Ensink E, Ogrodzinski MP, Yang C, Vazquez AI, Lunt SY. Cysteine catabolism and the serine biosynthesis pathway support pyruvate production during pyruvate kinase knockdown in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Metab 2019; 7:13. [PMID: 31893043 PMCID: PMC6937848 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-019-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. Pyruvate kinase, especially the M2 isoform (PKM2), is highly expressed in PDAC cells, but its role in pancreatic cancer remains controversial. To investigate the role of pyruvate kinase in pancreatic cancer, we knocked down PKM2 individually as well as both PKM1 and PKM2 concurrently (PKM1/2) in cell lines derived from a KrasG12D/-; p53-/- pancreatic mouse model. Methods We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine metabolic profiles of wildtype and PKM1/2 knockdown PDAC cells. We further used stable isotope-labeled metabolic precursors and LC-MS/MS to determine metabolic pathways upregulated in PKM1/2 knockdown cells. We then targeted metabolic pathways upregulated in PKM1/2 knockdown cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Results PDAC cells are able to proliferate and continue to produce pyruvate despite PKM1/2 knockdown. The serine biosynthesis pathway partially contributed to pyruvate production during PKM1/2 knockdown: knockout of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in this pathway decreased pyruvate production from glucose. In addition, cysteine catabolism generated ~ 20% of intracellular pyruvate in PDAC cells. Other potential sources of pyruvate include the sialic acid pathway and catabolism of glutamine, serine, tryptophan, and threonine. However, these sources did not provide significant levels of pyruvate in PKM1/2 knockdown cells. Conclusion PKM1/2 knockdown does not impact the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. The serine biosynthesis pathway supports conversion of glucose to pyruvate during pyruvate kinase knockdown. However, direct conversion of serine to pyruvate was not observed during PKM1/2 knockdown. Investigating several alternative sources of pyruvate identified cysteine catabolism for pyruvate production during PKM1/2 knockdown. Surprisingly, we find that a large percentage of intracellular pyruvate comes from cysteine. Our results highlight the ability of PDAC cells to adaptively rewire their metabolic pathways during knockdown of a key metabolic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Shao Thing Teoh
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Elliot Ensink
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Martin P Ogrodzinski
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA.,2Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Che Yang
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA.,4The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA.,5Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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13
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Weinstabl H, Treu M, Rinnenthal J, Zahn SK, Ettmayer P, Bader G, Dahmann G, Kessler D, Rumpel K, Mischerikow N, Savarese F, Gerstberger T, Mayer M, Zoephel A, Schnitzer R, Sommergruber W, Martinelli P, Arnhof H, Peric-Simov B, Hofbauer KS, Garavel G, Scherbantin Y, Mitzner S, Fett TN, Scholz G, Bruchhaus J, Burkard M, Kousek R, Ciftci T, Sharps B, Schrenk A, Harrer C, Haering D, Wolkerstorfer B, Zhang X, Lv X, Du A, Li D, Li Y, Quant J, Pearson M, McConnell DB. Intracellular Trapping of the Selective Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase (PHGDH) Inhibitor BI-4924 Disrupts Serine Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7976-7997. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Weinstabl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Treu
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joerg Rinnenthal
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan K. Zahn
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Dahmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Mischerikow
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Savarese
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zoephel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommergruber
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Martinelli
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Arnhof
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Biljana Peric-Simov
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin S. Hofbauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Géraldine Garavel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Scherbantin
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Mitzner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas N. Fett
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Scholz
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Bruchhaus
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Burkard
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Kousek
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tuncay Ciftci
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Bernadette Sharps
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schrenk
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Harrer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Haering
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Xuechun Zhang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaobing Lv
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Alicia Du
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yali Li
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD., No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jens Quant
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B. McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Azacoccone E inhibits cancer cell growth by targeting 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:16-22. [PMID: 30852233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Serine plays critically important roles in tumorigenesis. Homo sapiens 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) catalyzes the first committed step for the synthesis of glucose-derived serine via the phosphoserine pathway and has been associated with a wide variety of cancers, including breast cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, glioma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma, etc. Azacoccone E, an aza-epicoccone derivative from the culture of Aspergillus flavipes, exhibited effective inhibitory activity against PHGDH in vitro. The microscale thermophoresis (MST) method and the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) confirmed that azacoccone E directly bound to PHGDH. And the cell-based experiments showed that this compound was selectively toxic to PHGDH-dependent cancer cells and could cause apoptosis. Further biochemical assays revealed that it was a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate of 3-PG and exhibited a time-dependent inhibition. Furthermore, molecular docking demonstrated that azacoccone E coordinated in an allosteric site of PHGDH with low binding energy. Therefore, azacoccone E can be considered as a possible drug candidate targeting at PHGDH for treatment of cancers.
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Abstract
l-Serine is the immediate precursor of d-serine, a major agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. l-Serine is a pivotal amino acid since it serves as a precursor to a large number of essential metabolites besides d-serine. In all non-photosynthetic organisms, including mammals, a major source of l-serine is the phosphorylated pathway of l-serine biosynthesis. The pathway consists of three enzymes, d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH), phosphoserine amino transferase (PSAT), and l-phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP). PGDH catalyzes the first step in the pathway by converting d-3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), an intermediate in glycolysis, to phosphohydroxypyruvate (PHP) concomitant with the reduction of NAD+. In some, but not all organisms, the catalytic activity of PGDH can be regulated by feedback inhibition by l-serine. Three types of PGDH can be distinguished based on their domain structure. Type III PGDHs contain only a nucleotide binding and substrate binding domain. Type II PGDHs contain an additional regulatory domain (ACT domain), and Type I PGDHs contain a fourth domain, termed the ASB domain. There is no consistent pattern of domain content that correlates with organism type, and even when additional domains are present, they are not always functional. PGDH deficiency results in metabolic defects of the nervous system whose systems range from microcephaly at birth, seizures, and psychomotor retardation. Although deficiency of any of the pathway enzymes have similar outcomes, PGDH deficiency is predominant. Dietary or intravenous supplementation with l-serine is effective in controlling seizures but has little effect on psychomotor development. An increase in PGDH levels, due to overexpression, is also associated with a wide array of cancers. In culture, PGDH is required for tumor cell proliferation, but extracellular l-serine is not able to support cell proliferation. This has led to the hypothesis that the pathway is performing some function related to tumor growth other than supplying l-serine. The most well-studied PGDHs are bacterial, primarily from Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, perhaps because they have been of most interest mechanistically. However, the relatively recent association of PGDH with neuronal defects and human cancers has provoked renewed interest in human PGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Grant
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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16
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Zhang Y, Yang L, Dai G, Cao H. Knockdown of PHGDH potentiates 5-FU cytotoxicity in gastric cancer cells via the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 signaling pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:5869-5876. [PMID: 31949673 PMCID: PMC6963086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of cancers, but resistance to 5-FU results in the failure of chemotherapy. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) has been reported to play a vital role in the development of 5-FU resistance in cancer cells. However, the exact role of PHGDH and the underlying mechanisms for 5-FU resistance in GC cells remain elusive. In this study, PHGDH expression was much higher in the GC tissues of 5-FU-resistant patients than that in the GC tissues of 5-FU-sensitive patients. Moreover, the expression of PHGDH was obviously increased in BGC823/5-FU cells compared with that in BGC823 cells. 5-FU treatment significantly reduced the viability of BGC823/5-FU cells, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, 5-FU treatment inhibited the proliferation of BGC823/5-FU cells, as evidenced by decreased cell viability and reduced colony-forming ability. The knockdown of PHGDH made possible the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on the proliferation of BGC823/5-FU cells. Furthermore, 5-FU treatment promoted apoptosis of BGC823/5-FU cells, as indicated by increased numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and increased rates of apoptosis. Notably, the promoting effect of 5-FU on the apoptosis of BGC823/5-FU cells was markedly enhanced by PHGDH knockdown. Additionally, 5-FU treatment downregulated Bcl-2 expression and upregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3, and this effect was remarkably enhanced by PHGDH knockdown. In conclusion, knockdown of PHGDH potentiates 5-FU cytotoxicity in GC cells via the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Litao Yang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guangou Dai
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hu Cao
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang Province, China
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17
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Song Z, Feng C, Lu Y, Lin Y, Dong C. PHGDH is an independent prognosis marker and contributes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in human pancreatic cancer. Gene 2017; 642:43-50. [PMID: 29128633 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression, clinical significance, biological function, and the potential mechanism of PHGDH in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The expression of PHGDH in human pancreatic cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were analyzed through immunohistochemistry staining. Simultaneously, the association between the PHGDH expression and the clinicopathological parameters and OS and DFS was evaluated. Human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 and SW1990 were selected to investigate the effect of PHGDH knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition, we performed western blot to assess the expression of cyclin B1, and cyclin D1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein. RESULTS Our results suggested that the expression of PHGDH is increased in pancreatic cancer compared with adjacent normal tissues and the increased expression of PHGDH is associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and TNM state of pancreatic cancer patients. Moreover, the expression of PHGDH is an independent prognostic indicator for pancreatic cancer patients. In addition, we found that knockdown of PHGDH in pancreatic cancer cells inhibits the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities by down-regulating the expression of cyclin B1, and cyclin D1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that the expression of PHGDH is increased in pancreatic cancer and is an independent molecular prognostic factor for pancreatic cancer patients. In addition, PHGDH controls cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities. Therefore, PHGDH could serve as an important prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwang Song
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Lu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Liu S, Kawamoto T, Morita O, Yoshinari K, Honda H. Discriminating between adaptive and carcinogenic liver hypertrophy in rat studies using logistic ridge regression analysis of toxicogenomic data: The mode of action and predictive models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 318:79-87. [PMID: 28108177 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Xian Y, Zhang S, Wang X, Qin J, Wang W, Wu H. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase is a novel predictor for poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5553-60. [PMID: 27660473 PMCID: PMC5019466 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) acts as a key metabolic enzyme in the rate-limiting step in serine biosynthesis and plays an important role in metastasis of several cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of PHGDH in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS The messenger RNA expression of PHGDH was determined in 20 pairs of cancerous and adjacent nontumor tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry of PHGDH was performed on tissue microarray, composed of 482 GC and 64 matched adjacent nontumor tissues acquired from surgery, 20 chronic gastritis, 18 intestinal metaplasia, and 31 low-grade and 66 high-grade intraepithelial neoplasias acquired through gastric endoscopic biopsy. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to perform survival analyses. RESULTS Both PHGDH messenger RNA and protein product exhibited GC tissue-preferred expression, when compared with benign tissues. The high PHGDH expression was significantly correlated with histological type (P=0.011), tumor stage (P=0.014), and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (P<0.001). A negative correlation was found between PHGDH expression and the 5-year survival rate of patients with GC. Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that PHGDH was an independent prognostic factor for outcome in GC. CONCLUSION PHGDH is important in predicting patient outcomes and is a potential target for the development of therapeutic approaches to GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xian
- School of Public Health, Nantong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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20
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Mattaini KR, Sullivan MR, Vander Heiden MG. The importance of serine metabolism in cancer. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:249-57. [PMID: 27458133 PMCID: PMC4970329 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine metabolism is frequently dysregulated in cancers; however, the benefit that this confers to tumors remains controversial. In many cases, extracellular serine alone is sufficient to support cancer cell proliferation, whereas some cancer cells increase serine synthesis from glucose and require de novo serine synthesis even in the presence of abundant extracellular serine. Recent studies cast new light on the role of serine metabolism in cancer, suggesting that active serine synthesis might be required to facilitate amino acid transport, nucleotide synthesis, folate metabolism, and redox homeostasis in a manner that impacts cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Mattaini
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mark R Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
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21
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Zhang S, Divaris K, Moss K, Yu N, Barros S, Marchesan J, Morelli T, Agler C, Kim SJ, Wu D, North KE, Beck J, Offenbacher S. The Novel ASIC2 Locus is Associated with Severe Gingival Inflammation. JDR Clin Trans Res 2016; 1:163-170. [PMID: 28459102 DOI: 10.1177/2380084416645290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests a significant genetic regulation of inflammatory response mechanisms; however, little is known regarding the genetic determinants of severe gingival inflammation (GI). We conducted a genome-wide association study of severe GI among 4077 European American adults, participants in the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities cohort. The severe GI trait was defined dichotomously using the 90th percentile of gingival index ≥2 extent score. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix 6.0 array platform and an imputed set of 2.5 million markers, based on HapMap Phase II CEU build 36, was interrogated. Genetic models were based on logistic regression and controlled for ancestry (10 principal components), sex, age, and examination center. One locus on chromosome 17 met genome-wide statistical significance criteria-lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): rs11652874 [minor allele frequency=0.06, intronic to ASIC2 (acid sensing ionic channel-2, formerly named ACCN1); odds ratio=2.1, 95% confidence interval=1.6-2.7, p=3.9×10-8]. This association persisted among subjects with severe periodontitis and was robust to adjustment for microbial plaque index. Moreover, the minor [G] allele was associated with higher levels of severe GI in stratified analyses among subsets of participants with high load of either "red" or "orange" complex pathogens, although this association was not statistically significant. While these results will require replication in independent samples and confirmation by mechanistic studies, this locus appears as a promising candidate for severe gingival inflammation. Our findings suggest that genetic variation in ASIC2 is significantly associated with severe gingival inflammation and the association is plaque-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kimon Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kevin Moss
- Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ning Yu
- Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Silvana Barros
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Julie Marchesan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Thiago Morelli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Cary Agler
- Center for Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Steven J Kim
- Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - James Beck
- Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Steven Offenbacher
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Yoon S, Kim JG, Seo AN, Park SY, Kim HJ, Park JS, Choi GS, Jeong JY, Jun DY, Yoon GS, Kang BW. Clinical Implication of Serine Metabolism-Associated Enzymes in Colon Cancer. Oncology 2015; 89:351-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000439571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Desbats MA, Giacomini I, Prayer-Galetti T, Montopoli M. Iron granules in plasma cells. J Clin Pathol 1982; 10:281. [PMID: 32211323 PMCID: PMC7068907 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy is the first cause of cancer-associated death. Thus, new strategies to deal with the evasion of drug response and to improve clinical outcomes are needed. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms associated with uncontrolled cell growth result in metabolism reprogramming. Cancer cells enhance anabolic pathways and acquire the ability to use different carbon sources besides glucose. An oxygen and nutrient-poor tumor microenvironment determines metabolic interactions among normal cells, cancer cells and the immune system giving rise to metabolically heterogeneous tumors which will partially respond to metabolic therapy. Here we go into the best-known cancer metabolic profiles and discuss several studies that reported tumors sensitization to chemotherapy by modulating metabolic pathways. Uncovering metabolic dependencies across different chemotherapy treatments could help to rationalize the use of metabolic modulators to overcome therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Desbats
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Monica Montopoli
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Monica Montopoli
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