1
|
Anti-Inflammatory Functions of Methanol Extract from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Leaves and Shoots by Targeting the NF-κB Pathway. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050646. [PMID: 35270116 PMCID: PMC8912290 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. is a widely used medical plant in Asia. Since the anti-inflammatory mechanism of this plant is not fully understood, the aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory function and mechanism of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. methanol extract (Mb-ME). For in vitro experiments, nitric oxide production assay, PCR, overexpression strategy, immunoblotting, luciferase reporter assay, and immunoprecipitation were employed to explore the molecular mechanism and the target proteins of Mb-ME. For in vivo experiments, an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mouse model was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory function. Mb-ME showed a strong ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the expression of inflammatory genes. Mb-ME decreased NF-κB luciferase activity mediated by MyD88 and TRIF. Moreover, Mb-ME blocked the activation of Src, Syk, p85, Akt, p50, p60, IKKα/β, and IκBα in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression and immunoprecipitation analyses suggested Syk and Src as the target enzymes of Mb-ME. In vitro results showed that Mb-ME could alleviate gastritis and relieve the protein expression of p-Src, p-Syk, and COX-2, as well as the gene expression of COX-2 and TNF-α. In summary, this study implied that Mb-ME performs an anti-inflammatory role by suppressing Syk and Src in the NF-κB signaling pathway, both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
|
2
|
Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang WS, Kim JH, Jeong D, Hong YH, Park SH, Yang Y, Jang YJ, Kim JH, Cho JY. 3-Deazaadenosine, an S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses via inhibition of AP-1 and NF-κB signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114264. [PMID: 33035507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
3-Deazadenosine (3-DA) is a general methylation inhibitor that depletes S-adenosylmethionine, a methyl donor, by blocking S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activity and molecular mechanisms of 3-DA in inflammatory responses. 3-DA suppressed the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated U937 cells. It also reduced mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), and IL-6, indicating that 3-DA has anti-inflammatory properties in murine and human macrophages. Moreover, 3-DA strongly blocked AP-1 and NF-κB luciferase activity under PMA-, MyD88-, and TRIF-stimulated conditions and decreased the translocation of c-Jun, c-Fos, p65, and p50 into the nucleus. In addition, the p-ERK level in AP-1 signaling and the p-IκBα level in NF-kB signaling were diminished by 3-DA treatment. Interestingly, 3-DA did not alter the phosphorylation of MEK1/2, an ERK modulator, or IKKα/β, an IκBα regulator. Instead, 3-DA prevented MEK1/2 and IKKα/β from combining with ERK and IκBα, respectively, and directly suppressed MEK1/2 and IKKα/β kinase activity. These results indicate that MEK1/2 and IKKα/β are direct targets of 3-DA. In addition, suppression of SAHH by siRNA or treatment with adenosine dialdehyde, another SAHH inhibitor, showed inhibitory patterns against p-ERK and IκBα similar to those of 3-DA. Taken together, this study demonstrates that 3-DA inhibits AP-1 and NF-κB signaling by directly blocking MEK1/2 and IKKα/β or indirectly mediating SAHH, resulting in anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyong Yang
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase Contributes to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Abutilon crispum L. Medik Methanol Extract. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1935902. [PMID: 30598682 PMCID: PMC6287140 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1935902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abutilon crispum L. Medik, better known as bladdermallow, is used as a traditional remedy in India, for its anti-inflammatory effect due to its high content of flavonoids. However, research about its anti-inflammatory effect at the molecular level has not been performed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of Abutilon crispum methanol extract (Ac-ME) in inhibiting the inflammatory response by conducting several experiments including cellular and molecular assays. Ac-ME inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells during treatment of LPS and Pam3CSK4 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Ac-ME also suppressed the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Moreover, Ac-ME was shown to inhibit the NF-κB pathway, according to the luciferase reporter gene assay performed with a NF-κB-Luc construct containing NF-κB-binding promoter regions under MyD88 and TRIF overexpression conditions, and immunoblotting analysis by determining the phospho-form levels of IκBα, IKKα/β, and p85, a regulatory domain of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Finally, we observed that the level of phospho-p85 induced by the overexpression of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Src was decreased by Ac-ME at 200 μg/ml. Therefore, these results suggest that Ac-ME has an anti-inflammatory effect by targeting PI3K in the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Olatunji OJ, Tang J, Tola A, Auberon F, Oluwaniyi O, Ouyang Z. The genus Cordyceps : An extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:293-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Sun H, Cai W, Wang X, Liu Y, Hou B, Zhu X, Qiu L. Vaccaria hypaphorine alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via inactivation of NFκB and ERK pathways in Raw 264.7 cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:120. [PMID: 28219355 PMCID: PMC5319035 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of macrophage is involved in many inflammation diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a powerful inflammatory signal contributing to monocytes/macrophages activation associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines expressions. We recently identified that vaccarin was expected to protect endothelial cells from injury. Hypaphorine was abundantly found in vaccaria semen. However, the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of vaccaria hypaphorine on macrophage inflammation have been poorly defined. METHODS This study was designed to determine the effects of vaccaria hypaphorine on LPS-mediated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that vaccaria hypaphorine dramatically ameliorated LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release and productions of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-stimulated expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were down-regulated by vaccaria hypaphorine. Furthermore, vaccaria hypaphorine retarded LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB), NFκB inhibitor IκBα, and IKKβ. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that vaccaria hypaphorine eliminated the nuclear translocation of NFκB in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION It was seen that vaccaria hypaphorine counteracted inflammation via inhibition of ERK or/and NFκB signaling pathways. Collectively, we concluded that vaccaria hypaphorine can be served as an anti-inflammatory candidate.
Collapse
|
8
|
Park JG, Kang WS, Park KT, Park DJ, Aravinthan A, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anticancer effect of joboksansam, Korean wild ginseng germinated from bird feces. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:304-8. [PMID: 27616908 PMCID: PMC5005356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joboksansam, Korean bird wild ginseng, is an artificially cultivated wild ginseng germinated from bird feces. Although numerous pharmacologic activities of wild ginsengs have been reported, the beneficial effect of joboksansam in cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro anticancer activities of joboksansam powder. METHODS To evaluate the in vivo anticancer activity of joboksansam, we established a xenograft mouse model bearing RMA cell-derived cancer. Direct cytotoxicity induced by joboksansam powder was also investigated in vitro using (3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The inhibitory activity of this powder on the activation of cell survival signaling involving Akt and Src was examined with immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Joboksansam powder displayed strong inhibitory activity against the increased tumor size, increased weight of total body and cancer tissues, and mortality of tumor-bearing mice. Joboksansam powder also suppressed the activation of survival regulatory enzymes Akt and Src, as assessed by phosphorylation levels in the immunoblot analysis of tumor tissues. Interestingly, the viability of RMA cells in vitro was directly decreased by joboksansam treatment. CONCLUSION Overall, our results strongly suggest that joboksansam powder has the potential to protect against cancer generation by direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells resulting from suppression of cell survival signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Kyung Tae Park
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Park
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Adithan Aravinthan
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hossen MJ, Hong YD, Baek KS, Yoo S, Hong YH, Kim JH, Lee JO, Kim D, Park J, Cho JY. In vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the compound K-rich fraction BIOGF1K, prepared from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:43-51. [PMID: 28123321 PMCID: PMC5223069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-β and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-κB (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-κB-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of κB (IκBα) kinase (IKKβ), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-κB pathway by blocking IKKβ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/IKKβ/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of IKKβ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-κB and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sulgi Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Oog Lee
- Bio-inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Anthraquinone-2-Carboxylic Acid. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1903849. [PMID: 27057092 PMCID: PMC4735930 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1903849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone compounds are one of the abundant polyphenols found in fruits, vegetables, and herbs. However, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms of anthraquinones have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the activity of anthraquinones using acute inflammatory and nociceptive experimental conditions. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid, AQCA), one of the major anthraquinones identified from Brazilian taheebo, ameliorated various inflammatory and algesic symptoms in EtOH/HCl- and acetylsalicylic acid- (ASA-) induced gastritis, arachidonic acid-induced edema, and acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing without displaying toxic profiles in body and organ weight, gastric irritation, or serum parameters. In addition, AQCA suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 in stomach tissues and lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells. According to reporter gene assay and immunoblotting analyses, AQCA inhibited activation of the nuclear factor- (NF-) κB and activator protein- (AP-) 1 pathways by suppression of upstream signaling involving interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK1), p38, Src, and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Our data strongly suggest that anthraquinones such as AQCA act as potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive components in vivo, thus contributing to the immune regulatory role of fruits and herbs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim Y, Jeong EJ, Han Lee IS, Kim MY, Cho JY. (E)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone displays suppression of inflammatory responses via inhibition of Src, Syk, and NF-κB. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 20:91-9. [PMID: 26807028 PMCID: PMC4722197 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(E)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone (MPP) is an aldol condensation product resulting from pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde and m- and p- substituted acetophenones. However, its biological activity has not yet been evaluated. Since it has been reported that some propenone-type compounds display anti-inflammatory activity, we investigated whether MPP could negatively modulate inflammatory responses. To do this, we employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and examined the inhibitory levels of nitric oxide (NO) production and transcriptional activation, as well as the target proteins involved in the inflammatory signaling cascade. Interestingly, MPP was found to reduce the production of NO in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, without causing cytotoxicity. Moreover, this compound suppressed the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes, such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Using luciferase reporter gene assays performed in HEK293 cells and immunoblotting analysis with nuclear protein fractions, we determined that MPP reduced the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Furthermore, the activation of a series of upstream signals for NF-κB activation, composed of Src, Syk, Akt, and IκBα, were also blocked by this compound. It was confirmed that MPP was able to suppress autophosphorylation of overexpressed Src and Syk in HEK293 cells. Therefore, these results suggest that MPP can function as an anti-inflammatory drug with NF-κB inhibitory properties via the suppression of Src and Syk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - In-Sook Han Lee
- Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
4-Isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)aniline 1, an Analogue of KTH-13 Isolated from Cordyceps bassiana, Inhibits the NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Response. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:143025. [PMID: 26819495 PMCID: PMC4706927 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cordyceps species has been a good source of compounds with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, we reported a novel compound (4-isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol, KTH-13) with anticancer activity isolated from Cordyceps bassiana and created several derivatives to increase its pharmacological activity. In this study, we tested one of the KTH-013 derivatives, 4-isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)aniline 1 (KTH-13-AD1), with regard to anti-inflammatory activity under macrophage-mediated inflammatory conditions. KTH-13-AD1 clearly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sodium nitroprusside- (SNP-) treated macrophage-like cells (RAW264.7 cells). Similarly, this compound also reduced mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as analyzed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Interestingly, KTH-13-AD1 strongly diminished NF-κB-mediated luciferase activities and nuclear translocation of NF-κB family proteins. In accordance, KTH-13-AD1 suppressed the upstream signaling pathway of NF-κB activation, including IκBα, IKKα/β, AKT, p85/PI3K, and Src in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The autophosphorylation of Src and NF-κB observed during the overexpression of Src was also suppressed by KTH-13-AD1. These results strongly suggest that KTH-13-AD1 has strong anti-inflammatory features mediated by suppression of the Src/NF-κB regulatory loop.
Collapse
|