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Khodamoradi E, Rahmani N, Rashidi K, Najafi M, Shahsavari S, Mohammadi M. Exploring the Potential of Metformin in Mitigating Radiation-induced Gastrointestinal and Hematopoietic System Injury in Rats After Whole-body X-ray Radiation: An Experimental Study. Curr Radiopharm 2024; 17:200-208. [PMID: 38231059 DOI: 10.2174/0118744710261673231115062547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modern world faces a growing concern about the possibility of accidental radiation events. The Hematopoietic system is particularly vulnerable to radiationinduced apoptosis, which can lead to death. Metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, has been shown to protect normal cells and tissues from the toxic effects of radiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of metformin in mitigating radiation injury to the gastrointestinal and hematological systems of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved 73 male rats. After total body irradiation with 7.5 Gy of X-rays, rats were treated with metformin. Seven days later, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were taken for evaluation. RESULTS The study found that metformin was not effective in mitigating radiation injury. The histopathological assessment showed no significant changes in goblet cell injury, villi shortening, inflammation, or mucous layer thickness. In terms of biochemical evaluation, metformin did not significantly affect oxidative stress markers, but irradiation increased the mean MDA level in the radiation group. The complete blood count revealed a significant decrease in WBC and platelet, counts in the radiation group compared to the control group, but no significant difference was found between the radiation and radiation + metformin groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, metformin may not be a good option for reducing radiation toxicity after accidental exposure. Despite treatment, there was no improvement in platelet, white blood cell, and lymphocyte counts, nor was there any decrease in oxidative stress. Further research is needed to explore other potential treatments for radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Rashidi
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soodeh Shahsavari
- Department of Health Information Technology, Faculty of Allied Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Mir SM, Aliarab A, Goodarzi G, Shirzad M, Jafari SM, Qujeq D, Samavarchi Tehrani S, Asadi J. Melatonin: A smart molecule in the DNA repair system. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 40:4-16. [PMID: 34672014 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is an important pathway for the protection of DNA molecules from destruction. DNA damage can be produced by oxidative reactive nitrogen or oxygen species, irritation, alkylating agents, depurination and depyrimidination; in this regard, DNA repair pathways can neutralize the negative effects of these factors. Melatonin is a hormone secreted from the pineal gland with an antioxidant effect by binding to oxidative factors. In addition, the effect of melatonin on DNA repair pathways has been proven by the literature. DNA repair is carried out by several mechanisms, of which homologous recombination repair (HRR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) are of great importance. Because of the importance of DNA repair in DNA integrity and the anticancer effect of this pathway, we presented the effect of melatonin on DNA repair factors regarding previous studies conducted in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Mir
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Aliarab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Jafari
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jahanbakhsh Asadi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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3
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El-Missiry MA, Shabana S, Ghazala SJ, Othman AI, Amer ME. Melatonin exerts a neuroprotective effect against γ-radiation-induced brain injury in the rat through the modulation of neurotransmitters, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31108-31121. [PMID: 33598836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of melatonin (MLT) against brain injury in rats undergoing whole-body exposure to γ-radiation. Male Wistar rats were whole-body exposed to 4-Gy γ-radiation from a cesium-137 source. MLT (10 mg/kg) was orally administrated 30 minutes before irradiation and continued once daily for 1 and 7 days after exposure. In the irradiated rats, the plasma levels of glutamate were increased, while the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were decreased, and MLT improved the disturbed glutamate and GABA levels. These effects paralleled an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a) and C-reactive protein as well as a decrease in IL-10 in the plasma of the irradiated rats. MLT treatment markedly reduced these effects, indicating its anti-inflammatory impact. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a remarkable upregulation of caspase-3 and P53 expression, indicating the increased apoptosis in the brain of irradiated rats. MLT significantly downregulated the expression of these parameters compared with that in the irradiated rats, indicating its anti-apoptotic effect. Oxidative stress is developed in the brain as evidenced by increased levels of malondialdehyde; decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; and decreased content of glutathione in the brain. MLT remarkably ameliorated the development of oxidative stress in the brain of the irradiated rats indicating its antioxidant impact. The histopathological results were consistent with the biochemical and immunohistochemical results and showed that MLT remarkably protected the histological structure of brain tissue compared with that in the irradiated rats. In conclusion, MLT showed potential neuroprotective properties by increasing the release of neurotransmitters, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory factors and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in the brain of irradiated rats. MLT can be beneficial in clinical and occupational settings requiring radiation exposure; however, additional studies are required to elucidate its neuroprotective effect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sameh Shabana
- Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sara J Ghazala
- Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Azza I Othman
- Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maggie E Amer
- Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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4
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Ping Z, Peng Y, Lang H, Xinyong C, Zhiyi Z, Xiaocheng W, Hong Z, Liang S. Oxidative Stress in Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3579143. [PMID: 32190171 PMCID: PMC7071808 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3579143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a distinct increase in the risk of heart disease in people exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is one of the adverse side effects when people are exposed to ionizing radiation. IR may come from various forms, such as diagnostic imaging, radiotherapy for cancer treatment, nuclear disasters, and accidents. However, RIHD was mainly observed after radiotherapy for chest malignant tumors, especially left breast cancer. Radiation therapy (RT) has become one of the main ways to treat all kinds of cancer, which is used to reduce the recurrence of cancer and improve the survival rate of patients. The potential cause of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity is unclear, but it may be relevant to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupts intracellular homeostasis through chemical modification and damages proteins, lipids, and DNA; therefore, it results in a series of related pathophysiological changes. The purpose of this review was to summarise the studies of oxidative stress in radiotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and provide prevention and treatment methods to reduce cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ping
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Cai Xinyong
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Zeng Zhiyi
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Wu Xiaocheng
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Zeng Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - Shao Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
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Elsabagh HH, Moussa E, Mahmoud SA, Elsaka RO, Abdelrahman H. Efficacy of Melatonin in prevention of radiation-induced oral mucositis: A randomized clinical trial. Oral Dis 2020; 26:566-572. [PMID: 31869853 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluating the effectiveness of melatonin in prevention of radiation-induced oral mucositis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized controlled clinical study was conducted on forty head and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing radiotherapy at the Department of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria University, Egypt. Patients were assigned equally to either control group who received conventional treatment or test group who received 20 mg of melatonin along with the conventional treatment. All patients were clinically evaluated for oral mucositis severity and pain at three and six weeks after the start of radiotherapy. Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in patients' saliva samples was assessed at the start of radiotherapy and six weeks later. RESULTS 92.5% of all patients have experienced oral mucositis with more severity reported in the control group (30%) compared with the test group (5%). Mean pain scores decreased significantly, in the second assessment, in test group rather than the controls. TAC values showed a significant difference between the test and controls with a significant decrease in TAC in the control group. CONCLUSION The administration of melatonin with conventional treatment has reduced severe oral mucositis development. It aided in decreasing pain and hindering the reduction of TAC resulting from radiotherapy among the test group compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Elsabagh
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eglal Moussa
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sabah A Mahmoud
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha O Elsaka
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hams Abdelrahman
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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6
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Farhood B, Aliasgharzadeh A, Amini P, Saffar H, Motevaseli E, Rezapoor S, Nouruzi F, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Ashabi G, Mohseni M, Moradi H, Najafi M. Radiation-Induced Dual Oxidase Upregulation in Rat Heart Tissues: Protective Effect of Melatonin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070317. [PMID: 31252673 PMCID: PMC6680718 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Radiation-induced heart injury can lead to increased risk of heart failure, attack, and ischemia. Some studies proposed IL-4 and IL-13 as two important cytokines that are involved in late effects of ionizing radiation. On the other hand, these cytokines may, through upregulation of Duox1 and Duox2, induce chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the upregulation of Duox1 and Duox2 pathways in hearts following chest irradiation in rats and then detected possible attenuation of them by melatonin. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control; (2) melatonin treated (100 mg/kg); (3) radiation (15 Gy gamma rays); (4) melatonin treated before irradiation. All rats were sacrificed after 10 weeks and their heart tissues collected for real-time PCR (RT-PCR), ELISA detection of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as histopathological evaluation of macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration. Results: Results showed an upregulation of IL-4, IL4ra1, Duox1, and Duox2. The biggest changes were for IL4ra1 and Duox1. Treatment with melatonin before irradiation could attenuate the upregulation of all genes. Melatonin also caused a reduction in IL-4 as well as reverse infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusion: Duox1 and Duox2 may be involved in the late effects of radiation-induced heart injury. Also, via attenuation of these genes, melatonin can offer protection against the toxic effects of radiation on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran
| | - Akbar Aliasgharzadeh
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran
| | - Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Hana Saffar
- Clinical and Anatomical Pathologist at Tehran University of Medical Science, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Farzad Nouruzi
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan 62010, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mehran Mohseni
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran
| | - Habiballah Moradi
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran.
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7
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Jiang L, Iwahashi H. The roles of radio-functional natural chemicals for the development of cancer radiation therapy. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:5-12. [PMID: 30511940 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) targeted at killing cancer cells also damages normal human cells and tissues through oxidative stress. Thus, the practical treatment of cancer using radiation therapy (RT) is sometimes limited because of the acute side effects in individual patients. In addition, some radioresistant cancers are difficult to treat with limited doses of IR, which leads to treatment failure. Natural chemicals that have unique physiological functions and low toxicity offer significant advantages for the development of new radiation therapies. Natural chemicals can counteract the oxidative damage caused by IR during RT because of their strong antioxidant ability. Certain natural chemicals can also serve as radiosensitizers that can enhance the cancer-killing effects. This review article discusses the main roles of radio-functional natural chemicals in the development of cancer RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, Phone/Fax: +81 080 5103 7458
| | - Hitoshi Iwahashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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8
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Jafarpour SM, Salimian M, Mohseni M, Talari HR, Aliasgharzadeh A, Farhood B, Moradi H, Safari H. Evaluation of Ameliorative Potential of Vitamins E and C on DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) in Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography (CT): A Clinical Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 7:226-233. [PMID: 31516882 PMCID: PMC6709935 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.7.4.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most important diagnostic X-ray procedures which plays an important role in increasing the patient dose values. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of vitamins E and C in lowering down the level of DNA double strand break (DSB) caused by CT scan. Sixty patients for abdomen/pelvic enhanced CT scan were randomly assigned to placebo (control), vitamin C, and vitamin E groups. The patient blood samples were taken before and immediately after the CT scan. Counting the number of DSB was performed using γ-H2AX method as a sensitive biomarker. Immediately after the CT scan, the mean number of DSBs/cell increased in all three groups of control (131%, P<0.001), vitamin C (103%, P <0.001), and vitamin E (66%, P<0.001) compared to their mean before the CT scan. Furthermore, the results showed that vitamin E decreased the mean number of DSBs/cell by 22% in comparison with the control group (P =0.023), whereas vitamin C had no significant effect on reducing the DSB (<3%, P =0.741). It is concluded that the administration of vitamin E one hour before the CT scan, significantly decreases DSB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Jafarpour
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Morteza Salimian
- Department of Medical laboratory, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mehran Mohseni
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Talari
- Department of Radiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Akbar Aliasgharzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Habiballah Moradi
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Chen Q, Zeng YN, Zhang K, Zhao Y, Wu YY, Li G, Cheng HY, Zhang M, Lai F, Wang JB, Cui FM. Polydatin Increases Radiosensitivity by Inducing Apoptosis of Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:430-440. [PMID: 30745832 PMCID: PMC6367551 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the radiosensitizing effect of polydatin (PD) on colorectal cancer (CRC) and its underlying mechanism. The C57BL/6 mouse model of CRC was induced by treatment with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and then divided into four groups: control, PD alone, IR alone, and combination of PD and IR. Radiation therapy (200 cGy/min, 10Gy) was performed in mice in the experimental groups for once a week with a total of four times. Thirty minutes before IR, mice were intraperitoneally injected with PD at the dose of 25mg/kg. The number and volume of CRC xenografts were calculated. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 in tumor tissues samples. The effects of PD on proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated in CT26 and HCT116 colon tumor cells. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 positive (Lgr5+) cancer stem cells (CSCs) were sorted from CT26 cells and the effects of PD on their proliferation and apoptosis were observed to elucidate the radiosensitizing mechanism of PD in CRC cells. Combined therapy with PD and IR significantly decreased tumor volume, inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells in the mouse model of CRC compared to other three groups. Compared to the IR group, in vitro assay showed that PD combined with IR inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of CT26 and HCT116 colon tumor cells as well as Lgr5+ CSCs. However, addition of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor inhibitor K02288 (6.4nM) dramatically increased proliferation of Lgr5+ CSCs and abolished the cytotoxic effect of PD combined with IR on Lgr5+ CSCs. The in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that IR combined treatment with PD could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of CRC cells and Lgr5+ CSCs, and BMP signaling pathway was involved in the radiosensitizing effect of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Ya-Nan Zeng
- Department of Occupational Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, P R China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Yong-You Wu
- Department of Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P R China
| | - Gen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Hui-Ying Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Feng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
| | - Jin-Bing Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai 200011, P R China
| | - Feng-Mei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P R China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, P R China
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10
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Wang Q, Sun Z, Du L, Xu C, Wang Y, Yang B, He N, Wang J, Ji K, Liu Y, Liu Q. Melatonin Sensitizes Human Colorectal Cancer Cells to γ-ray Ionizing Radiation In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123974. [PMID: 30544713 PMCID: PMC6320774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the most commonly reported gastrointestinal malignancy, with a recent, rapid increase of the annual incidence all over the world. Enhancing the radiosensitivity of cancer cells while preserving the health of normal cells is one of the most important tasks in clinical radiobiology. However, resistance to radiotherapy for colorectal cancer greatly decreases the therapeutic outcome. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a natural secretory product that the pineal gland in the brain normally produces, has been reported to have anticancer properties. In the study, we investigated the combination of melatonin with radiotherapy as a treatment for colorectal cancer. We firstly explored the anti-tumor activity of melatonin combined with ionizing radiation (IR) against colorectal carcinoma in vitro. It was found that melatonin effectively inhibited human colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 cellular proliferation, colony formation rate and cell migration counts following IR. Increasing the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by melatonin treatment was found to be associated with cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, downregulation of proteins involved in DNA double-strand break repair and activation of the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, we also investigated the combined effect of IR and melatonin on colorectal tumor in vivo. Results from a tumor xenograft showed that melatonin plus IR treatment significantly suppressed tumor cell growth compared with melatonin or IR alone, resulting in a much higher tumor inhibition rate for the combined treatment. The data suggested that melatonin combined with IR could improve the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer and thus enhance the therapeutic effect of the patients, implying melatonin could function as a potential sensitizer in tumor radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ningning He
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jinhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Kaihua Ji
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation Medicine Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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11
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Griffin F, Marignol L. Therapeutic potential of melatonin for breast cancer radiation therapy patients. Int J Radiat Biol 2018. [PMID: 29521142 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1446227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an endogenous hormone primarily known for its action on the circadian rhythms. But pre-clinical studies are reporting both its radioprotective and radiosensitizing properties, possibly mediated through an interaction between melatonin and the regulation of estrogens. Melatonin pre-treatment prior to ionizing radiation was associated with a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in p53 mRNA expression, leading to an increase in the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells. At the same time, a decrease in radiation-induced side effects was described in breast cancer patients and in rodent models. This review examines the potential for melatonin to improve the therapeutic outcomes of breast radiation therapy, specifically estrogen receptor positive patients. Evidence suggests that melatonin may offer a novel, non-toxic and cheap adjuvant therapy to improve the existing treatment modalities. But further research is required in the clinical setting before a clear understanding of its therapeutic benefits is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Griffin
- a Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation therapy , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- a Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation therapy , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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12
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Melatonin as a potential anticarcinogen for non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46768-46784. [PMID: 27102150 PMCID: PMC5216835 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. Melatonin, an indoleamine discovered in the pineal gland, exerts pleiotropic anticancer effects against a variety of cancer types. In particular, melatonin may be an important anticancer drug in the treatment of NSCLC. Herein, we review the correlation between the disruption of the melatonin rhythm and NSCLC incidence; we also evaluate the evidence related to the effects of melatonin in inhibiting lung carcinogenesis. Special focus is placed on the oncostatic effects of melatonin, including anti-proliferation, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of invasion and metastasis, and enhancement of immunomodulation. We suggest the drug synergy of melatonin with radio- or chemotherapy for NSCLC could prove to be useful. Taken together, the information complied herein may serve as a comprehensive reference for the anticancer mechanisms of melatonin against NSCLC, and may be helpful for the design of future experimental research and for advancing melatonin as a therapeutic agent for NSCLC.
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13
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Melatonin as an anti-inflammatory agent in radiotherapy. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:403-413. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Radioprotection as a Method to Enhance the Therapeutic Ratio of Radiotherapy. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40854-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Cuomo JR, Sharma GK, Conger PD, Weintraub NL. Novel concepts in radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:504-519. [PMID: 27721934 PMCID: PMC5039353 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i9.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (RICVD) is the most common nonmalignant cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors who have undergone mediastinal radiation therapy (RT). Cardiovascular complications include effusive or constrictive pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and coronary/vascular disease. These are pathophysiologically distinct disease entities whose prevalence varies depending on the timing and extent of radiation exposure to the heart and great vessels. Although refinements in RT dosimetry and shielding will inevitably limit future cases of RICVD, the increasing number of long-term cancer survivors, including those treated with older higher-dose RT regimens, will ensure a steady flow of afflicted patients for the foreseeable future. Thus, there is a pressing need for enhanced understanding of the disease mechanisms, and improved detection methods and treatment strategies. Newly characterized mechanisms responsible for the establishment of chronic fibrosis, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and epigenetic modifications, are discussed and linked to potential treatments currently under study. Novel imaging modalities may serve as powerful screening tools in RICVD, and recent research and expert opinion advocating their use is introduced. Data arguing for the aggressive use of percutaneous interventions, such as transcutaneous valve replacement and drug-eluting stents, are examined and considered in the context of prior therapeutic approaches. RICVD and its treatment options are the subject of a rich and dynamic body of research, and patients who are at risk or suffering from this disease will benefit from the care of physicians with specialty expertise in the emerging field of cardio-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cuomo
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Gyanendra K Sharma
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Preston D Conger
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Jason R Cuomo, Neal L Weintraub, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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16
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Emerging targets for radioprotection and radiosensitization in radiotherapy. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11589-11609. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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17
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Kamran MZ, Ranjan A, Kaur N, Sur S, Tandon V. Radioprotective Agents: Strategies and Translational Advances. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:461-93. [PMID: 26807693 DOI: 10.1002/med.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioprotectors are agents required to protect biological system exposed to radiation, either naturally or through radiation leakage, and they protect normal cells from radiation injury in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. It is imperative to study radioprotectors and their mechanism of action comprehensively, looking at their potential therapeutic applications. This review intimately chronicles the rich intellectual, pharmacological story of natural and synthetic radioprotectors. A continuous effort is going on by researchers to develop clinically promising radioprotective agents. In this article, for the first time we have discussed the impact of radioprotectors on different signaling pathways in cells, which will create a basis for scientific community working in this area to develop novel molecules with better therapeutic efficacy. The bright future of exceptionally noncytotoxic derivatives of bisbenzimidazoles is also described as radiomodulators. Amifostine, an effective radioprotectant, has been approved by the FDA for limited clinical use. However, due to its adverse side effects, it is not routinely used clinically. Recently, CBLB502 and several analog of a peptide are under clinical trial and showed high success against radiotherapy in cancer. This article reviews the different types of radioprotective agents with emphasis on the strategies for the development of novel radioprotectors for drug development. In addition, direction for future strategies relevant to the development of radioprotectors is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahid Kamran
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Atul Ranjan
- Kansas University of Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Navrinder Kaur
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Souvik Sur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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18
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Singh V, Gupta D, Arora R. NF-kB as a key player in regulation of cellular radiation responses and identification of radiation countermeasures. Discoveries (Craiova) 2015; 3:e35. [PMID: 32309561 PMCID: PMC7159829 DOI: 10.15190/d.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a transcription factor that plays significant role in immunity, cellular survival and inhibition of apoptosis, through the induction of genetic networks. Depending on the stimulus and the cell type, the members of NF-κB related family (RelA, c-Rel, RelB, p50, and p52), forms different combinations of homo and hetero-dimers. The activated complexes (Es) translocate into the nucleus and bind to the 10bp κB site of promoter region of target genes in stimulus specific manner. In response to radiation, NF-κB is known to reduce cell death by promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and activation of cellular antioxidant defense system. Constitutive activation of NF-κB associated genes in tumour cells are known to enhance radiation resistance, whereas deletion in mice results in hypersensitivity to IR-induced GI damage. NF-κB is also known to regulate the production of a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines, which contribute in enhancing cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in various organs, such as the GI crypts stem cells, bone marrow etc., following exposure to IR. Several other cytokines are also known to exert potent pro-inflammatory effects that may contribute to the increase of tissue damage following exposure to ionizing radiation. Till date there are a series of molecules or group of compounds that have been evaluated for their radio-protective potential, and very few have reached clinical trials. The failure or less success of identified agents in humans could be due to their reduced radiation protection efficacy.
In this review we have considered activation of NF-κB as a potential marker in screening of radiation countermeasure agents (RCAs) and cellular radiation responses. Moreover, we have also focused on associated mechanisms of activation of NF-κB signaling and their specified family member activation with respect to stimuli. Furthermore, we have categorized their regulated gene expressions and their function in radiation response or modulation. In addition, we have discussed some recently developed radiation countermeasures in relation to NF-κB activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Damodar Gupta
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Ortiz F, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Doerrier C, Dayoub JC, López LC, Venegas C, García JA, López A, Volt H, Luna-Sánchez M, Escames G. Melatonin blunts the mitochondrial/NLRP3 connection and protects against radiation-induced oral mucositis. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:34-49. [PMID: 25388914 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucositis is a common and distressing side effect of chemotherapy or radiotherapy that has potentially severe consequences, and no treatment is available. The purpose of this study was to analyze the molecular pathways involved in the development of oral mucositis and to evaluate whether melatonin can prevent this pathology. The tongue of male Wistar rats was subjected to irradiation (X-ray YXLON Y.Tu 320-D03 irradiator; the animals received a dose of 7.5 Gy/day for 5 days). Rats were treated with 45 mg/day melatonin or vehicle for 21 days postirradiation, either by local application into their mouths (melatonin gel) or by subcutaneous injection. A connection between reactive oxygen species, generating mitochondria and the NLRP3 (NLR-related protein 3 nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor-related protein 3) inflammasome, has been reported in mucositis. Here, we show that mitochondrial oxidative stress, bioenergetic impairment and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in the development of oral mucositis after irradiation and that melatonin synthesized in the rat tongue is depleted after irradiation. The application of melatonin gel restores physiological melatonin levels in the tongue and prevents mucosal disruption and ulcer formation. Melatonin gel protects the mitochondria from radiation damage and blunts the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation in the tongue. Our results suggest new molecular pathways involved in radiotherapy-induced mucositis that are inhibited by topical melatonin application, suggesting a potential preventive therapy for mucositis in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, and RETICEF, Granada, Spain
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Consequences of lethal-whole-body gamma radiation and possible ameliorative role of melatonin. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:621570. [PMID: 25431791 PMCID: PMC4238234 DOI: 10.1155/2014/621570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma radiation induces the generation of free radicals, leading to serious cellular damages in biological systems. Radioprotectors act as prophylactic agents that are administered to shield normal cells and tissues from the deleterious effects of radiation. Melatonin synergistically acts as an immune-stimulator and antioxidant. We investigated the possible radioprotective role of melatonin (100 mg/kg i.p.) against lethal-whole-body radiation- (10 Gy) induced sickness, body weight loss, and mortality in rats. Results of the present study suggest that exposure to lethal-whole-body radiation incurred mortality, body weight loss, and apoptosis and it also depleted the immunity and the antioxidant status of the rats. Our results show that melatonin pretreatment provides protection against radiation induced mortality, oxidative stress, and immune-suppression. The melatonin pretreated irradiated rats showed less change in body weight as compared to radiation only group. On the other hand, melatonin appeared to have another radioprotective role, suggesting that melatonin may reduce apoptosis through a caspase-3-mediated pathway by blocking caspase-3 activity.
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